3MpC46ONK

INUPIAT 

ESKIMO 

DICTIONARY 

by 

Donald H. Webster and Wilfried Zibell 

Illustrated by Thelma A. Webster 

For 

Alaska Rural School Project 

Department of Education 

University of Alaska 

College, Alaska

@1970 Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. 

Box 1028 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

3,000 copies 

Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 76-632478

FORWARD 

Of the making of books there is no end, said the great King 

Solomon of old. To the making of a dictionary there is no end, is 

the feeling one gets when he sets out on such a project. This work 

is by no means exhaustive. It is but a beginning. 

The Eskimo is admired the world over for his ability to live 

comfortably on the very edge of human habitat. His language 

reflects this genius. This dictionary is sent forth with the hope 

that something of this genius is displayed, both to the Eskimo 

(and particularly the young people who are loosing their cultural 

heritage), and to interested non-Eskimo. 

Unlike most dictionaries, this is compiled according to 

subject matter. By so doing, the authors feel that language 

features (such as how words relate to each other) can be displayed 

better. Also, new literates will find this system easier to follow 

and more interesting. 

These words have been gathered over a period of ten years 

and drawn from various Eskimo living in the villages of North 

and Northwest Alaska. To these many Eskimo friends our debt 

of thanks is due. They truly deserve the credit, while we assume 

the responsibility of any errors. 

iii

-.' 

ox 

rx:l 

:;:;; 

~ 

Z 

rx:l 

o 

~ ...:l -+-' 

...:l o 

...... 

Q)-+-' 

..... () 

:> 

oj Q) 

.......... 

'0 oj 

0 ..... 

:;:;; oj '0 

...... ~ 

rn ... 

::.::: 

oj Q) 

sr: ..... :> 

rx:l ~ ..... 

~ 

..c::~ 

:r: -+-' ::I 

o: ... ..a 

...... o 0 

...:l 

o 

z::.::: 

z ~~ 

Z::.::: 

rx:l 

----

IMPORTANT NOTES TO THE READER 

1. When looking for a -word (in the Eskimo section), think of 

what it might be linked with, (e .g. "think" - -mental activity; 

"spoon"--food, eating; "rifle~-hunting etc.), then look at the 

index to see the subject categories. If the word is not suitable 

for simple categorizing, it may be in the section entitled "Other 

Words", such as "gift", "ouch! 'f etc. 

2. Since this dictionary is a compilation of the Kobuk River 

dialect and North Alaska dialect, many entries consist of two or 

more words. Such sets of words may vary on the basis of pronunciation 

or meaning. This dialect division is indicated thus: 

(N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North 

Slope villages 

(K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the Kobuk 

River villages. 

A word entry which is not followed by a letter means that the 

word is used in both dialects. Some words have a more restricted 

use, being commonly used only in certain villages. Where 

such restrictions are known, they are noted thus: 

(a) after a word indicates it is used in Anaktuvuk Pass 

(b)" "" "" " " "Barrow 

(d)" "" "" " "" Deering/Buckland 

(no) " "" """"" Noatak 

(ki) " "" "" " " "Kivalina 

(p)" "" "" " " "Point Hope 

(q)" "" "" " " "Kotzebue 

(s)" "" "" " " "Selawik 

(sh) " "" "" " " "Shishmaref 

(w)" ,.,,, """" 11 Wainwright 

(u) 11 "" 11 11 " " "Unalakleet 

3. Information is also available from the way words are placed 

on the page, from their endings, and from their English glosses. 

Look at the following sample entry. 

aatchui ruk (K), aitchui ruk (N) 1 

aatchugaa , aitchugaa 2 

aatchuun, aitchuun 3 

gives 1 

gives it 2 

gift 3 

First, we know how the word is said in the Kobuk River 

dialect (K) and how it is pronounced in the ~orth Alaska dialect 

(N). 

v

Second, we know that all of these words are related because 

the' last two sets are set to the right of the main word. These 

words are related semantically. Some insets display categorical 

relationship. 

Third, verbs are indicated by the ending" -uk" on the Eskimo 

word and" -s" on the English gloss. Look at the words marked 1. 

(Some English glosses need a helping verb as "is happy"). 

Fourth, verbs are also indicated by the ending" -aa" on the 

Eskimo word and -generally "it" in the English gloss. Look at 

the words marked 2. 

Other words are nouns. Look at the words marked 3. (Some 

entries are conjunctions and interjections, but these are clearly 

displayed). 

(Eskimo does not distinguish gender in the third person, therefore 

"aatchuiruk" may mean either "he gives", "she give s'", or 

"it givea". Similarly, "aatchugaa" may mean "he/she/it" ~ives 

"it/he/she". This is why no subject pronoun is listed with' -uk" 

verbs; and "it" has arbitrarily been chosen to signal" -aa" verbs. 

Infrequently, meaning demands that it be replaced by "him" or 

"her" as in "kunikkaa- -kisses her". Both Intransitive verb forms 

(-uk) and Transitive verb forms (-aa) have been included because 

a student of Eskimo must know both forms and there is no simple 

rule for deriving the one from the other.) 

4. SECTION II is a list of Eskimo Post Bases. Post Bases are 

added to bases to modify meaning. Their function is similar to 

that of English adverbs, adjectives, auxiliary verbs, tenses, etc. 

5. SECTION III is an index of English words that equate to the 

Eskimo entries of Parts I & II. 

vi

1. PEOPLE 

CONTENTS 

Eskimo Writing Key ix 

SECTION 

1.1 

1.2 

1.3 

1.4 

1.5 

1.6 

1.7 

1.8 

1.9 

1.10 

1.11 

1.12 

1.13 

1.14 

1.15 

Persons and Titles . 

Relatives . 

Body Parts . 

Head . 

Body . 

Organs . 

SkeletaL . 

Body Actions . 

Life Processes . 

Sickness and Debilities . 

Medical, Healing . 

Mental Activities . 

GeneraL . 

Love vs Hate . 

Attitude . 

Nervous Reaction . 

Confident vs FearfuL .. 

Reasonable vs Unreasonable . 

Good vs Bad . 

Clothing, Ornamentation .. 

Dwellings . 

Types . 

Parts . 

Contents . 

Religion .. 

Old . 

General . 

New - Christian .. 

Activities · . 

GeneraL ······.. 

Men . 

Ladies· . 

youth . 

Amusements . 

Food, Eating . 

Food, Gathering . 

Hunting . 

Trapping . 

Fishing . 

Travelling . 

Land . 

Sea . 

vii 

1 

3 

6 

6 

8 

11 

12 

15 

17 

19 

22 

23 

23 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

33 

36 

36 

37 

38 

41 

41 

42 

44 

47 

47 

48 

50 

52 

53 

54 

57 

57 

60 

61 

62 

62 

64

2. CREATURES 

2.1 

2.2 

2.3 

2.4 

2.5 

2.6 

2.7 

2.8 

General. . 

Land Animals . 

Small Creatures of Land and Sea ; .. 

Insecta . 

Sea Animals . 

Animals of History and Legend . 

Fish . 

Birds . 

69 

69 

77 

78 

79 

82 

82 

84 

3. HEAVENS, EARTH, ATMOSPHERE 

3.1 

3.2 

3.3 

3.4 

3.5 

3.6 

3.7 

Heavenly Bodies Etc., .. 

Earth (Minerals) . 

Plants . 

Trees . 

Mountains and Hills . 

Lakes, Rivers, Oceans . 

Weather (includes snow and ice conditions) .. 

96 

97 

98 

101 

102 

103 

104 

4. PLACE, TIME, DESCRIPTIVES 

4.1 

4.2 

4.3 

4.4 

General. . 

Place . 

Time . 

Descriptives . 

Opposites . 

Colors . 

Numbers . 

110 

110 

117 

120 

120 

122 

123 

5. OTHER WORDS . 125 

SECTION 

II 

POST BASES.................. 167 

SECTION 

III 

ENGLI SH INDEX.......................................... 186 

viii

ESKIMO WRITING KEY 

An English Pronunciation 

Guide 

a 

amaak 

root 

aatkan 

mitten 

a is pronounced most 

frequentliY, like the 

vowel in t fun" and 

"the". When next to 

"k" or "s". it sounds 

like "a" in "father". 

Double aa and any 

other double letter 

is held longer than 

a single letter. 

ch natcnik 

seal 

ch resembles" ch" in 

"church". 

g 

ivgich 

grass 

aglaun 

pencil 

ivgun 

towel 

taggak 

shadow 

g before another consonant 

is like "g" in 

"go" . 

Elsewhere it is pronounced 

much softer 

as a continued sound. 

not as a stopped 

sound like the one 

above. 

g is similar to "g" 

above, but is spoken 

farther back in the 

throat. Between vowels 

it is sometimes 

very soft and easily 

missed. 

h ahaal.ik 

Oldsquaw 

, ix 

h resembles English 

"h".

ikun 

match 

siilik 

pike 

.' 

is pronounced like 

"I" in "police". Next 

to g and k it sounds 

like "i" in "tin" 

k 

kukik 

fingernail 

ukpik 

Snowy Owl 

k sounds like "k" in 

"ski" or "skill" . It 

lacks the puff of air 

that follows "k" in 

"kill" 

k 

ukpik 

willow 

k like g, is sounded 

farther back in the 

throat than k and g. 

1 ulu 

woman's 

kallun 

cup 

1 paluktak 

beaver 

kamikluuk 

pants 

knife 

1 resembles "I" in 

"leave" 

1 is like "I" in 

"cleave", only more 

"breathy". It is 

voiceless. 

1 killik 

cut 

ki ltgnik 

knot 

1 is pronounced something 

like the letters 

"Ji" in "peculiar" or 

"million", (is the 

same as Spanish 

caballero). 

m mannik 1/ __ ?m sounds like English 

egg 

7 ~' 1, ,~ "m". 

I{r--~ 

n nanuk v" ~ f n is pronounced like 

polar bear English "n". 

n inuk (--~\ ~~ n is pronounced like 

human being the letters "riy' in 

"canyon", (is the 

same as Spanish 

sikinik 

manana). 

sun 

a: 

1

IJ 

p 

tnjrni suun 

lJ is pronounced like 

-~ 

airplane the letters "rig" in 

"king" . 

arjun 

male being 

Ij, 

papik 

P sounds like "p" in 

bird's tail " spot". It is pronounced 

without the 

putu 

puff of air that 

hole accompanies "p" in 

"pot". 

@ 

r argaich r sounds like "r" and 

hand, fingers "z" pronounced at 

the same time. 

ugruk 

bearded seal ~ 

~= 

s suluk ~ s is pronounced bewing 

feather tween English" s" 

and "sh". 

~\ 

~#/ ) 

4 

sr siksrik sr sounds like "r" and 

~(" 

ground squirrel 

"sh " pronounced at 

- /I ) 

the same time. 

Where Kobuk River 

t> 

ill:srall: 

cheek 

people use" sr" be- 

/~y tween vowels, coastal 

Eskimos pronounce 

"s". 

t tuttu t is pronounced like 

caribou 

"t" in" steam" . It 

lacks the puff of air 

.... \\\ 

_ » ~"- that follows "t" in 

~-(Ar 

"team". 

~ ~," 

u ull:all: u sounds like "u" in 

tongue 

/~~ "rule" . Next to g 

-f~ and ls:. it sounds like 

r0;.~ "u'' in "pull" or "0" 

uuktuun 

a measure 

in "okay". 

xi

v nuviivak v is pronounced somefly 

what like English 

"v" but with lips 

touching. 

y nauyals: ~ -"~ y is pronounced like 

seagull English 

11 

"r" in "yes". 

ai 

ia 

au 

ua 

ui 

iu 

aivils: 

walrus 

t:ilJmials: 

goose 

kauk 

forehead 

kuals: 

frozen food 

kugruich 

swans 

siun 

ear 

ai is pronounced like 

"ie"" in "pie" and 

ia is pronounced like 

"ea" in "area" in 

North Alaska dialect. 

In Kobuk River 

dialect, they are 

pronounced alike, as 

in "air". 

au is pronounced like 

"ow" in "pow" and 

ua is pronounced like 

"wa" in "how about" 

in North Alaska dia- 

1ect. In Kobuk River 

dialect, they are 

pronounced alike, as 

"au" in "caught" . 

ui is pronounced like 

"ui" in "quick" in 

both North Alaska 

and Kobuk River 

dialects. 

iu is pronounced like 

"eu" in "mew" in 

North Alaska dialect, 

but like" ee" in 

"seen" in Kobuk 

River dialect. 

In some places where coastal dialects use a "k", Kobuk River 

people use a glottal stop spelled (I) as in the following sentence: 

Ani rami tautukkaa. 

