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24 Ania Krok-Paszkowska and Jan Zielonka constrained by its inclusion in the Soviet bloc, it would have taken part in European integration processes from the very beginning. There is little enthusiasm in Poland for any “European” military structures that could form the basis of an alternative to NATO. The choice between Europe and America is a difficult one for Poland, and one it would rather not have to make. Public opinion surveys show larger numbers of respondents think that Poland’s interests are better served by the EU (51%) than by the United States (12%), although 20% thought both are of equal importance. However, most Polish politicians would be loath to see any challenge to or weakening of the role of NATO in Europe. 69 President Kwaśniewski argues that Poland can contribute to the EU in three specific ways: first, it has 1,000 years of history as a European nation; second, together with other ex-Communist states it has experience of economic, political and social transformation; and third, it will bring with it greater awareness and knowledge of states to the East that are not joining the Union but which will become new neighbours. 70 Poland is thus likely to place greater emphasis on good relations with neighbours to the East and to urge for a more pro-active policy, especially towards Ukraine and Belarus. It is in its interests to have stable and prosperous neighbours on its Eastern border, and this traditionally geo-strategic approach to European and institutional politics will surely find a resonance in an enlargement process of such significance. 69. The Economist, August 30 th -September 5 th 2003. 70. S. WAGSTYL and J. CIEŃSKI, Poland not interested in being junior partner in enlarged EU, in: Financial Times, August 22 nd , 2003.
Czechoslovakia/the Czech Republic and European Integration: During and After the Cold War 25 Jan Karlas and Petr Kratochvíl There are virtually no publications that cover Czech policy towards European integration both before and after the fall of the communism. Yet this is a subject which deserves attention, not least as it is of both historical and contemporary political importance. This article will examine the main features and turning points of this complex relationship before and after the end of the Cold War. 1 The article begins at the moment the European Economic Community was created in 1958, and then follows the development of Czech attitudes to this process, up to the beginning of the negotiations for the Czech Republic's (CR) accession to the EU in 1998. Given the period that needs to be covered, we only focus on Czech behaviour towards European integration, and do not discuss the country’s approach to any other Western organisation such as NATO. We do not discuss the bilateral relations between Czechoslovakia/the CR and the member states of the EC/EU unless this is particularly germaine to our central topic. Finally, it is necessary to point out that while analysing the development after the break-up of Czechoslovakia in 1993 we limit our attention to the relations of the CR with the EU and, thus, do not include the relations of Slovakia in our analysis. The question that the article addresses is what the main features of Czech policy towards the EC/EU were in this period. We also seek to examine when the main changes in Czech behaviour towards European integration took place. At first glance, it appears that during the communist regime, European integration was perceived as a project of countries that belonged to an enemy alliance. By contrast, after the fall of the communist regime, cooperation with the EC/EU and, what is more, accession to this organisation became a main priority of Czechoslovakia (and later also of the CR). Thus, the transformation of Czech policy in relation to European integration from hostility to a quest for participation in the integration process appears to have been a sudden one, reflecting regime change. However, one of our main findings is that whereas the shift to political cooperation and accession efforts was indeed abrupt, economic or, more precisely, trade cooperation predates the fall of communism. The transformation from ‘non-existent’ relations to cooperation was, therefore, more gradual in this particular field than might have been expected. The article is divided into two parts: the first part concentrates on the Cold War, and the second analyses how policy evolved in the 1990s. Both the Cold War and 1. We deal with the attitude of Czechoslovakia and subsequently the Czech Republic (which we will call CR) towards the European Economic Community and then the European Community (both of which we will refer to as the EC) and the European Union (EU). For stylistic reasons we also use the term ’Czech’ instead of alternating ‘Czechoslovak’ and ‘Czech’ or using a rather complicated expression ‘Czechoslovak/Czech’.
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