best available technologies for manure treatment - Baltic Green Belt

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Best Available Technologies for manure treatment baltic sea 2020 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND DESCRIPTION # Animal type Kg plant nutrients in the livestock manure N P 1 1 sow in one year, with a production of 26 piglets till 7.3 kg, contribution from mating and farrowing stable, fully slotted floors 15,6 4 2 Same as above, contribution from farrowing stable 6,3 1,7 3 10 piglets produced, 7.3 to 32 kg, fully slotted floors 4,5 1,4 4 Total for a sow in one year with production of 26 piglets of 32 kg (1 + 2 + 2.6 x 3) 33,6 9,3 5 10 production pigs produced, 32 to 107 kg, drained floor + slots (33/67) 26,4 5,3 6 Total for a pig production, per 1 sows and 26 pigs produced (4 + 2.6 x 5) 102,2 23,1 Table 3: Examples of content of N and P in pig slurry (Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri, 2008). The Baltic Sea area covers 2.3 million square kilometres, with a population of 90 million. The land use of the area is unique, with 50% afforested and 20% arable land. Approximately 30% of the Baltic population lives in the countryside. The Baltic Sea covers an area of around one fourth of the total catchment area. Table 2 shows a calculation of the load of N and P in livestock manure in all the target countries. It is by comparison of Table 1 and Table 2 seen, that the average level of N and P in the produced livestock manure is far below the needs of the crops, as defined by the Danish fertiliser norms in Table 1 (economic optimal norms, politically reduced with 10% in case of N) as well indicated by the Nitrates Directive, setting a limit of 170 kg N in livestock manure per ha. The highest production of plant nutrients in livestock manure, i.e. the livestock density, is seen in the Danish part of the Baltic Sea catchment area, followed by Sweden. It is on basis of data in Table 1 and Table 2 concerning fertiliser norms (norms have a certain correlation to the removal by the crops) and the livestock density in the target countries, suggested that the minimising of P leaching from livestock manure first of all is ensured via distribution on a sufficiently large agricultural area. There is in the BSR averagely 37 kg N and 9 kg P per ha in the produced livestock manure (Table 2) – it would in relation to the Nitrates Directive be possible to expand the livestock production (170 kg N/ha / 37 kg N/ha =) 4,6 times, and in relation to the need of P as nutrient for typical crop rotations (Table 1) be possible to expand the livestock production (25 kg P/ha / 9 kg P/ha = ) 2,8 times 3 . By comparing Table 1 and Table 3 is seen, that P typically would be the most limiting factor in a balanced fertilising with livestock manure according the needs of the crops - see Table 4. It is seen, that the 3 25 kg P/ha is recommended by HELCOM as fertilising norm. 14
Best Available Technologies for manure treatment baltic sea 2020 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND DESCRIPTION plant nutrients in slurry from production pigs is a bit better in balance with the needs of the crops than the case is for slurry from sow production. However, in all cases, whether a limit of 170 or 140 kg N per ha is used as a limit for fertilising with livestock manure, the spreading of P on the fields is above the P norms for a typical crop rotation on a pig farm. It should be noted in connection to the Table 1 and Table 4 that winter wheat is the most commonly grown crop on pig production farms in Denmark (Weznæs et al., 2009) and probably in the entire Baltic Sea Region (BSR). Fertiliser norms for grass is also shown in Table 1, although this is not a common crop on pig production farms – however, grass is basically a protein crop, therefore requiring a high N fertilisation, and being the reason for derogations admitted cattle farms in Denmark and Holland to the general rule of maximally 170 kg N per ha from livestock manure. According HELCOM Convention, Annex III section 2.1, “The maximum number of animals should be determined with consideration taken to the need to balance between the amount of P and N in manure and the crops’ requirements for plant nutrients.” It decides for Contracting Parties that “The amount of livestock manure applied to the land each year including by the animals themselves should not exceed the amount of manure containing 170 kg/ ha nitrogen and 25 kg/ha phosphorus with a view to avoiding nutrient surplus, taking soil characteristics, agricultural practices and crop types into account.” Four of the eight target countries have consequently introduced official P norms for fertilising: In Sweden and in Lithuania the norms have been set as a general limit without respect to the actual crop grown. The limit in Sweden is 22 kg P per ha, and similarly 40 kg P2O5 in Lithuania. German farmers are restricted by a P balance of 20 kg P2O5 per ha (Foged, 2008). Denmark has introduced a maximal allowed spreading of 140 kg N in livestock manure per ha, but as seen from Table 4, this is not a sufficiently low rate to avoid over-fertilisation with P; Danish installations for the intensive rearing of pigs typically maximise their production up to the 140 kg N per ha limit. In Finland the P limits are based on crops grown and the soil P content. If only manure is used as P-fertilizer about 18 kg of manure total P can be spread for grain crops (if the soil P content is not very high). Annex L includes statistics about the pig production in Denmark, Poland and Sweden, as well as maps with the geographical placement of pig farms in Denmark and the installations for the intensive rearing of pigs in Poland. Animal type Number of animals that can be contained within 1 ha of winter wheat according norms in Table 1 Kg P spread per ha per year, if the limit for N fertilisation in livestock manure is fully utilised N P 170 kg N per as limit 140 kg N per ha as limit Total for a sow in one year with production of 26 piglets of 32 kg 5,1 2,2 47,43 38,75 10 production pigs produced, 32 to 107 kg, fully slotted floors 64,4 37,7 34,12 28,11 Table 4: Number of sows or production pigs that produces N and P equivalent to the consumption of one ha winter wheat – by comparison of Table 1 and Table 3, and amount of P spread if the allowed spreading of N is the limiting factor. 15
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