number 1 - Centre d'études et de recherches européennes Robert ...

Abstracts – Résumés – Zusammenfassungen 157
Gérard Bossuat
Les hauts fonctionnaires français et le processus d’unité en
Europe occidentale d’Alger à Rome (1943-1958)
This article presents the plans regarding intereuropean relationships from 1943 to 1957, as they had
been conceived in France by high civil servants of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Finance,
the ”Commissariat général du plan” and the ministerial cabinets. So far, few details had been
known on the French views on European unity in the days of the provisional government of the French
Republic settled in Alger. De Gaulle already had made plans in view of European unity. Jean Monnet
is the key-figure of the French policy for Europe, but other important persons, perhaps less known but
nonetheless as active, have marked this policy. In the name of different interests and distinct European
conceptions, high civil-servants, in opposition to Monnet, support the creation of the large Europe of
the OEEC, that they consider being the foundation for European economic integration. Eventually,
after 1952, Monnet and Schuman don’t succeed any longer in promoting the creation of a supranational
Europe, as proves the failure, in 1956, of the plan that should have given birth to a pacific atomic
Europe. Yet, these high civil-servants managed to define, more than one could have thought, doctrines
and policies on behalf of the European issue, that enabled France to assume a part that fitted its ambitions
and brought about world-wide influence and economic prosperity for Europe and its peoples.
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Cet article présente les projets des hauts fonctionnaires français du ministère des Affaires étrangères, du
ministère des Finances, du Commissariat général du plan, des cabinets ministériels, par rapport aux relations
intereuropéennes de 1943 à 1957. Il y avait jusqu'alors peu de détails sur la réflexion française sur
l'unité de l'Europe au temps du Gouvernement provisoire de la République française installé à Alger. De
Gaulle avait déjà des projets d'unité européenne. Jean Monnet est l'homme-clef de la politique française
pour l'Europe, mais d'autres personnages, moins connus mais tout aussi agissants, ont marqué cette politique.
Contre Monnet, au nom d'intérêts différents et de conceptions européennes autres, des hauts fonctionnaires
appuient la création de la grande Europe de l'OECE qu'ils voient comme la matrice de
l'intégration économique européenne. Finalement, le succès de Monnet et de Schuman à propos de la
supranationalité ne dure pas au-delà de 1952, comme le prouve l'échec du projet Monnet d'Europe atomique
pacifique en 1956. Cependant ces hauts fonctionnaires ont su exprimer, plus qu'on pouvait le penser,
des doctrines et des politiques en matière européenne propres à donner à la France un rôle à la
hauteur de ses ambitions, et à l'Europe rayonnement mondial et prospérité économique pour ses peuples.
Christian Pennera
The Beginnings of the Court of Justice and its Role as a driving Force in European Integration
The Court of Justice of the European Coal and Steel Community has been conceived by main reference
to a national administrative high jurisdiction, the French Conseil d’Etat. It rapidly formulates a courageous
and voluntarist jurisprudence. From its first judgements, it claims that first be ensured the aims
and fundamental objectives of the Treaty of Paris and proclaims the immediately applicable character
for the member States, of certain clauses. It already brings up to date the principle of the balance of
power, characteristic of the community institutional structure, that will be at the centre of an important
jurisprudential work in the 80ies. With the Treaties of Rome, the Court became the unique jurisdictional
organ of the three communities; in the beginning of the sixties, a first judgement lays down the fundamental
principle of the direct effect of community law and decides that the treaties create
responsibilities as well as rights that enter directly into the juridical heritage of private individuals, citizens
of the member States. These can thus directly refer to them before their national judge, who somehow
becomes the judge of common law in community matter. This jurisprudence will rapidly be
completed by assertion of the principle of the primacy of community law that means a limitation of the
sovereign rights of the member States in behalf of the Communities. Ten years of activities have been
sufficient to make out of the Court a powerful driving force behind European integration.
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La Cour de justice de la CECA a été conçue par référence principale à une haute juridiction administrative
nationale, le Conseil d’Etat français. Elle formule rapidement une jurisprudence courageuse et