"As he went out, he saw it". 

xii

SECTION 

I

1. PEOPLE 

1 

1.1 PERSONS AND TITLES 

JPtun~aura~, paipi.ir-ak (N) 

i1ilgaa~, krtungak, rlaalugruak (K), 

mikriktuk (b), uivtflak (sh) 

nukatpia.lugr'uak , arJugaura~ (K), 

anutaur ak (N) 

nukatpiagruk 

baby 

child 

small 

boy 

boy 

nukatpiak 

anun 

(cf. inuk) 

young man (marriageable) 

man 

arjayu~aksra~, arJugaatchia~ (K) old man 

niviaksralugruak 

little 

girl 

nivi akaiagruk 

niviaksrak 

a~na~ 

girl (before puberty) 

young lady (marriageable) 

woman 

aakuaks r ak , aakuaks raatchiak (K) old woman 

nutakkat 

utukkanaat 

anayukaak 

young people 

old people 

parent 

trguak adopted child 

inuguktitak child raised 

but not 

adopted

2 

aIJ ayukaagi itchuak 

arjayukaarj ilaur-ak 

(N), 

(K) 

orphan 

Persons 

& Titles 

Ilrappak 

poor, 

orphan 

ilakatai ksuak- (K), tuvakataignik 

(N) 

widow, widower 

(lit. without a 

partner) 

nulifksuak 

ui lgagnaak 

(K) 

(K) 

widower 

widow 

uiksraun, ilakatntglaktuak (K) 

bridegroom 

nuliaksraun 

(N), ilakrrigi aktuak (K) 

bride 

i.Iakatni.gut lai lak (K) 

bachelor, 

spinster 

tuvakataitchuk 

ui Iauktak 

(N) 

bachelor 

spinster 

i.lannak (K), avflaitkan (N) 

friend 

my namesake 

(relationship 

upon sharing 

of deceased 

based 

name 

person) 

inuukati gifk 

inuukan 

two born on same day 

(special friendship) 

one who is born on 

same day 

uumaga (N), i.lakatiga (K) 

my namesake's 

wife 

ilukaan 

inuk 

inupiak 

everyone, 

person, 

Eskimo 

person) 

Indian 

all 

man 

(lit. real 

na.luagmiu , tanik (N) 

white person

Persons & Titles; Relatives 

ranaiya ak 

taaks ipak 

taakstpaiyaak 

half-white 

Negro 

half-Negro 

3 

agaayul.ikai (K), arj aayul.iks.i (N) pastor, missionary 

taakti 

medical doctor 

iIi saur-r i (N), i.Iis aut r i (K) teacher 

irninaur ak (N), ki maktuak (K) fugitive 

iriuakt i 

murderer 

iglaak traveller, stranger, 

visitor 

uvaij a 

uvaguk 

uvagut 

ilivich (N), ilvich (K,q) 

iliptik (K), ili vsik (N) 

ilipsi (K), ilivsi (N) 

ilaa 

ililJik 

i.Iirji ch 

I, me 

we (two), us 

we (pl), us 

you 

you (two) 

you (pl) 

he, she, it, him, her 

they (two), them 

they (pl), them 

1.2 RELATIVES 

ilaur-aatka , iIatka 

kirjuvaa.tka 

arnauga 

-ksraga 

aapa-ksraga 

ign.i-ks raga 

my relatives 

my ancestors 

my great grandparent 

my step---- 

my stepfather 

my stepson 

ataataga (N, q), taata ruaga (K) my grandfather, 

great uncle

4 

aapaga (N, q), taataga (K) 

my father 

Relatives 

akkaga (K) 

aIJ aaluga (N) 

aIJ atchiaga (K) 

atchaga 

aya~ruksaa~a 

my uncle (father's 

brother) 

my uncle 

my uncle (mother's 

brother) 

my aunt (N), father's 

sister (K) 

my aunt (mother's 

sister) 

aanaga my great aunt, 

grandmother (N, q), 

mother (K) 

aanaruaga (K) 

my grandmother, 

great aunt 

aakaga 

(N, q), aanaga (K) 

my mother 

ilakat iga (K), tuvaakatiga (N) 

uiga 

my partner 

or wife) 

my husband 

(husband 

nukaaluga 

aapiyaga 

nul iaga, 

ukua~a 

tN) 

agnaga 

my brother-in-law, 

my son -In -law 

my younger brother 

my older brother 

my wife 

my sister-in-law, 

my daughter-in-law 

anikatrga my sibling (my brother 

or my sister) 

nukatchiaga my younger sibling (K), 

my younger sister (N)

Relatives 

aakauraga (K), ataur-aga (N) 

kataquti.ga 

my older sister 

my illegitimate 

sibling 

5 

-iikanil$atig-iik 

afifia~-iik 

aanarua~-iik 

ati~-iik 

sunaa~a 

aIJutikati ga 

afifia~a (N, q), uumaaga (K) 

agnakatiga 

iIlugi ga (N), iUuga (K) 

paniga 

pair of, couple 

sibling pair 

female cousins, 

couple of girl friends 

grandchild living with 

grandmother 

two people bearing 

same name 

my friend (male to 

male) 

my cousin (by my 

father's brother) 

my female cousin 

(female to female), 

my girl friend 

(female of same Cl.ge) 

my cousin (by my 

mother's sister) 

my cross -cousin, 

my joking partner 

my daughter 

my son 

aq ayukh ga 

nukakriga 

aIJ aukaagaitka , kitungaagaitka. 

nukagi itka 

my oldest child 

my youngest child 

my family 

kataga my illegitimate child 

uyuguga my nephew, my niece 

tutaaluga, tutitchi aga my grandchild

6 

1.3 BODY PARTS 

HEAD 

ni akuk 

kavrak 

tunis uk (N), tunusruk 

nutchat 

iksuu 

siun 

siutik 

aiunqur-ak 

(K) 

kiinak (N, q), kiginak (K) 

kiinagiilirul> 

kiinagul;s: 

head, 

skull 

crown of head 

(skull cap) 

rounding of back of 

head (occipital) 

head hair 

dandruff 

ear 

ears (2) 

ear cavity 

face 

blushes 

mask 

forehead 

uluak , Iks r ak 

tavlu 

tavlugun 

ag likkuk 

agliguk 

umni ch 

uIU!Jiyaktuk 

kavlut 

akungak 

cheek 

chin 

chin tattoo 

lower jawbone 

(both sides) 

lower jawbone 

(one side) 

beard 

shaves 

eyebrow 

ridge between 

eyebrows

Body 

Parts 

l$;arunaal$; 

eyebrow 

ridge 

7 

slkpiich 

sikuruk 

siki ru k 

iri 

ir'iktuk 

eyelashes 

eyes are closed 

moves head forward 

and down 

eye 

hides 

irakumak 

iris 

of eye 

irisiftik 

l$;ulvich 

kulvir uk 

l>iIJak 

eye cavity 

tears 

weeps 

nose (house ventilator) 

nUIJIJak (N), akul iak (K) 

sugluk 

nose 

nasal 

nose 

bridge 

passage, 

cavity 

takpaak (N), takparuak (K), 

l$;iIJIJ ak (K) 

kakki viak 

kakik 

kakki r uk 

nostrils 

groove under nose 

mucous 

blows nose 

lips 

lip 

corner 

of the mouth 

kanik 

mouth 

palate, 

roof of mouth 

gums 

kigun 

kigutit 

kirjrnaktuk 

tooth 

teeth 

bites

8 

u~a~ 

ukaktuk 

Body Parts 9 

nail (finger, toe, claw) 

-tikil,< 

JP.ti~il,< (N, q) 

l,

10 

Body 

Parts 

timi 

tuikkak , tui (K) 

saa 

saattuk 

s atkak 

miluk 

milluk 

milu 

miluktuk 

ki tik 

narrak 

nar-raagittchuk 

na r.r-amju ruk 

body 

shoulder 

body front 

turn to face someone 

chest 

breast, nipple 

milk (K) 

both breasts 

nipple 

nurses 

waist (middle) 

abdomen 

stomachache (chronic) 

stomach cramps(acute) 

kalaaik 

ku ligil~ (N), kuliik (K) 

umbilicus 

back 

(naval) 

kutchingaat 

ivalu Iini.k 

aagiak 

tunu 

tunuani 

tunuttuk 

tunutkaa 

sangak 

sanikkak 

ikkuk 

ukpatik 

small of back 

(lumbar curve) 

large back muscle 

depression between 

shoulder blades 

back, loin 

in behind, 

to his rear 

turns his back to 

turns his back on him 

side 

both sides 

buttock 

hips

Body Parts 

~uktug;aJs. 

mitkut 

thigh 

body hair, pubic hair 

11 

ORGANS 

brain 

uvifii~ 

silJlJik 

skin 

any large arm or 

leg muscle 

nukik 

tendon, 

muscle 

uuliutik 

auk 

auk igliJs.tuk 

auktuk 

aukkun , augavik, 

tenderloins 

blood 

blood flows 

nose bleeds 

blood vessel 

(N) 

takak , tagakpak 

puvaich 

vein, artery, blood 

vessel (K) 

lungs 

uumman (N), uuman (K) 

uumaruk 

uum ak 

uuma 

uumalaaktuk 

kanivaun (N), mulik (K), simik (K) 

tilJuk 

akiaguk 

i!Jaluat , paal.aak (n) 

ikhi 

i!Jaluakt ak 

heart 

is alive 

green wood 

live coal 

lively child 

diaphragm 

liver 

stomach 

small 

intestines 

colon, large intestine 

umbilical 

cord

12 

saglupkutak 

(N), uksi (K) 

appendix 

Body 

Parts 

taktu 

kidney 

nakasuk (N), nakasruk (K) 

surjak 

surpj ak 

surjaktaak 

iIurnrn ik 

bladder 

gall bladder 

bladder 

green 

fetus 

afterbirth, 

placenta 

itik 

anus 

usuk (N, q), usruk (K) penis 

iksruuk 

utchuk 

usuurak 

aalgunak 

aa.lguruk 

testicles 

vulva 

clitoris 

menstruation 

menstrates 

SKELETAL 

(Some words listed under BODY apply also to the SKELETAL 

section, ego niakuk head, skull) 

saunik 

bone 

patik 

marrow 

isugluk (N), 

isrugluk (K) 

bone end

Body 

ni akuk 

Parts 

skull, head 

13 

igurvik.---- (/ 

~ ~-temporal 

~ ~~ 

~ 

-; ~~ 

~ 

) 

i.ris inik --\----rTf-. 

suglu --------'\1;------7-" 

~-~---'--+--- 

nasal cavity 

kanik -----__+__~ ~_+--- oral cavity, 

mouth 

kigutit -----+--'~~-I 

[..4;L...---if----:;#---.- 

teeth 

uniagak, agl ikkuk ,4-.-------+-lower jaw 

(mandible) 

kigapikkat (K), kuyipitkat (N) 

pikusuk (N), ikik (K) 

kivialuktuk 

kiviaktuk (N), kirjiaktuk (K) 

pamialuk (K), pamiugayuk (N) 

backbone, spine 

vertebra 

1st vertebra (atlas) 

turns head, looks 

behind 

tailbone (sacrum)

14 Body Parts 

kutuk collarbone (clavicle) 

kiasik shoulder blade 

(scapula) 

tulimaat ribs (costae) 

mnj ich (K), nuvuliksrat (N) floating ribs 

sakiagich 

breast 

bone (sternum) 

kayuutaurak 

lower tip of sternum 

ulna, 

fibia 

aminniksr ak radius 

kutchik (N), kuutchuk (K) hip bone (ossa coxae) 

kirrigriik 

femur 

srtkuk (N), 

srtkuak 

kneecap 

(patella) 

kanagak, kanaak tibia 

isigaich nugaur arj ich bones of foot, 

(metatarsals) 

isigaich napyaarj ich bones of toes, 

(tarsals) 

inugaur-at fingers (phalanges), 

four small toes 

putuguk 

big toe

14 BODY ACTIONS 

15 

(See also under "Body Parts" where some motion words are 

built upon the same base). 

