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NOMOS Aktuell European Political Parties between Cooperation and Integration This volume conceptualizes political parties on an European level in terms of their constitutional and institutional regulation as well as their organizational foundation and evolution. The emerging European political parties are thus treated as organizations in their own right. Schriften des Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung Center for European Integration Studies Karl Magnus Johansson/Peter Zervakis (eds.) European Political Parties between Cooperation and Integration Scholars from Britain, Finland, Germany and Sweden sharing this field of expertise came together at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs to confront a series of guiding research questions. The book originates from a project coordinated by the Center for European Integration Studies (ZEI) with the support of the Constitutional Project of the Center for Business and Policy Studies (SNS) in Stockholm. Table of Contents: Framing European Political Parties: Historical-Institutional Framework – Constitutional Framework – Organizing European Political Parties: European People’s Party – Party of European Socialists – European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party – European Federation of Green Parties – Electoral Dimension: Party-Electoral Linkage – Party Landscape after the 1999 European Elections Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Baden-Baden Karl Magnus Johansson/Peter Zervakis (eds.) European Political Parties between Cooperation and Integration 2002, 239 pp., Hardcover, 46,– €, 79,– sFr, ISBN 3-7890-7684-8 (Schriften des Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung (ZEI), Vol. 33) NOMOS
121 The Labour Party's Changing Relationship to Europe. The Expansion of European Social Policy Erin Delaney In 1950, the National Executive Committee (NEC) of the Labour Party clearly stated its attitude towards European integration involving Britain. 1 “The Executive argue that no Socialist party could accept a system by which important fields of national policy were surrendered to a European authority, since such an authority would have a permanent anti-Socialist majority”. 2 Over the following forty years, Labour’s ideological opposition to an integrated European community fundamentally changed, so that by 1994, a Labour spokeswoman was able to claim that “Europe is now part and parcel of our domestic policy in Britain”. 3 Traditional analysis has cited the reasons for this change as a combination of numerous factors, including intraparty factionalism, economic pressure, tension between the leadership and rank-and-file members and the role of the two-party system. 4 The European Community itself is one factor that has been relatively ignored in the explanations for this policy change, as has its potential to exert discreet and discernible influence on policy in general. 5 Without disregarding the importance of the domestic mechanisms, the aim of this article is to demonstrate that the changing focus of the European Community - from an economically liberal organisation to one concerned with social welfare - also influenced Labour’s evolving decision to embrace the EC. As European policies began to merge with Labour’s domestic agenda, ideological opposition decreased, and Labour saw an opportunity to affect change on the European level, especially when barred from action in the UK. As the European Community developed its social conscience, Labour began to embrace it. The social democrats first saw the possibilities for socialism through Europe in the 1960s, but the Labour Left was determined to achieve its aims through national planning and traditional nation-state socialism. After the economic hardships of the 1970s, and the political wasteland of the 1980s, the Labour Left 1. The National Executive Committee (NEC or Executive) of the Labour Party conducts the Labour Party Conferences, and produces the Labour Party Manifesto which is ratified at the Conference. The Parliamentary Labour Party, the leaders of regional Labour Parties, as well as representatives from the Trade Unions make up the voting population of the Conference - and are the elected members of the NEC. 2. R.W.G. MACKAY, Heads in the Sand, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1950, p.18. Mackay was a Labour MP for Reading North who published his criticism of the Labour Party's stance at the time. 3. Quoted in D. BUTLER and M. WESTLAKE, British Politics and European Elections 1994, St. Martin's Press, New York 1995, p.118. 4. See H. YOUNG, This Blessed Plot , Macmillan, London, 1998 for a detailed analysis of how these factors influenced both the Conservative and Labour Parties’ relationships to Europe. 5. For a discussion of the process of Europeanization, and its relationship to the national political process, see R. LADRECH, Europeanization and Political Parties: Towards a Framework for Analysis, forthcoming, Party Politics, 2002.
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5 Towards a Supranational History?
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Introduction 7 such as the attempt
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NOMOS Aktuell Die Konstruktion Euro
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NOMOS Aktuell Developing Local Gove
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