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6 Anne Deighton rejection of the British application in 1967, and the final conclusion of the successful negotiations in 1972. The third pair of articles turns to historical questions relating to the functioning of the European Communities. The first of these, by Catherine Previti Allaire also develops the theme mentioned above: that of the importance of the individual. Her article is based upon research on the early life of Emile Noël, who was secretary general of the European Commission from 1958 to 1987. She identifies the formative influences upon a man whom she sees as a pragmatic idealist and a socialist, and who was to declare on taking office, that the ‘Common Market will be what we make of it’. The second article of this pair is by Christian Franke, and is on postal and telecommunication services. His research is part of the new stream of research initiatives that examine the development of specific policy areas of the Communities. He shows how the role of other institutions, including the Council of Europe, that were often in competition with the EC, must be factored in to create a more comprehensive understanding of specific policy areas of European policy. Both articles throw new light upon priorities, perceptions and policies in the European Economic Community during its early history, and like the two articles on British policy, are based upon archival material that has only recently come into the public domain.
7 Poland’s Road to the European Union Ania Krok-Paszkowska and Jan Zielonka This article examines Poland’s developing attitudes and policies towards the EEC/ EU from the 1960s onwards. Within this approach we will make reference to the available literature and to the accessible documents. Our article starts with a short historical outline that sets out Poland’s European credentials and that tries to give some insights into the Poles’ attitudes towards Europe and their role therein. Poland has consciously brought its own historical experiences to the negotiating table. This section is followed by an outline of the EEC-CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) relations in the late 1970s and Poland’s role therein, which shows the practical limit of its relations with the EEC/EC during the cold war period. We then examine how the debate on “Europeanization” has shifted from the early 1990s to the present day and review the arguments of Euro-enthusiasts and Euro-sceptics. We go on to describe and analyse how Poland has dealt with accession negotiations in the light of its role as the largest and most strategically crucial candidate. In this section we point to Poland’s role in Europe and its special relations with Germany and the United States (US). The final section deals with Poland as a new EU member state and discusses what kind of EU policy one may expect from Poland on the basis of the historical record. Historical Associations For Poland’s political elite, joining the EU is primarily about returning to Europe. Since the tenth century, the myth of Poland’s state and nation (under the first “Polish” King Mieszko I) has dominated the Polish discourse on Europe, and the adoption of Christianity from Rome in 966 is the symbol of Poland’s long-standing “Europeanness”. During this period of ten centuries there are many historic events symbolising Poland’s European credentials: the Union of Lublin in 1569 setting up a multi-ethnic and multi-religious Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, King Sobieski’s victory over the Turks near Vienna in 1683, the first written European democratic constitution of 3 May 1791, the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939, the Gdańsk Agreement in 1980 leading to Solidarność. 1 Many such events are referred to in the present discourse on Poland’s role in the European Union. 1. See especially N. DAVIES, Heart of Europe: the Past in Poland's Present, Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, 2001. See also N. DAVIES, God’s Playground: a History of Poland in two volumes, Clarendon, Oxford, 1981; K. GERNER, Piast, Jagiełło or Jadwiga? Poland and Europe at the End of the 20 th Century, Working Papers 42, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, 1998; J. JEDLICKI, A Suburb of Europe: Nineteenth-century Polish Approaches to Western Civilization, Central European University Press, Budapest/New York, 1999.
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Page 7: 5 Introduction Anne Deighton This v
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