looks up, raises 

head 

kiviaktuk (N), kin iaktuk (K) 

turns 

head 

l$:iviagaaktuk 

(N) 

turns head right and 

left 

kuraktuk looks down, lowers 

head 

sikiruk moves head forward 

and down 

tusaaruk (N), tusr-aaruk (K) hears 

naal.aktuk 

srkungipaktaktuk 

aikuni gaktuk 

listens 

bl.inks, 

winks 

tautuktuk 

tautukkaa 

sees 

sees 

it 

kiniktuk 

l$:ifiigaa 

kiar uk 

watches 

watches 

cries 

it 

takprksuk sees keenly 

nai ruk 

smells 

iksuktaktuk wrinkles nose 

tagiuktuk 

ukaktuk 

atuktuk 

sneezes 

talks 

sings

16 

srvruur-aktuk 

whispers 

Body 

Actions 

kal.aktuk clears throat 

nipi 

nipliksuk (K), nivliksuk (N) 

nipitur-uk 

rrip ai tchuk , nipi aksuk 

iglaktuk 

iglaIJ aaktuk 

ur-r aaktuk 

ti kkuaktuk 

voice, sound 

says, sounds, voices 

is noisy 

is quiet 

laughs 

smiles 

gesticulates 

points 

Lsaarj aruk reaches forth 

akaikkaa, 

aktugaa 

puyyukkaa (N), putyukkaa (K) 

touches 

pinches 

it 

it 

tiguai ruk (N), tigus r-i r-uk (K) 

tigugaa 

pati.ktuk 

puttuk 

aitkuktuk 

takes, lays hold of, 

picks up 

picks it up, takes it 

slaps 

bows 

kneels 

akuvrttuk , akavittuk (N) 

sits 

down 

makittuk 

pi suaktuk , pts ruktuk (K) 

akpattuk (N), akpaksruktuk (K) 

arises, stands up 

walks 

runs 

aki ruk 

akigaa 

kicks 

kicks it 

maiyukruk 

climbs 

- 

m i.ngi kauk (N) jumps

Body Actions; Life Processes 

misiksuJs: 

leaps straight up, 

jumps down from 

low height 

17 

misigaktuk 

nautkiaktuk 

nutiktuk 

nuttagrgaa 

hops 

jumps 

leaps 

leaps 

siiksukaktuk (K), maki ruk (N) sweats 

nal.iktuk 

nalik 

anaktuk 

anak 

kusuuruk (N), kui ruk (K) 

kukt ak (N), itrguak (K) 

down 

at him 

expels flatus (gas) 

flatus 

defecates 

stool (feces) 

urinates 

urine 

1.5 LIFE PROCESSES 

ani ruk 

is born (lit. exits) 

igniruJs: gives birth, has a 

baby 

aniktrgir-uk 

ani grrik 

agliruk 

breathes 

breath 

grow s up, gets big 

aglintgaktuk reached puberty 

inuguktuk grew up (lit. became a 

person) 

sirjaiyaur-uk (N), naaktu ruk (K) is pregnant 

inuu ruk 

inuggun (N), iriuuhik (K) 

inuuni aktuk 

lives 

life 

makes a living, lives

18 

kaaktuk (N), nigisuktuk 

(K) 

is hungry 

Life 

Processes 

Imrguktuk 

is thirsty 

kuluularuk stomach growls 

nigi ruk 

irniktuk 

uinagl.iksuk 

eats 

drinks 

is sleepy 

pi lai ksuk (N), iniktuktuk (K) is tired 

aatchauktuk 

yawns 

nal.laktuk lies down 

tut t aa.ktuk (N) 

goes to bed 

aikuruk goes to sleep, closes 

his eyes 

kivsfruk is startled awake 

while dozing off 

aintktuk 

kammui ruk (N), kamrjuir-uk (K) 

s.innaktuktuk 

ainnaktuk 

itivli ruk 

uitchuk 

Itiktuk 

sleeps 

snores 

dreams 

dream 

is sleepwalking, 

talking in his sleep 

opens his eyes 

wakes up 

itkumar-uk is awake, is not 

sleeping 

tukuruk 

Ig rugaa 

dies 

gets stiff (of a dead 

body)

19 

1.6 SICKNESSES AND DEBILITIES 

-(g)iit - 

a~iagug-iit 

-cnuk 

iggiag -iit -chuk 

chronic 

has a chronic 

stomachache 

has a chronic 

throat 

sore 

-nrJU - 

akiagu -ruju -r-uk 

iggia -ruju -r-uk 

acute 

has an acute 

stomachache 

has an acute sore 

throat 

amiigruktu~ (N), ami iks iktuk (K) has skinned self 

anaaktrttuk 

anaagnik 

atnignaktuk (K), anrugnaktuk (N) 

atnigfia~ (K), anni.gnak (N) 

is bruised 

bruise 

hurts, pains, is sick 

pain 

atnii taktuktuk 

(K) 

has pain 

anniiyaruk (N), atni.iya.ruk (K) is sore 

aunaaktuk (N), aunaaksruktuk (K) 

bleeds, 

menstruates 

auttak (N), 

ayaul$. 

kapugaur aitchuk 

kapugaural$. 

auktak (K) 

ayauijaruk, kinit laitchuk (K) 

ayaurul$. 

iIluktuk 

Ihiitchuk 

itiktaktuk 

mole, Mongolean 

spot (Mongol geburts 

fleck) 

boil (sore) 

is blind 

got blind 

is snow blinded 

is sick 

has diarrhea 

kakkiruj uruk has a stuffy nose 

extracted 

splinter 

a splinter

20 

kasurjar-uk (N), kasz-uruk (K) 

kigutinnuruk 

kiguta.iksuk 

kiiks iuktuk 

kiiksiugun 

kiIikauk 

ki.li igr'uktuk 

killik 

kinnan aakair-uk 

kaugz-imaitchuk (K), 

kaur-imrnagi.itchuk (N) 

Sioknesses 

is withered 

has a toothache 

pulls a tooth 

is painful 

pain 

& Debilities 

has cut self 

has skinned self, 

abrased 

cut 

is becoming senile 

is numb 

karvanaruk 

(N) 

is dizzy 

kapyaltksuk (K) 

kaugr-immaiksuk 

kaur irnmi aktuk 

sayyaiksuk 

(K), 

(N), 

worries, gets dizzy, 

has a headache 

fainted 

kikkitigaa 

kigittik (N), ilguk, 

Ig rul.igaa 

kiiks ruktuk 

(K) 

Igruk (K) 

has frostbite 

frostbite 

has chills 

has convulsions, 

epileptic 

is an 

kilur-ir-uk, ki luruk has a muscle cramp 

has a stiff muscle 

kilguk 

kugiksuk (N), kukhiksuk (K) 

scar 

coughs 

rnaki ruk drains (of ear, sore 

etc.) sweats 

migi aktuk 

vomits

Sicknesses & DebiLities 

narjittuk, atni gnaktuk (K) 

napnj aruk (N), napurj aruk (K) 

is sick (malaise) 

is hunchbacked 

21 

nar-r aagi.itchuk 

nar-r-amjuruk 

ni akunq uruk 

nia~ugiitchu~ 

nuvaktuk 

pirjuk 

piyakkuktuk 

siglanguli~su~ (N), 

s iig.lanrju ruk (K) 

sukkit chuk 

tagiuktuk 

tal.li ak 

niigaak (K), niugaak (N) 

ar gigaur-aak (N), ar gaaktuk 

tigga~tu~ 

tigli~ta~tu~ 

tusi attuk (N), tus r.iattuk (K) 

tu silIaktuk , 

tusaalaitchuk (N), tu s r atl.aitchuk (K) 

u~alaitchu~ (N), 

ukatl.ai tchuk (K) 

urujuk 

has abdominal cramps 

has abdominal ache 

has a headache 

has a severe 

headache 

has a cold 

swelling 

had an accident 

has a sour stomach 

gets a thorn or tack 

into his flesh 

sneezes 

broken arm 

broken leg 

broken finger 

is stiff 

is throbbing 

is lame 

is deaf 

is dumb 

wart

22 

uunautikaktuk (N), 

uunakhiktuk (K), 

ki rr-iks ir-uk (p) 

uuti gnik (N), uutinnik 

(K) 

Medical, Healing 

has a fever 

is scarred from a 

burn 

1.7 MEDICAL, HEALING 

sayakturuk is healthy, strong 

inuuniun 

medicine 

itrisiun (K) thermometer 

Immrgaun 

kiIaun 

kappun , kappugaur ak 

iirigak 

aluutaur ak 

equipment for giving 

enema (of ugruk 

intestines) 

divining rod 

scalpel (for blood 

letting), hypodermic 

needle 

pill 

little spoon 

tulukkam asriat juniper berries (Fructus 

juniperus), a 

medicinal drink . 

mamittuk heals (of sore, cut, 

etc. ) 

mamittitkaa 

healed him 

Ihrakai r-uk 

nakuuks.iruk (N), nakuksi.ruk (K) 

uksrul$ 

uksruktiktuk 

recovers 

is getting better 

seal oil, used as 

liniment, medicine 

anoints, rub oil on 

body

Mental Activities 

nanuktuk Ul$.srugmik 

nanuum , uks rugun 

piIaktuk 

rubs with seal oil (as 

on neck for sore 

throat) 

ointment 

has surgery 

23 

1.8 MENTAL ACTIVITIES 

GENERAL 

ilisimarul$. 

ilisimagaa 

knows 

knows it 

i.Ii.aaur r'Lr'uk (N), iIi sautr-i ruk (K) 

ilisauti.gaa 

teaches 

teaches 

him 

i~itchirul$., iIitchuk learns 

iIrtchug'i ruk 

iIitchugrgaa 

iIi tchugun 

isuma ruk (N, q), isrumaruk (K) 

isumattu.ruk 

recognizes, realizes 

finds it out, 

becomes acquainted 

with him 

cause of recognition, 

sign 

thinks 

is wise 

puki ksuk is quick to learn, is 

wise (K) 

kani.kai ruk 

karjil$.siiigitchul$. (K), 

makirnaktuk (N) 

understands 

understands 

not 

naluruk is ignorant, does 

not know 

l$.augrilil$.tul$.(K), kaur ikftksuk (N) catches on

24 

pi saasuktuk (N), pi.saas ruktuk (K) 

Mental 

is clever 

Activities 

itkaktuk 

itlj:agigaa 

itkakt igaa (K) 

remembers 

remember it 

it comes to mind 

puttulj:srirulj: 

(N) 

comes to mind, is 

inspired 

sagviksuk (K), satapkiksuk (N) comes into view, is 

revealed 

alga~sruirulj: exhorts, corrects, 

preaches (N) 

algakarugaa 

exhorts him, tells 

him the right way 

to behave 

ilualj:sruktulj: corrects person who 

is erring ignorantly 

infkttktuk 

is threatening (scolding 

that brings 

results) 

natkiks ruktuk is correcting one who 

has unknowingly erred 

sHgiksuktuk is correcting one who 

willfully erred 

pir-aks rtksuk 

suaktuk 

admonishes 

scolds 

si.imaktuk (N) argues 

isumannutchautt ruk argues heatedly 

lj:apiktaHiluurulj: 

argues 

heatedly 

kaptkt ai Ii suuruk argues incessantly 

kukuula.ruk (N), tulj:hlga~tulj: (K) 

nipaal.aruk 

sakraktuk (N) 

shouts 

screams 

shouts

Mental 

pitkuruk 

Activities 

commands 

25 

praises, 

boasts 

LOVE vs HATE 

Love 

nagli ktuk is merciful, compassionate 

nagligigaa 

has compassion on 

him 

nakuaksr-iruk likes, loves 

piviuttaktuk (N) loves (of marriage) 

pi.kpaks riruk loves, precious 

Hate 

HUnlJut chaktuk 

isumangu ruk (N), isrumamjur'uk (K) 

kinnaktuk 

is deeply angry, 

hurt, disturbed 

holds a grudge 

is angry 

kivguruk (N) leaves because 

angry (b),leaves home 

because angry (ap) 

kivittuk 

goes away because 

angry 

iluagfingi.tchaa (K) dislikes him, is 

prejudiced 

uumikh.ksuk (N), uumiks rt ruk (K) hates 

pl saayugagaa, uumis aagur agaa (K) provokes him

26 

ATTITUDE 

Mental 

Activities 

Pleasant 

aggallaagiktu~ 

al.ianartchuk 

(K) 

enjoys himself 

is cheerful, happy, 

jolly 

aIJuyautaitchuk 

is peaceable, 

hostile 

is not 

ka am as r aaktuk (K), kaamatchaktuk (N) 

is buoyantly joyful . 

kuvi.asuktuk (N, q}, 

~yaru~ 

tagialanaitchu~ 

kuviasruktuk (K) 

is happy 

thanks, praises, 

expresses appreciation 

is hospitable (enjoyable 

atmosphere) 

talugnaitchuk, 

attagnaitchuk 

is friendly, kind, 

communicati ve 

tutkiksuk 

kapirjai.s aaktuk 

kapirja.Ls aaga.a 

Unpleasant 

is content, 

(within) 

encourages 

encourages 

is at peace 

him 

al.ianaktuk 

is quiet, 

sad 

lonesome, 

al iarriuktuk 

is lonesome, quiet, 

sad, not communicative 

iprktusuktuk (N), alfas ruktuk (K) 

is despondent, 

sad 

Hummaagiitchu~ (N), 

ihrarnrna.ag'i.itchuk (K) 

does not feel well

Mentat Activities 

Isumaaktuk (N, q), 

isr-umaa luktuk (K) 

mourns (not expressed)' 

worries (K) 

