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Best Available Technologies for manure treatment baltic sea 2020 Best Available Technologies for manure treatment baltic sea 2020 ANNEX E: TABLES WITH SHORT DESPRIPTION OF LIVESTOCK MANURE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES Best Available Techniques for manure treatment - for intensive rearing of pigs in Baltic Sea Region EU Member States Technical Report "Best Practice Manure Handling, Phase 2" Ref No. 57 Nitrification-denitrification Brief description The nitrification-denitrification process converts the N in the slurry to free N, N 2 , a process that is commonly used in waste water treatment facilities. Biological conversion of ammonia to N gas is a two step process. Ammonia must first be oxidized to nitrate; nitrate is then reduced to N gas. These react ions require different environments and involve two tanks, an anoxic tank and an anaerobic digestion tank. The first step in the process, conversion of ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate, is called nitrification (NH3 NO2 NO3). The process is summarized in the following equations: - NH 4 + 3/2 O 2 NO 2 + 2H+ + H 2 O - - NO 2 + 1/2 O NO 3 It is important to note that this process requires and consumes oxygen, and thus contributes to the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). The process is mediated by the bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, which require an aerobic (presence of oxygen) environment for growth and metabolism of N. Thus, the nitrification process must proceed under aerobic conditions. The second step of the process, the conversion of nitrate to N gas, is referred to as denitrification. This process can be summarized as: - NO 3 + 5/6 CH 3 OH 1/2 N 2 + 5/6 CO 2 + 7/6 H 2 O + OH - Description of the effect on leaching (positive or negative) of N and P See the description for composting, technology references number 41 and 41A. This process is also mediated by bacteria. For the reduction of nitrate to N gas to occur, the dissolved oxygen level must be at or near zero; the denitrification process must proceed under anaerobic conditions. The bacteria also require a carbon food source for energy and conversion of N. The bacteria metabolize the carbonaceous material or BOD in the wastewater as this food source, metabolizing it to carbon dioxide. This in turn reduces the BOD of the sewage, which is desirable. However, if the sewage is already low in BOD, the carbon food source will be insufficient for bacterial growth and denitrification will not proceed efficiently. In the aerobic digestion tank the conversion of ammonia to nitrate and nitrite takes place. In the anoxic tank, microorganisms use the free oxygen in nitrate compound as a source of energy. The process produces more bacteria and removes N from the slurry by converting it into free N gas, which is released into the air. The system is build so that oxygen is provided to the slurry by way of tiny aerating bubbles provided by diffusers. Innovation stage Investment price, Basic Variable Operational costs, per tonnes per kg saved N or P leaching Complexity of implementation Research Pilot Practice Major references No data No data Condition for leaching reduction effect CBMI, 2009 Scenarios II - V Prices Low Effect on leaching High No data, however a Spanish plant visited by CBMI in June 2009 used 15-20 kWh per ton, alone for electricity, but including separation and composting operations. Certainty of information Depends on the situation of the individual farm. High – shall be implemented as a community plant. 76 Side 78 76
Best Available Technologies for manure treatment baltic sea 2020 Best Available Technologies for manure treatment baltic sea 2020 ANNEX E: TABLES WITH SHORT DESPRIPTION OF LIVESTOCK MANURE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES Best Available Techniques for manure treatment - for intensive rearing of pigs in Baltic Sea Region EU Member States Technical Report "Best Practice Manure Handling, Phase 2" Ref No. 58 Struvite precipitation Brief description Description of the effect on leaching (positive or negative) of N and P Struvite formation means the crystallization of N and P in the form of struvite (MgNH 4 PO 4 6H 2 O), also called MAP, which is a slow releasing and valuable fertiliser. The struvite precipitation is forced by introduction + of the Mg 2 ion, for instance in the form of Mg(OH) 2 and MgCl 2 6H 2 O. pH adjustment will often be necessary to force the process. Struvite precipitated from manure can be used as a fertiliser product. Since struvite contains both ammonia and P, this can be removed from the manure or be applied or used otherwise. Struvite can be used directly as a fertiliser with a slow release of nutrients, according to German and many other studies. Struvite precipitates as crystals that can be removed as a dry product that can be transported as a stable fertiliser. Precipitation of struvite and use of this can potentially have a beneficial influence on the leaching of both N and P. Struvite precipitation has so far not been developed to commercial stage as a livestock manure treatment technology. Innovation stage Research Pilot (wastewater) Practice Major references Investment price, Basic Variable Operational costs, per tonnes No data No data No data Condition for leaching reduction effect Hjorth, 2009 Scenarios II - V Certainty of information Prices High Effect on leaching High per kg saved N or P leaching No data Complexity of implementation Low – can principally be implemented at every farm. Page 79 77 77
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