27 

alianiili~ (K) sorrow 

ki gluktuk 

sorrow s , mourns 

anuksruruk 

(K) 

endures, 

suffers 

UIJiarriru~ (N), is rurnaaluktuk (K) 

kinunguur'uk (N), kinuvgur-uk (K) 

saingitchaktuk 

worries 

mourns 

regrets 

(as in death) 

saingi suktuk 

tagialar uk 

is chagrined 

moves out of a home 

because not wanted 

tagi al anaktuk inhospitable, unenjoyable 

atmosphere 

talu gnaktuk, att agnaktuk is stern, unfriendly, 

non-communicative 

taluker-al'lraktuk 

browbeats 

ui ruk panics, is excited 

(too eager) 

kaprktuk 

is discouraged 

NERVOUS 

REACTION 

Pleasant 

Iki.aktaal aaktuk body tingles because 

of emotional stimulus 

kiunnal.aaktuk (N), 

kuinnal as r-aaktuk 

(K) 

is spine tingling

28 

uki giyumrniktuk 

ukrgi.ruk (K) 

(N), 

Mentat 

Aetivities 

heady, giddy, feeling 

light of body 

Unpleasant 

kakuaglaagnaktuk 

kakugauglaaktuk 

(N), 

(K) 

is tense because of 

impending unpleasantness 

sttkukstmanaktuk is "tied up in knots" , 

tense because of impending 

unpleasantness 

CONFIDENT 

vs FEARFUL 

Confident 

attaks rarj itchuk (N, q), 

attaks r-angitchuk (K) 

iglutuirul;$. 

nalupl;$.isuIJitchul;$.(N, q), 

nalupki s rungit chuk (K) 

is bold (sure of not 

being refused, freely 

helps himself to 

other's things) 

endures 

is confident, is sure 

(not doubting) 

nan iitchuk is daring, brave 

ni kait chuk perseveres, does not 

give up 

isiksu ruk (K), sfksuruk (N) is daring (strong), 

is enduring (persistent 

hunter) 

suamrnaktuk (N) is enduring

Mental 

Fearful 

Activities 

29 

al.iuktuk marvels, fears (N), 

haunts 

al layuaktuk 

at layuaktuk 

(N), 

(K) 

fears because of an 

unusual event, shyness 

of toddler 

anaya.suktuk (N), s.ivuugaruk (N) 

fears 

the consequence 

ayaagittuk 

ikai ruk 

(N) 

is undecided, desires 

to but can't begin 

fears (general, most 

common) 

ki.ksikar aktuk (N), attaks raktuk (K) respects, fear of a 

person who is not 

well known 

narj i.atchaktuk fears a situation 

taluks r aktuk is afraid of someone's 

sternness 

karujusuktuk (N), kannusruktuk (K) 

kaIUJusuurul,. 

kaIUJut chiaktuk 

is ashamed, bashful 

is shy 

is embarrassed 

REASONABLE 

vs UNREASONABLE 

Reasonable 

ar-aks igiaktuk (N), 

ukakstg.iaktuk (K) 

ukauti sugnaktuk (N, q), 

ukau ti s r-ugriaktuk (K) 

ukayunaktuk 

is open to counsel 

is easy to talk to, 

amiable 

is receptive

30 

sivunmuuruk 

sivutmuuruk 

(N), 

(K) 

MentaZ Activities 

is steadfast, continues 

on regardless 

Unreasonable 

alaprttuk inattentive, fools 

around, is confused 

alapittaktuk 

is crazy, is drunk 

ar-aks igi.itchuk (N), 

ukaks igi.itchuk (K) 

maliksuktitauruk 

is not open to counsel 

is convinced 

sikkuktuk is opinionated, not 

easily persuaded 

(lit. is hard) 

srvunmuuruk 

sivutmuuruk 

(N), 

(K) 

is stubborn, continues 

on regardless 

sivuniktuuguuruk 

stvutmuus ruuruk 

(N), 

(K) 

is obstinate 

GOOD vs BAD 

-gikinu 

- gik - suk 

sila-gik-suk 

is good, is pretty 

is a good or pretty 

person 

is good weather 

-Il autak , -Iluatak (b) is good, dependable, 

pi -Ilau tak -tuk, pi -Iluatak -tuk 

pretty 

is good, dependable 

agna -Llautak 

a pretty woman 

savakti -Llautak 

a good worker 

nakuuruk 

inurjntksuk 

is good 

is a gentleman

MentaZ Activities 31 

iluaJs;Js;uguuruJs; 

iruagi tchiihk 

is proper, 

respect 

honest 

isumatturuk 

is wise 

atchi ksuk (K), kimmaksalryaitchuk (N) is lowIy, is humble 

atvaktaktuk (K) humbles himself much 

kinui.tchuk is patient (not hasty), 

is peaceful (K) 

anniksui ruk (N) 

anniksugaa 

pi akruktarj itchuk 

talugnait chuk 

piuni arjitchuk 

(N), 

helps, is beneficial 

benefits him 

is kind 

is meek (retiring) 

srgnataitchuk 

sikn at ai tchuk 

(N), 

(K) 

is generous 

stingy) 

(not 

signiksrauruli: 

is devoted 

si ksuruk capable, enduring 

-{g)iit - 

pi-giit-chuJs; 

iggiag -iit - chuk 

inug -iit - chuk 

aaktuk (K) 

is bad, evil 

is bad 

has a sore throat 

is ugly 

is self -asserting, 

proud of himself 

is stubborn, acts 

against better advice 

thinks he know s 

everything 

is egotistical 

(can do anything)

32 

aiyui li suur uk 

Mental Activities 

gets carried away, 

goes to excess 

pi.Iuktuk 

(N) 

is bad, 

sins 

atangusuktuk 

atangutur-uk 

iki asuktuk 

(N), 

(K) 

is cranky 

lazy 

HuilUu~tu~ is troubled, bad 

conscience 

iluilliilil$:, (K), 

affliction, agony, 

iluilliugun (N) 

discomfort, trouble 

inumj unaktuk (K) is naughty (lit. evokes 

a person to pain) 

iI.J attaktikpaitchuk veers away, goes 

to excess 

isumalluagiitchul$: is foolish, unwise 

karna sa.aktuk (N, q), 

karn as r-aaktuk (K) 

iglituru~ (n, K) 

srgnaruk (N), sikfiaruk (K) 

is boastful 

is stingy 

is greedy 

pi guktuk (N) is haughty 

sagluruk lies, prevaricates 

saIJiaktuk is jealous (suspecting 

marital unfaithfulness) 

savituuruk (N), savi tu ruk (K) sly, foxy 

is carousing 

suur-imaangiksuk (N) is not concerned for 

law or other people 

tiipaktuk 

tusuruk (q), tus rur-uk (K) 

tusugaa (q), tusrugaa (K) 

coquettish 

is envious 

is envious of him

33 

1.9 CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTATION 

annugaak (N), atnugaak (K) 

ukilhaak (N), nukifhaak (K) 

al.iktuk 

kiluaktuk 

garment 

cloth 

is torn 

is ripped 

braids 

hair 

anmaluak, 

tuutak 

lip-plug, 

labret 

imigluktuk 

earrings 

siutrgun 

tupit 

na sak (N), nas rak (K) 

nasautak (N), nasraun (K) 

nasagaur ak (N), nas r agak (K) 

earpendant 

facial tattoo lines 

hood 

cap 

kerchief 

isigvik, 

kusurpjak 

~uppik 

as ik 

ai gun 

ainik 

ilupaak 

sini (K) 

(N), kus.rurpj ak (K) 

fur ruff of parka 

outer fur parka 

outside garment, 

coat 

sleeve 

cuff of a sleeve 

pocket 

inner fur clothing, 

underwear 

kitau r ak (N), 

kal ik 

atar aak (K) 

dress 

shirt 

tagiksr-ak (N), tavsi (K) 

tapsi (K), tapsi (K) 

man's belt 

woman I S belt

34 

atigi 

ati giruk 

atikluk 

kuglunni.k 

~upak 

CZothing 

& Ornamentation 

pullover parka 

puts on parka 

parka cover 

hem 

fancy trim 

aku~ 

argaak 

aatkatik , aitkati k (b) 

fancy fringe of 

parka (K), skirt 

coat (lit. split) 

gloves 

mittens 

(N) 

pauluk 

tikilik (K), tikalaak 

ikpiagruk 

kamikluuk 

(N) 

trail mittens 

three finger mittens 

handbag (lady's) 

pants, trousers 

ul iqnaak 

fur breeches 

fur trousers 

below calf) 

(fur in) 

(extend 

uttaak (K), kuliksak 

(N) 

caribou or reindeer 

skin pants (fur out) 

natchiagruk 

seal-skin 

trousers 

ilJaluk 

al.i ks i.k 

tuttulik 

ugrulik 

rain gear made from 

ugruk intestines 

socks (K), caribou 

fur socks 

boots with caribou 

soles 

boots with ugruk soles

Clothing & Ornamentation 

]s:aglik (N), mamilik (K) 

Eskimo 

boots 

waterproof 

35 

paurj aak rubber boots 

kamik mukluk, boot 

ku li 

boot fancy trim 

boot fur trim 

timi 

"",.."'~ 

\\\,1 

tugnaal;>:(N), 

kill.iguak (K) 

aturj ak 

silJiil;>:(N), s irjik (K) 

siIJ iksuk 

boot strap 

ties mukluk strap 

resoles 

a boot 

ivalu sinew, thread 

aruj ik (N), annik (K), 

kar-vi ak 

pifiil;>: 

alugun 

sale patch 

insole 

sandal

36 

1.10 DWELLINGS 

TYPES 

aimagvik (N) home, household 

iglu 

house (N), beaver 

dam (K, q) 

tupi k 

tuppi ruk (K), 

iks ruktuktuk (K), 

rglukpi ruk (N) 

house (K,q,n), 

builds a house 

tent (N) 

pal.apkaak (K), panapkaak 

tupi k (N) 

pauga~ 

itchaksralik 

(q, s), 

tent 

tent peg, stake 

12' x 14' wall tent 

(lit. with six, meaning 

six panels long) 

winter tent 

i;\frame for winter 

.~\ skin tent 

8' x 10' wall tent 

(lit. with four, 

meaning four panels 

long) 

tallimalik (K, q) 10' x 12' wall tent 

(lit. with five, 

meaning five panels 

long) 

apuyyak (N), aputyak (K) snow block shelter 

ivrulik 

mapt igak (K), 

s anni.ks ak (q) 

kasimmavik 

sod house 

log cabin 

meeting place

Diae l.L inq e 

kargi 

community house 

37 

nifuJi~simaru~ 

is insulating a dwelling 

by building a wall of 

snow blocks about it 

and placing soft snow 

between the wall and 

the dwelling 

underground 

cold storage 

cache, 

saigut 

urj alut 

ukuutak 

cache on the ground 

cache on poles 

wind break 

PARTS OF DWELLINGS 

katchi 

sanuki gaa 

wall 

puts siding on it 

(house) 

ayak post, pillar 

ki Iak 

ceiling 

kiIam ~aalJa roof (lit. ceiling's top) 

kaal iks iruk 

igUgich 

tuutr ak 

narik 

natchi tchi gaa 

i.ki r-gak 

roofs a house 

rafters 

ridge beam 

floor (lake bottom, 

valley floor) 

lays flooring 

corner 

tallu (K), upkuak (N) door 

taluks r ak (K) 

door material 

bear skin door

38 Dwe Z Zings 

upkuagaa 

upkui gaa 

closes it 

opens it 

ki lui s ak , ki luus ak (K) 

ki luit.chak (N) 

I$:iluusal,

Dwellings 

igli~ 

bench along the wall 

39 

siigruk (K), siugruk (N) 

pressure 

stove 

appliance 

igni gvi.k (N), ikrrigvik (K) 

ignil;s:(N), iknik (K) 

punnilivik (N) 

ikun 

i.ku al.Iaktu k 

ikual laur aktuk 

aluak (N), kalluk (K) 

aluakagvik 

kiruk 

ki ruiksuk 

ki rukai ruk 

ki ruktaktuk 

kirr-iuktuk 

uumak 

agra 

stove 

fire 

oven (lit. bread-makeplace) 

match 

bursts into flame 

is burning a little, 

smoldering 

coal 

coal scuttle 

dry fire wood 

ran out of wood 

carries wood inside 

obtains fire wood 

chops fire wood 

green wood 

ashes 

auma (K), 

uunal;s:saun 

auma r-ak (N) 

charred wood, 

charcoal 

heater 

uks rugr-uak (N), 

uks ruagruk (K) 

uks rukluk 

fuel oil, 

oil) 

kerosene 

(lubricating 

isi~ 

smoke in a building 

puyu~ 

puyugvik , tukluak 

(K) 

smoke from 

smudge 

chimney 

chimney, 

paula 

soot 

water container 

with cover

40 

kattak 

kuukpi aktugvik (K), 

kavifiugun (N) 

saiyutugvik (K), ti.i.liugun (N) 

utkusik (N), 

uunakai ivik 

niggivik 

sifiigvik 

ikuvgak (N), kaatchiak (K) 

water container 

without cover 

coffee pot 

tea pot 

cooking pot 

tea kettle 

table (lit. eating 

place) 

bed (lit. sleeping 

place) 

Dwe l l inq e 

mattress, (upper of 

two caribou skins, 

fur facing up) 

kar-r-ak (N), Ikivgak 

akisi (N), akin 

(K) 

mattress, (lower of 

two caribou skins, 

fur facing down), 

ground sheet (K) 

pillow 

ulrgruak (N), ulttchiak (K) 

nanik , kul Iik (N) 

igitchivik 

anagvik 

cover, 

lamp 

garbage 

toilet, 

blanket 

pail 

out-house 

ikuuti ks r-ak 

toilet paper 

kugvik 

aguummak (N), airnmak (K) 

chamber 

basket 

pot 

pugutak 

iggugviiraJs. 

dish pan (any bowllike 

container) 

wash basin

ReZigion 41 

l~a~~un (N), mifl.lak (K) 

soap 

kigusri~utit 

tooth brush 

taggaktuun mirror, reflector 

~ifiigaa~ (N), agl.iit rak (K, q) 

picture 

1.11 RELIGION 

OLD RELIGION 

aIJatkuk 

aIJatkugnak 

iIi ai.iIak 

shaman, medicine 

man, witch doctor 

medium, (communicates 

with the spirit 

world), (lit. resembling 

an aij atkuk) 

one who casts spells 

(considered stronger 

than aIJatku~) 

atuutluk 

(K) 

evil magic-working 

song 

l$iJ.aun 

ki.La 

ki laun 

ki.la ruk 

siIarn inua 

drum 

shaman's power or 

familiar spirit, 

conjuring spirit 

divining rod (used by 

diviners, e.g. to 

foretell death or life 

of a sick person) 

conjures, divines 

spirit governor of 

the atmosphere (lit. 

person of the air or 

sky)

42 

uvaksaat (K), uivaksaat (N) 

Religion 

souls of the deceased 

going around and 

around (lit. rounding 

a bend) 

inuguluur ak little person, elf, 

dwarf 

inukpas rugruk 

(K) 

giant 

iminaur'ak (N), inukun, 

inniJs,un, iks i (K) 

prowler {unknown 

person who is sometimes 

seen from afar 

and is blamed for 

otherwise inexplainable 

occurances ) 

GENERAL 

aanguaJs: charm, amulet, 

idol (K) 

agl.ignaktuk 

agltgtgaa 

a1JiruJs: 

an ipkaq agaa (N), a1Jipchagaa (K) 

a1JitJs.iksuJs, 

is tabooed, forbidden 

to eat or do for 

religious reasons 

abstains from it, 

avoids it 

arose, resuscitated, 

revived 

resuscitated 

resurrected 

him, 

him 

resuscitated again 

(of one shot and 

brought back to 

life again by an 

anatkuk) , He arose 

again (of Christ) 

atuktaker 

ak (K) 

law (what ought to be 

done, used) 

mal igutakar ak (K) law (what ought to be 

followed)

Religion 

pitkun , pi chkun (K), 

pitkur-ak (N) 

law (what is wanted 

to be done), 

commandment 

43 

tillii'i commandment, order 

killu~, pi luun (N) 

ki.lluksaktuk (K), pfluktuk (N) 

ki.l.Iuliki r-i , kiIli kir-i (K), 

pi luustkir-i (N) 

error, crime, sin 

sinned 

sinner, wrong doer 

ilitkuaik 

(N) 

spirit 

ir-rusfk 

irrutigaa 

(N, q), irr-us r-ik (K) 

personality, inner 

man, motive, 

spirit (K) 

treats him properly, 

right 

inuus ik (N, q), inuuar-ik 

(K) 

soul (immortal) 

pi irjiIak , piiIJilaa~ ghost, haunting 

spi r it of a departed 

one 

al.iuktuk 

altuktuktuk 

haunts 

is haunted 

pi Iiun blessing (passing of 

power from a shaman 

to his disciple) 

si vuni ks r iki r-iHc) 

tunl.l.laktufik , tuni l'lafik (K) 

tuntglaktugvik 

tuungak 

tuungaktaltk 

prophet 

sacrifice 

offering place (gifts_ 

of food set out to 

secure good luck) 

helping spirit of a 

shaman, devil, 

Satan 

shaman supplied 

with a helping spirit, 

a demon, evil spirit

44 

ilit~usi~luk 

(N) 

bad spirit 

Religion 

ukpiktuk 

ukpigigaa 

believes 

believes 

it 

NEW - -CHRISTIAN 

God (N), Agaayun (K) 

anaayur'uk (N), agaayuruk (K) 

arjaayyun (N), agaayurik (K) 

arj aayul ikai (N), agaayul.ikai (K) 

arj aayyuvfk (N), agaayuvik (N) 

au aayyul.iki ruat (N) 

ukpiktuak (N), ukpiksr-Iruak (K) 

ukpiksr-i ruat (K) 

ukpi gun (N), ukpiksr ifik (K) 

God 

prays 

prayer 

minister, pastor 

church (building) 

church (lit. praying 

ones) 

believer, Christian 

church (lit. believers) 

faith 

Ilit~usigiksua~ 

i.Litkusfk (N) 

(N) 

Holy Spirit (lit. 

good spirit) 

spirit 

Holy-Spirit, 

Atanik 

atanik 

ki.Ia.lautak (K) 

Holy Spirit 

Lord 

leader, boss, master, 

president, king 

Annaurri (N), Armiksukti , 

Anniksuun (K) 

annaktuk (N), anniksuktuk (K) 

annautrgaa 

anni.ksui ruk 

annaun (N), anni ksugiak, 

anniksuktiksr ak (K) 

Savior 

is saved 

saves him 

benefits, helps 

salvation 

aki.ks ruun (K), unniksukciun (N) promise, covenant 

akugluktuk , avi luktaktuk , 

~asra~tu~ (K) 

bell rings

Religion 

akugluk , avi luktaun , 

kasraun (K) 

bell (lit. instrument 

for repeated noise 

by striking) 

45 

a.IJ ar r-aur-ak (N), sannigutak (K) 

kikiaktuutigaa 

isagul ik (N, q), isnagulik (K) 

t 

cross 

crucifies him 

(lit. nails him) 

angel (lit. supplied 

with wings) 

ilitchitkur-ak 

(N) 

disciple, 

learner 

mal iguakti 

(K) 

disciple, 

follower 

iluakkun (K, q, n) 

nagliktuutil$.pak (N) 

nag.liktak 

(K) 

naglikkun, nagliktuun (N) 

pikpaks r-ifi k, pikpaktak (K), 

piviuttakkun (N), nakuaks r-iun 

inuur akpak (N) 

minguil$.sigvik, minguiks.lrik (K, q), 

savainnakpata (N) 

pi Iuun (N) 

grace (lit. cause for 

what is right, good, 

correct) 

grace 

pity, grace, mercy, 

love 

mercy 

love 

idol 

Sunday, Sabbath 

sin 

natkikaruun 

(N), nalguks ruun (K) 

discipline, 

correction 

natktgutrgaa 

(K) 

forgives 

corrects 

him (lit. 

him) 

sul.ikuti girj ai kauk (N) 

forgives, (ignores, 

overlooks) 

isuit chuk 

is eternal, 

heaven 

endless

46 

pakma , pakimna (K, q, n) 

Re Li qi on 

heaven (lit. up there) 

nagliksaagvik 

tammagvik 

piyakkugvik 

naIJ innak (K) 

algaJs.sruiru~ 

(N) 

hell (place of suffering) 

hell (place of loss) 

hell (place of accident) 

hell (suffering) 

exhorts, reproves, 

preaches (N) 

kul.iaktuaktuk relates, confesses (N), 

preaches (K) 

ukaktaa 

God -im 

prophet (N), . 

apostle (K), (lit. 

God's speaker) 

satugaa (K), tasugaa (N, q) ransomed, redeemed 

him 

iIJi~sruli~ 

ipkitchuk 

ipJs.ili~ 

(K) 

prayer 

is pure, is holy (K) 

purity, holiness (K) 

salummaun cleanness, holiness (N) 

isumafitki.gaa repents of it (lit. 

rethinks it) 

mumi ksuk changes, turns over . 

. repents (K) 

mumirtk (K, q) 

kamaker-inik (N), tupiksr-ihik (K) 

repentance 

obedience 

tu saayugaagikauak 

tus r-aayugaal.lautak 

(N), 

(K) 

Gospel (lit. what is 

good to hear) 

tutkiun 

(N), ~ifiuifiaJs.(K) 

peace 

ukafik (K), ukalfk (ki , n), 

ukaluk (N) 

word

Religion; 

Aetivities 

pasigigaa (q), pasrigigaa (K) suspects him, blames 

him 

patchisigigaa accused, blamed him, 

condemns him, finds 

him guilty 

47 

atanmgaa 

(K) 

judges him 

iatvgti ruk (N) 

atanniurik (K), atanniun (K), 

isivgiun (N) 

atanniutiks rak (K) 

atanniksugaatin 

umialik (N) 

. umi al.irjnak (N) 

judges 

judgment 

judgment to come 

orders you to do it 

and you must do it 

king (lit. boat captain) 

church elder 

alJ alatagaa directs him, controls 

him 

arj al ati 

director, governor,' 

officer 

arj al.atchikik 

rule, reign 

alJ al atchrr-uk 

rules, reigns, directs 

arj aayukak leader, boss 

alJ aayukauh k 

alJ aayukkaun 

arj ala.ruti , arj alatchi ai 

ruling power 

greatness, 

kingdom (God's) 

authority, power 

savainnik (N), minguiks ib.k (K) Sabbath 

1.12 ACTIVITIES 

GENERAL 

savaktuk 

sakuuktuk 

apta ruk (N) 

(K), siggal$:tu~ (N) 

works, makes 

works hard 

is busy

48 

alJivsiruk 

nimaksr'ugaa 

aki gaktuk 

akigagaa 

akiyaun 

(N), aIJivraktuk (K) 

Aativities 

disassembles 

fits it together 

bears, carries 

bears it, carries it 

stretcher to carry 

things 

iksrukkaa carries it on the 

shoulder 

kakaaktuk carries on head or 

shoulders 

nanmaktuk (N), natrnaktuk (K) carries on the back, 

back packs 

saagaktuk carries by hand, by 

arm 

ti gumi aktuk (N) 

tigumivik 

hand carries 

handle 

agl.aktuk 

aglak 

aglagvik 

aglagviksrak 

agl.auti tak, aglautitaun (N), 

aglaksruutit (K) 

agrautitaktif'N). aglautiti (K) 

aglautitaktuk (N), aglautiruk (K) 

aglaun 

writes 

mark, pencil line, 

letter of alphabet 

school desk, paper pad 

pape r , writing 

material 

typewriter 

typist 

types 

pencil 

aglikiruk (K), tai guaktuk (N) reads 

MEN'S ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT 

(see also Hunting, Fishing, Trapping 1.14) 

-liukniksi 

-Liuk-tuk 

umia -Iiuk -tuk 

make 

makes a hook 

makes a boat

Aetivities 

anautak (N), ipigauta~ 

(K) 

axe 

49 

ivruJ.>sifi (K,q), 

siklaJ.>(N) 

pickaxe 

sanlugun (N), aavalgun (K) 

sanluguvik (N), ikligvik (K) 

ikuun (N), itchuun (K) 

tool 

tool kit 

plane, 

skin scraper 

kar-ruutak (K), kaugun (q), 

kautak (N) 

kauktuk (K), kautaktuk (N) 

kikiak 

aaglu 

hammer 

hammers 

nail 

tack 

kigisik 

savik 

(K), kilJmautik (N) 

pliers 

knife 

pitnuktak 

(K), pilJlJu~ta~ (N) 

folding or pocket 

knife 

mitlik 

puttun 

carving 

piercing 

tool 

tool 

agiaJ.> 

agi aktuk 

agiksuk 

agikkaa 

piksrun, paulgifi, paufhi.n (n) 

pfks rutrtaktuk 

file 

files, rubs 

files, rubs 

(continually) 

files it, rubs it 

shovel 

shovels 

ni igaun 

s ikuk 

drill, 

bit 

brace 

uuktuun 

uluun 

kipluun (K), kivluun (N) 

ruler, measuring 

device 

saw 

cross -cut saw

50 Activities 

kivluktuk 

i.kai.ks in (K), kuvluun (N) 

cuts across 

rip saw 

ulimaun 

adze 

LADIES' ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT 

(see also Trapping, Fishing 1.14) 

ka rvaktuk (N), katvaktuk (K~ fleshes sea mammal 

_ (and polar bear), tans 

ulu ~ ~ woman's knife 

ikuuktuk (N), it chuuktuk (K) fleshes animal skin, 

tans 

ikuun (N), itchuun (K) skin scraper, plane 

Irnakai ruk moistens skin 

putchimaal.laktitchagaa stores moistened skin 

for short while 

putchimaapka~saagaa stores moistened skin 

overnight 

uluktuk rubs and twists hide 

to soften it 

inni akai ruk stretches hide on 

frame 

kiir-aktuk (N), kigi raktuk (K) 

is crimping 

soles 

kuki ruk (N), nikniaktuk 

su li.iktuk 

(K), 

is cooking 

kakki ruk (K), punni liuktuk (N) 

bakes bread 

alf.iktuk 

a lgun 

(K) 

cooks dog food 

dog soup pot 

ka Iii ktuk (K) 

cooks fish 

ur-r iuktuk (N), ni kipi alfiktuk (K) boils meat

Activities 

igaapial$tul$ 

boils meat 

or fish 

51 

Ir ai liuktuk 

fries 

meat 

ar giksuk 

ar gi k 

payuktaktuk 

cooks over open fire 

roasting spit 

gives gift of food 

kill.aiyaktuk 

mends, 

sews 

mi kuktuk 

kiluk 

(N) 

sews 

stitch 

ivalu 

sinew, 

thread 

kipr-i ruk (K) 

tikik 

kakivik 

twists sinew, makes 

thread 

thimble 

pincushion 

miksrun 

sallisik 

(N), rrritkun (K) 

needle 

scissors 

tilaggirul$ (N), sa.Iikkuktuk (q), 

samj iyaktuk (K) 

tflagi stch (N), s aruj iyaut it (K), 

salikkuun (q) 

Ikaks r-ir-uk (N), iggul$sirul$ (K) 

tilaktuk (N), natchikrruk (K) 

pugutchikir-uk (K), pugutchi ruk (N)J 

kal lugaur-aki ruk (N) 

sweeps 

broom 

washes 

washes 

washes 

clothes 

floor 

dishes 

kuvigaa 

pours 

it 

naavitkaa (N) 

igitchal$tuk 

aviktuk 

dumps it (non -Ii.qui.d) 

plucks 

fowl 

cuts, divides (meat, 

bread etc.)

52 

amaaktuk 

amagaa 

Activities 

'----~.~carry 

baby on back 

puts him (baby) on 

her back (inside the 

parka) 

miluktitkaa 

m akkatk'i.kauk 

makkak 

breast 

changes 

diaper 

feeds him 

diapers 

cares 

for baby 

saglial$tul$ 

holds baby on knee 

YOUTH ACTIVITIES 

AND EQUIPMENT 

lII~j 

~\'h 

anii ksuaktuk -

Activities 53 

alJilgis aktuk (n), 

alJiHiisa~tuk (K) 

swings 

itluk (K), iIluk (N) 

~agrupiat 

pisiksi (N), siksi (K) 

~agru~ 

sling 

bow and arrow 

bow 

arrow, shell 

ai sugaktuk (N), s is ur-agaaktuk (K) 

slides 

down a hill 

puuvr-aktuk 

puuvr aaktuk 

swims (human swimming 

only) 

plays in water 

kinriaktuk , agaktuk 

fights, 

plays roughly 

al.Iayuaktuk (N), atlayuaktuk (K) 

is shy, bashful 

toddler) 

(of 

al Iayu al ai.tchuk 

atlayuatlaitchu~ 

(N), 

(K) 

is friendly, not 

bashful (of toddler) 

AMUSEMENTS 

aggiruk 

participates 

aularuk (K), uamittuk, dances 

asiktuk 

ki1aun 

ki1ausira~ti 

is nodding (with head 

while others dance) 

drum 

drummer 

aks r-aatchaun high-kick ball 

tikitkaur-aktuk 

akpalfi.r-ak, akpa.Iiu r ak (N), 

akpa.Ii itr ak (K) 

akpalrgaaktuk 

akirnaruk 

races 

race, footrace 

runs a race 

wins

54 

aki itchuk 

akiiJ,igaa 

atuktuk 

atuktuur ak 

atu ktuur-aktuk 

Activities; Food, Eating 

lost (contest) 

beats him (in contest) 

sings 

musical instrument 

plays instrument 

igluktsaaktuk ~ juggles 

iglukisaaksral$. . juggling pebbles 

nalukataktuk ~~ ~ X- ~.4 is blanket tossing 

nalukatak ~a7 ~1 blanket toss 

~.~,.rfI1Ifir. 

1.13 FOOD ,EATING 

(for fowl, see BIRDS 2.8; for berries see BERRIES 3.3; for edible 

plants, see PLANTS 3.3) 

akaluk (kiv .»). Ikaluk (N,q), 

kaluk (K) 

akutuk 

akutkaa 

avu, kapsitaak (K) 

imaks rak 

imigal$. 

immuk (N), miluk 

ipkak 

kiriiktuk 

fish 

"Eskimo ice cr-eam" 

(of cooked fats, meats 

and berries) 

stirs it 

sugar 

yeast 

broth 

milk 

boiled ribs 

thick soup 

kaituktuk intestine that is 

turned inside out, 

cleaned and eaten 

kumaarat 

beans

Food, Eating 

kuukpi.ak 

~a~~ia~, kakuk (K), 

~a~ulaa~ (N) 

kakkuayaak (K), kakulaar ak (N) 

coffee 

pilot bread 

cookie 

55 

kauk 

kuak 

walrus 

skin (for food) 

raw frozen meat or 

fish 

maktak (N, K), maptak (q) whale skin with 

blubber 

mannik 

egg 

mukkaak (K), palauvak flour 

mukpaar ak 

biscuit 

matchaak (N) oatmeal 

mi.ki gak blubber strips aged 

in seal skin poke 

mi stgaak (N) meat dip of sea 

mammal oil 

ni~ meat, food 

nikipi.ak 

parriktak 

papa 

punnik (N), puvl akak (K) 

meat (vs. food) 

dried meat or fish 

pepper 

yeast bread 

saiyu, tii tea 

silaavyak hotcake (pancake) 

tuktak fermented walrus 

meat rolled in walrus 

skin 

tagiuk salt, ocean

56 

uJs.sruJs. 

Food, 

sea mammal oil 

Eating 

uJs.srugaaJs. blubber strips in 

uJs.srul,.< 

ukarukuaktak 

ur r ak (N), utr ak (q) 

doughnut 

fermented 

flipper 

aiparuk 

(K) 

is fresh, raw (uncooked 

food) 

uunn ai lak (N), uupiagnigi.Iak (K) food cooked rare 

uurul,.< boiled meat 

aluutak 

aluutagaktuk 

spoon 

eats with a spoon 

kakiirat, 

kakki ak 

fork 

l,.allutaun (K), kayuutak (N) ladel, large spoon 

niginiitnal,.< (K) table knife 

pugutaurak 

savik 

bowl 

knife 

ulu woman's knife 

kukki Iin 

kukki li ruk 

toothpick 

picks teeth 

ivgun, tivliyyaun napkin 

i.miktuk 

imil,.< 

nigi ruk 

tamuktuk 

uuks iruk 

drinks 

water 

eats 

chews 

tastes

Food, Eating; Food, Gathering 

ka laktuk (N, q), nikaaaktuk (K) burps 

57 

iigaa 

swallows it 

itkutak (N), itkutchik (K) breakfast 

aiJ.ili~ (K), kit ikkutak (N, q) 

nul.lautak (N), nul.lautchik (K) 

noon meal (lunch) 

supper 

takuak trail snack 

niukkak (N), yuukak (K) snack time, refreshment 

-naksfruk 

itkutchig -nakstr-uk 

nul lautchtg -naksfruk 

~iti~~utchig-na~siru~ 

aili -riaks ir-uk (K) 

-tuktuttu-tuk 

-tuk 

kuukpiak-~ -tuk 

(N, q), 

is time to 

is breakfast time 

is supper time 

is lunch time (noon 

meal) 

IS eating, drinking 

is eating caribou 

is drinking coffee 

1.14 Faa D, GA THE RING 

HUNTING 

tuvaak (N), arjuni akt i 

tuvaaktuk 

arjuni aktuk 

-Ii ak - 

tuttu -liak -tuk 

satkut 

savik 

hunter 

attracts caribou by 

hollering 

is hunting 

is hunting 

is hunting caribou 

hunting equipment, 

weapons 

hunting knife 

iyagi lhak (K), yagir hak (n) knife sheath

58 

sHUn 

ayak 

pana 

Food, 

knife sharpener 

(emery stone) 

Gathering 

spear pole, whaling 

harpoon 

spear, two edged 

cutting tool 

~~;;_~/~~~==~::=:::==""",,-;;;;BoJ-II--~ 

kapusiut wooden shaft igiinaJs; tukkak aklunaak 

iron rod toggle head rope 

unaak 

aiyauppi ak 

sippun (K), suppun (N) 

kagruuraktuun (N), saatkaak (K) 

Js;agru1$. 

aggififiaJs;(N), aggitnaJs; (K) 

satkuun (N), kagrukagvik (K) 

harpoon (pole with 

metal point to check 

ice thickness, hooked 

at the other end) 

staff, walking stick 

gun, rifle 

shotgun 

arrow, shell 

knapsack, storage 

bag 

ammunition case 

m anak (N, q) 

m.ana.ktuktuk 

irigruak 

puksraa1$. 

(q) 

hook (multipronged) 

for retrieving seal, 

a fishing tackle for 

jigging tomcod 

is hooking fish 

(torncod) 

binoculars 

sleeping 

bag 

kilami.tautit 

bola

Food, Gathering 

kuyapigaurut 

avatakpak (N), puptagun (K) 

block and tackle 

float (buoy) 

59 

at aaktuktuk 

(N) 

goes to set up whale 

camp on the ice 

it chuktuk (K), nikpaktuk (N) waits for an animal 

to appear 

saavittuk launches a boat in 

chase, comes forward 

piyugaktuk (N) is approaching a sea 

mammal by crawling 

puyuaktuk (K) stalks 

auktuk stalks seal, crawling 

and scratching on ice 

at the same time 

pinrgli ruk inadvertently startles 

animal 

unulugusaaktuk (N), Iks.is aaktuk (K) frightens away an 

attacking animal 

nas ittuk (N), nas rttchuk (K) ascends to a high 

spot for scanning 

al atkaktuk 

tuvr aktuk 

pisikkaa (N), sikkaa (K) 

scans the landscape 

from an elevated 

point, looks into 

water for signs of 

fish. 

is tracking 

shoots it, hits it 

pi s iks aktuk (N), srksaktuk (K) tries to shoot, tries 

to hit 

pakiksuk 

squeezes 

trigger 

mapkaktuk 

report of a gun, sound 

of an explosion

60 

anuruk 

alJugaa 

Food, 

Gathering 

procures game, fish 

procures it 

alJiitchul$. (N), alJiiiial$.tul$. 

procures 

fish 

no game, 

kavra~ 

ami.ikai ruk 

arni k 

pilaktuk 

wounded caribou that 

runs away while unobserved 

skins an animal 

hide, skin 

butchers an animal 

(performs surgery) 

urjur-ak 

U1Jugaa 

rabbit 

drives 

drive 

it (an animal) 

TRAPPING 

narii gi ak 

narriktuk 

nani giaktuktuk 

sautaak 

ni gak 

nigaktuk 

ni.gaktuktuk 

nigatchial$. 

napittuk 

nigatchia~tul$.tu~.-._,""" 

__~

Food, 

Gathering 

61 

FISHING 

(see also FISH 2.7) 

akalugniaktuk (kiv , n}, 

ikalugniaktuk (N, q), 

kalurjni aktuk (K) 

is fishing 

akaluktuk 

kaluktuk 

(kiv, n), il$;aluktul$.(N, q), 

(K) 

catches 

a fish 

nikstksuktuk 

niksik 

al luak 

is hooking (jigging) 

fish 

hook, fishhook, lure 

fishing or sealing hole 

aulasraun 

jigging 

stick 

Ipi itak 

il$;lal$;(K, q) 

al$.l$;augaa 

fish line 

is jigging, is hooking 

mudshark (K), is 

hooking tomcod (q) 

multipronged fishhook 

angled a fish 

(fish) bit on hook 

aki 

hook, 

gaff 

tuuk 

tuugaa 

tuuktuk 

kuvral$; 

kuvr-aks ruktuk , kuvr-iki ruk 

kuvr-aktuk 

kuvr iksuk. niI]itkaa kuvr ak 

kuvr iruk 

amumaruk 

ice chisel (metal 

point on long pole for 

making fishing holes 

in ice) 

chisels it 

chisels 

net, fishing net 

checks net 

netted fish 

is setting net 

makes net 

is pulled out (e.g. a 

net)

62 

arnrnun 

puptaun 

kalu 

kaluuktuk , kaluruk. 

kaaktuun 

kaaktuktuk 

all.aiyagaa 

inigaa 

si.iksuk 

nuvirat 

uuyurat 

kalugaa 

Food, Gathering; Travelling 

net rope 

net float 

dip net 

is dip netting 

seining net 

is seining 

is mending net 

net lashing 

hangs (fish or net for 

drying) over a pole 

is cutting fish 

(for drying) 

fish strung on a 

willow stick 

eight dried fish 

linked together 

1.15 T RA VE LLING 

LAND 

(see also Directional- Locational Pronouns 4.2) 

Ig liktuk 

Iglaak 

travels, 

traveller, 

visitor 

moves 

stranger, 

tukkuk 

tukkumavik (N), nul.lagvik (K) 

host 

hotel, 

inn 

uvlf ruk 

layover, rests between 

periods of 

travel or other 

activity

Travelling 

aul laktuk departs, goes away 

63 

kuki luktuk 

kasui ruk 

goes about from place 

to place 

meet (by chance) 

while travelling 

kasuuti ruk meets, rendezvous 

tikittuk (N), t.ikitchuk arrives 

apkun 

apkus raagaa (K) 

trail 

passes 

him 

talgaktuk (N) travels up river by 

sled 

tagr aktuk travels up river by 

boat 

ati ks aaktuk travels down river by 

sled 

ataaktuk travels down river by 

boat 

at aaktuktuk (N) goes down to the 

lead to camp for 

whaling 

tul aktuk returns from the 

water, lands 

nalautchaagaa 

(N) 

travels 

past 

apkus r aaktuk 

(K) 

travels 

through 

aval laktuk travels straight out 

from the shore 

ar guktuk 

atkas al.ik 

travels 

travels 

into the wind 

down wind 

tilJiru~ 

ti!Jmiru~ 

flies 

flies 

away, takes off

ni ir-i 

(K), 

64 

tiIJIJun (N), tirj mi suun (K) 

airplane 

Travelling 

uivaktuk (N), iivaktuk (K) 

tagluk 

comes around a point 

snowshoes 

nuluk 

snowshoe 

webbing 

uni agaktuk 

sleds, travels by sled 

us rilfi ruk (K), ikuktuk (N) 

usiat (N, q), usriat (K) 

loads 

load 

sled 

ruk 

niurf 

ruk (N) 

unloads 

sled 

ka.ivluktuk, kairnugaktuk (N) 

pushes 

heavy sled 

kamutit 

(N) 

sled for transporting 

umiak over ice 

uniat (see picture 2) 

ij:ilgich (see picture 1) 

anut 

anuksraij: 

sled 

basket 

harness 

harness 

sled 

(one or many) 

webbing 

ki mmik (N), kipmtk (K) 

kimmich, kiprni ch 

kimuktuk 

dog 

dogs, 

pulls 

team 

(of an animal) 

is tangled 

nanmaun 

dog pack 

SEA 

tiIJilgairuls: (N), 

tiIJilgaij:sils:suls:(K) 

tilJilgautals: 

napals:ti 

niuruk 

sails 

sail 

mast 

disembarks

Travelling 65 

..... Picture 1 

kilgich basket sled 

1 aglu runner shoe 

agluvinik bone runner piece 

(old time use) 

2 s iku , sikuk (K) runner rod, runner 

base 

3 napagiak upright 

4 ayagun, ikaa]s.saun bed crosspiece 

5 kitgur'ak outside stringer 

6 satguuk central stringer 

7 pigiaga]s. rounded portions 

8 usi aguat loading platform 

9 nu]s.agun lashings for lower 

stands 

10 apugaikut ak, stvugun front bow 

11 apugun front crosspiece 

12 sani gaagun crossed ropes 

13 nakitaagun tie-down rope 

14 ]s.imugviita]s., kimugvik bridle (sled to dog) 

15 ]s.ilgun upper lashings 

16 ]s.itigagun tug 

17 i.tkir vi k , akugun sled bag 

18 ]s.i]s.aagvik stands at the back 

19 kinatagun sled brake 

kinataktuk brakes sled 

20 kiavluutit handle bar 

21 kivluutak handles

66 

Picture 2 

Travelling 

uniat 

1 kiavluun 

2 igilaat 

3 nakittagun 

4 nakitakpik 

5 ij:itigagun 

6 anut 

7 pauktaun, niksikpak 

8 aglu 

sled 

stanchions 

crosspieces (forming 

the platform) 

rope lashes 

rope tie-downs 

main tug 

harness 

anchor 

runner

'I'r av e l l i n q 67 

Picture 3 

umi ak 

skin boat 

1 kul ik gunwale 

2 ~UIJialik seat in front of pilot 

3 iksugak seat 

4 naparu~ rib 

5 niutak stern or bow 

6 a~u stern 

7 sivu bow 

8 kiglu bow deck 

9 kuyaa~ keel 

10 akkuk bottom formers 

11 tulvik fore and aft framing 

member to which 

skin is lashed 

tuutuk is lashing skin to the 

frame 

tugrun skin's lashing ropes 

12 amiun thread for sewing 

skins together 

13 ami~ skin covering 

amtksuk covers a frame with 

skin 

14 amj un pitch (caulking)

68 

ilJiuliulj:tuk 

pitches 

(boat) 

Travelling 

ki tnu ruk , pahrktuk (K), kinuruk (N) 

Iki ruk 

ni ur-i r-uk 

ukamrnaktuk 

kayak 

capsizes 

embarks (boat, sled, 

airplane etc.) 

unloads, 

longshores 

pulls a boat along 

shore with a rope 

decked -in skin canoe 

paagur'r-aktuk (N) 

paaijuutik (K) 

umiak (see pict. 3) 

urni aktuktuk 

umialik 

umi aktukt.i 

umi akpak 

umi akpaar-ak 

umi ahaar-ak 

(N) 

(N) 

ipun 

iputtuk (K), Ipuaktuk (N) 

anuun 

anuaktuk 

l$;allun 

kitchak (N), kis ak (K) 

akuttuak 

paddles (kayak) 

kayak paddle 

large skin boat 

travels by umiak 

boat captain, rich 

man, king 

whaler 

ship 

rowboat 

small skin rowboat 

transportable on a 

sled 

oar 

rows 

paddle (single bladed) 

paddles 

bailer, 

anchor 

cup 

ship Is pilot

2. CREATURES 

69 

2.1 GENERAL 

aJ]lJun 

aJ]usallu~ (N, q), arjus ra lluk (K) 

game animal 

male (animal) 

agnasallu~ 

(N, q), agnas r-al.luk (K) 

female 

(animal) 

pi ayaak 

auIlastk 

ni guaktu ktuk (N), 

nuyuaktuk (K) 

pan alrktuk 

offspring 

instinct 

is wary 

gallops 

tumi 

track 

(trail) 

2.2 LAND ANIMALS 

General 

aktak 

brown bear, 

bear (Ursus 

horribilis) 

grizzly 

black bear (Ursus 

americanus) 

polar bear 

maritimus) 

(Thalarctos 

wolf (Canis lupus) 

fox

70 

kaiyuktuk (N), kavviak (K) 

red fox 

Land 

Animals 

kiangak 

cross 

fox, blue fox (K) 

kiangaktuluk (N), kiangak (K) 

~gfii~ta~ 

blue fox 

black or silver 

fox 

kusr-haak , kulhaak 

tigigannia~ (N) 

niituuyi k (q), niutuiyik 

nuutuuyik (K) 

immulivik 

(K), 

(N), 

arctic fox (Alopex 

lagopus) 

lynx (Lynx canadensis) 

domestic cow (lit. 

milk place) 

Imriaik (N), 

sheep, 

dall sheep 

reindeer (Rangifer 

tarandus) 

nanmakti (N), natmakti (K) 

tuttukhrk (N), paikinak (K) 

donkey (lit. burden 

bearer) 

pig (lit. queer deer) 

tuttukpak 

horse 

(lit. big caribou) 

tuttuvak, 

tinniika 

tmni ikak (q, n}, 

(K) 

moose (Alces alces)

Land 

Animals 

71 

kirnmi k (N), J,s.ipmiJ,s. (K) 

IPmmiagru~ (N), kipmiurak (K) 

dog 

puppy 

ipiga~tuun 

(q), IPpmiJ,i.~un (K) 

dog whip 

~UIJisigun 

dog collar, 

neck band 

pituich 

prtui.tchuk 

pitukkaa 

avaal.aruk 

(K, q), magaararuk (N) 

chain 

is loose, untied 

ties it (dog, boat) 

yelps with pain 

anignitchia~tu~ 

. ki.Iuktuk 

maguruls 

iIIllJ aluktuk 

kimuktuk 

aluktuk 

kusauktuk 

paki ksuk (N), rrivaktuk (K) 

is panting 

barks (dog, fox) 

howls (dog, wolf) 

whines 

pulls 

licks 

sits 

paws 

Caribou 

tuttu 

tuttu agr-ui ch (N), 

tuttugaurat 

tuttukpaur agatat (N), 

tuttugaagruich (K) 

caribou (Rangifer 

arcticus) 

herd of caribou 

a few caribou 

huge herd of caribou

72 

tikitugaur at , tikitut 

Land 

herd of cows and 

calves 

Animals 

pagnik (N), pannik 

(K) 

caribou 

bull (mature) 

arj ayukfitkik (N), nukatagak (K) 

three year old bull 

3lJ ayukh agruk (K) 

arj ayukrik 

two year 

two year 

one year 

old bull 

old bull (N), 

old bull (K) 

pagni.agr-uit.chtak 

(N) 

very old bull (with 

worn teeth) 

nukatagaur 

ak (N) 

young bull (2 - 3 yrs.) 

nukatagaaluk (N, q) 

bull nearly 

full grown 

nukatagagruak (N), nukatagaagruk (K) 

nuliagnik 

large bull (just 

matured) 

stinking caribou bull 

(after breeding) 

kulavak 

caribou 

cow 

kulavaura~ 

young cow before conceiving 

(in 2nd year) 

kulavagr aitchiak 

large 

cow 

kulavagruitchaur-ak (N, n) 

very old skinny cow 

kulavagruitchiak 

old cow (over 

20 yrs.) 

nuggaila~ 

nuggalik 

nugga~ 

nuggaiyaa~, 

cow without fawn 

cow with fawn 

fawn, colt (less than 

1 yr.) 

newborn 

fawn 

nuvak 

(N) 

male fawn

Land AnimaZs 

nuggaagruk (N) 

calf during 

winter 

first 

73 

nuggaatchia~ calf during 2nd winter 

(prime skin) 

ivi.lauk, ilummik caribou fetus 

Caribou Parts 

(* means same word for other animals, human) 

amtk 

ukiul li k 

uki al.Ii.k 

ual.Iik , uar-al lik (N) 

upingaks r al.Iik 

skin 

winter skin 

autumn skin 

summer skin 

spring skin 

rnitkuk * hair (piece of fur) 

ni ki * 

meat 

nuukik, nukik * tendon, ligament, 

cartilage 

uuliutik * back tendon 

nigavik 

haunch 

kaunak * fat 

auk * 

saunik * 

blood 

bone 

patik * marrow 

nagruk antlers (horns) 

~lJusifiil$:, l$:UlJisi~* neck 

kuyapikkat (N), ki.grpigak , ki aiprgak (K) * backbone 

pikusuk longest bone of 

shoulder hump 

pikuk 

3 or 4 longest vertabrae 

near neck

74 

kiasik * 

sat~a~* 

Land Animals 

shoulder blade 

chest 

sakiak * breast bone 

isatigich 

connecting cartilage 

ribs to breast bone 

tultmaak * rib 

kuutchik (K), kutchik (N) * pelvis (one side) 

kuutchiriaak (K), kutchinaak (N) * whole pelvis 

pamiuk 

niu * 

kinignik 

i.kiipkuk (N), sivugagluk (K) 

s ivul Iik 

tail 

leg 

hip joint 

foreleg 

foreleg (lower section) 

kukiilik (N), kukik (K) * 

hoof 

(fingernail) 

kuvluguk 

mumi k 

anautak (N), anautaks rak (K) 

ptagnik (N), piannik (K) 

ni akuk ,- 

iri * 

siun * 

Imrlguk (N), umi.lguk (K) 

kuniun 

kakiaak * 

dew claw 

hind leg, hind quarter 

hind upper leg 

hind lower leg 

head 

eye 

ear 

nose 

nose tip 

brain

Land Animals 

ukak * 

uniagaak * 

agltkkuk (K) 

kigun * 

stvugat * 

tongue 

lower jaw 

lower jaw (both sides) 

tooth 

cutting teeth 

kullimagaat * upper teeth 

al'limagaat * lower molars 

75 

puvaich 

uuman * 

lungs 

heart 

kanivaun (N), mulik (K) * diaphragm 

tilJuk * 

liver 

taktuk '" 

kidneys 

mapsa * pancreas 

kivvi.g ruak caribou appendix 

kisaguak (K), ki s ag ruak 

first 

stomach 

nigukkak 

stomach with contents, 

anything in the abdominal 

cavity 

tunus is ak hard covering of 

small stomach 

i1Jaluat * 

intestines 

Itchaur'ak mesentery apron 

amaniilik 

mamaun 

miluk * 

edible intestines 

(with fat, cooked) 

udder 

nipple

76 Land Animals 

nuggal$:mi luktuk 

fawn sucks 

nuggal.ik miluktitkaa cow nurses fawn 

al$:iaviilik 

outer 

meat of body 

Rodents 

ilukutak 

(K), l$:i.JJagluk 

pana 

quill of porcupine 

(two-edged knife, 

sword, spear) 

paluktak, aku (K) beaver (Castor 

canadensis) 

mapkuti ttuk , aikifhat'ittuk slaps the water with 

his tail (beaver) 

ki vgaluk (N), 

ukallisugruk 

muskrat (Ondatra 

zibethicus) 

Alaska hare (Lepus 

othus) 

ukallik (N, s), snowshoe rabbit, 

varying hare (Lepus 

americanus) 

siksrikpak 

hoary marmot 

(Marmota caligata) 

siksrik ground squirrel 

(Citellus parryi) 

sakta.taiyak (N), sakalataayik (K) tree squirrel, red 

squirrel (Sciu ru r 

hudsonicus) 

avinnak (K) mouse, vole (Microtus 

operarius), lemming 

(Synaptomys borealis)

Land Anima~s; Sma~~ Creatures 

avirjak (N) 

l;P.laIJmiutaura~ 

brown lemming 

(Lemmus trimucronatus) 

collared lemming 

(Dicrostonyx rubricatus) 

77 

ugr urjnak 

Weasel Family 

~~:r 

kapvi.k (K), kavvik (N) 

wolverine (Gulo 

luscus) 

kapvai tchi a (K) marten (Martes 

Ii..~i?~\\\11 ~j -f' 

americana) 

{ 

{f;, f, 

UJ 

pamiuktuuk (K) I ~ 

/ ~ 

-.;;:; 

~~ 

tigia~pak (K, q) 

shrew (Sorex cine reus , 

Sorex tundrensis) 

otter (Lutra canadensis) 

mink (Mus tela vison) 

tigia~ (K, q), itigia~ 

weasel (Mustela 

erminea) 

2.3 SMALL CREATURES OF LAND AND SEA 

i.Iar-i, silu (K) 

ivi luk (N, q), uvi Iu (K) 

jellyfish 

clam, shellfish, 

bivalve, mussel, 

snail 

ki ir-aur-ak 

scallop, 

clam 

edible sea worm 

naagaayik 

nirnrgi ak 

wood frog (Rana 

sylvatica) 

water worm, eel, 

serpent, snake

78 

niprtchak 

putuguks iuyuk 

putyuun (K) 

Small Creatures; Insects 

octopus 

shrimp (lit. going for 

big toe) 

crab (lit. pinching 

tool) 

srutukuyuk 

mollusk, 

shell 

2.4 INSECTS 

Igutchak 

kiktugiak 

bumble bee 

mosquito 

pamiuktuur ak 

kiktuks r alik 

mosquito 

ant 

larva 

kirgavaitchauraJs: 

kaluki sak (K) 

gnat, "no-seeum" 

(colored like a hawk) 

butterfly 

milugai tchiak 

tiny mosquito, 

socks" 

"white 

mtluyuuk 

kumak 

itJs:iJs: 

mirnjuk 

niilgiJs: 

anaks iugayuk 

nuviivak 

caribou bot fly 

(Oedemagena tar andi ) 

louse, larva of the 

caribou bot fly 

louse egg 

beetle 

dragon fly 

dung fly (Musea 

stercoraria) 

fly, blow fly

Inseats; Sea AnimaZs 

ku pi.lguks r ak , 

nuviivaum kupilguksr ana 

egg 

79 

kuprlguk 

kuglugiak 

larva, 

pupa 

worm 

ptgli gai lfk (K), prgl.igayuk (n) , ~ 

nuttagayuk (N) 

putuguks itgayuk 

grasshopper 

stag beetle 

tuggayuuk 

"-- 

wasp, hornet, 

jacket 

yellow 

aasrivak (K), aasivak (N, q) 

spider 

25 SEA ANIMALS 

General 

killed a whale 

naluktuk 

swims (of sea mammals 

and polar bear) 

nakkaktuk 

dives, 

sinks 

pui ruk 

kavaktuk (N, q) 

sHu 

puktaktuk (q),puktuktuk (N), 

puptaktuk (K) 

surfaces 

sleeps on back in 

water 

carcass of a sea 

mammal drifted 

ashore 

stinker (dead animal 

floating after having 

first sunk)

80 

Walrus 

Sea 

Animals 

aivi~ 

isavga~ 

walrus 

young walrus 

nunavak 

walrus 

on ice 

tuugaak 

walrus tusk, ivory 

Whales 

bowhead whale 

(Bal aena mystecetus) 

aaglu (K), aagluk (N) 

killer whale 

(Orcinus rectipinna) 

kilalugak 

(N), ai suak 

gray whale 

(Rhachianectes 

glaucus) 

beluga whale 

(Delphinapterus 

leucas) 

iJ.lutu~ 

iJ.lutuvak 

young female (choice 

whale, soft muktuk) 

large whale with rolled 

blubber on back 

us tnautchtak 

medium 

size whale 

i.sirjuatchaur-ak 

male whale

Sea Animal.s 81 

4 

1 

6 

2 

1 aglu 

2 mamaak 

3 sukkak 

4 suppuktagvia 

5 akikkak (N), avatr ak (K) 

s itkuak 

6 tal'iguk 

jawbone 

gums, material holding 

baleen 

baleen 

its blowhole 

fluke 

rear flipper of seal, 

walrus 

foreflipper 

Seals 

natchik 

l;s.aigutlik (K, q), kaya.gul ik (N) 

kas igiak 

hair seal 

ringed seal 

(Phoca hispida) 

spotted seal, harbor 

seal (Phoca r-ichar dii ) 

ugruk bearded seal 

(Erignathus 

barbatus) 

kiinaak 

male seal in mating 

season 

ti ggaqriik strong smelling bull 

seal

82 

2.6 ANIMALS OF HISTORY AND LEGEND 

kiligivak 

(N), kiltgvak 

mammoth, 

mastadon 

tl r-itchi k 

uminmak, imummak (K) 

monsterous reptile, 

dragon (with four 

short legs -originally 

six -w ith alligator -like 

tai l , rocky scaled 

skin, long neck and 

small head) 

musk ox (Ovibus 

moschatus) 

2.7 FISH 

akaluk (n, kiv), kaluk (K), 

ikaluk (N, q) 

ifhuagnik 

Huu~ifii~ (K) 

kanayu~ 

ikalugruak (N), kalug ruak (K) 

fish 

rainbow smelt 

(Osmerus dentex) 

blackfish (Dallia 

pectoralis) 

bullhead, sculpin 

(Oncocottus quadricornis) 

salmon, chum, humpback 

salmon 

akalukpi k (n, kiv), Ikalukprk (N, q), 

~alukpik (K) 

trout, 

arctic 

lake trout, 

char 

kalupi at (K) 

whitefish 

(Coregonidae) 

anaakrik (N), kaus rIluk (K) 

whitefish 

nosed) 

(big round 

~aalgi~ (K) 

whitefish (smaller 

sharp nosed)

Fish 

~uptik (K) 

whitefish (small sharp 

nosed) 

83 

ikalus aak (N), kalus raak (K) 

whitefish 

(smallest) 

~avi~sua~ (K), 

mi lugi ak (s) 

northern 

sucker 

natagnak 

flounder 

sii sheefish (Stenodus 

leucichthys nelma) 

siilik 

northern 

lucius) 

pike (Esox 

tittaal.ik mudshark, ling-cod, 

burbot (Lota Iota) 

sulupaugak grayling (Thymalus 

signifer) 

uks ruktuuk ___ -~ herring 

uuga~ 

tomcod (Boreogadus 

saida) 

Fish Parts 

suluun 

sipik 

ataa 

aquun 

kavi s ik 

kavitchich 

masrik 

suvaich 

o 

its topside, dorsal 

area 

dorsal fin 

caudal fin, fish tail 

its underside, ventral 

area 

fin (lit. paddle) 

fish scale 

scales 

gills 

fish eggs, spawn

84 

2.8 BI RDS 

(All of the following birds except sea ducks are common to the 

Kobuk River area. Birds marked with * are known to be on the 

North Slope, others may migrate there.) 

Swans, Geese, Ducks 

kugruk * 

karjuk * 

kigiyuk (K), mgl ivatluk (N) * 

i~sra~tilik * 

rmttlugruak * 

ni~li~ak (K), nigltngak (N) * 

ahaal.ik * 

al.Iuutak 

ivugak , kurugak (N) * 

ivugasrugruk 

killalik 

whistling swan 

(Olor columbianus) 

snow goose 

(Chen hyperborea) 

white -fronted goose 

(Anser albifrons) 

Canada goose 

(Branta canadensis) 

emperor goose 

(Philacte canagica) 

pacific black brant 

(Branta nigricans) 

old squaw 

(Clangula hyemalis) 

shoveler 

(Spatula clypeata) 

pintail duck 

(Anas acuta) 

mallard duck 

(Anas platyrhynchos) 

white -winged s coter 

(Melanitta deglandi) 

green -winged teal 

(Anas carolinensis) 

kakhikpaltk 

greater scaup duck 

(Aythya marila)

Birds 

kakluktuuk 

lesser scaup duck 

(Aythya affinis) 

85 

mit'ik (q), 

kirj al ik * 

amaulrgruak 

rgnikauktuk 

~avaasuk 

kaugak 

nunuks igi.i.lak 

paisugruk 

duck 

king eider duck 

(Somateria spe ct.- 

abilis) 

common eider 

(Somateria mollissima) 

Steller's eider 

(Somateria stelleri) 

spectacled eider 

(Somateria fischeri) 

buffle-head duck 

(Bucephala albeola) 

red-breasted merganser 

(Mergus serrator) 

sagvak 

tirjm.iak 

harlequin duck 

(Histrionicus 

histrionicus) 

tuungaag ruk 

tuungaagrupiak , uvinauyuk , 

nayarpjak 

ugiihik 

surf scoter 

(Melanitta perspicallata) 

common scoter 

(Oidemia nigra) 

baldpate or American 

widgeon (Mareca 

americanas) 

Loons and Grebes 

taatchirj ik 

common or blackbilled 

loon (Gavia 

immer)

86 

tuutlik * 

yellow -billed loon 

(Gavia adamsii) 

Birds 

pacific arctic loon 

(Gavia arctic a 

pacifica) 

kaks r-auk * red -throated loon 

(Gavia stellata) 

horned grebe 

(Podiceps auritus) 

suglitchaurak red-necked grebe 

(Podiceps grisegena) 

Grouse, 

Ptarmigan 

akar gik *, akalgik (p) 

willow ptarmigan 

(Lagopus lagopus) 

napaaktum akar-gik hudsonian spruce 

grouse (lit. spruce 

ptarmigan) (Canachites 

canadensis) 

urgiilgim akar gia sharp-tailed grouse 

(lit. birch ptarmigan) 

(Pediocetes phasianel- 

Ius) 

ntksaakturjik 

rock ptarmigan 

(Lagopus mutus) 

tattirgak * lesser sandhill crane, 

little brown crane 

(Grus canadensis)

Birds 

Murres! 

Puffins 

87 

akpak * 

l>HaIJ ak * 

common murre 

(Uria aalge) 

common puffin, tufted 

puffin (Lunda cirrhata) 

black guillemot 

(Cepphus grylle) 

Hawks, Falcons, Osprey 

kirgavik 

goshawk (Accipiter 

gentilis), 

peregrine falcon 

(Falco peregrinus) 

rough -legged hawk 

(Buteo lagopus) 

papiktuuk 

marsh hawk (lit. long 

parka tail) (Circus 

cyaneus) 

tirjmi akpak '" 

tinmtagruum 

kirgavia 

eagle, golden eagle 

(Aquila chrys aetos), 

bald eagle (Haliaetus 

leucocephalus) 

pigeon hawk, (lit. duck 

hawk) (Falco columbar-ius) 

kalukairgayuk (K), akaluksrtgayuk (n) 

osprey (Pandion 

haliaetus) (lit. goes 

for fish)

88 

Plovers I 

Turnstones, 

Surfbirds 

Birds 

~urrakura~ 

tullik 

tul lignak 

golden plover 

(Pluvialis dominica) 

ruddy turnstone 

(Arenaria interpres) 

tullikpak 

Snipes, 

Sanderlings 

sanderling 

(Crocethia alba) 

(lit.' runner) 

iks rfktaayuuk 

kuukukiak 

Ii vi.Ii vi.Il.aur-ak 

li vili villakpak 

puvi aktuuk 

spotted sandpiper 

(Actitis macularia) 

common snipe 

(Capella gallinago) 

least sandpiper 

(Erolia minutilla) 

semipalmated plover 

(Charadrius semipalmatus), 

killdeer 

(Charadrius vociferus) 

plover 

squata- 

black-bellied 

(Squatarola 

rola) 

semipalmated sandpiper 

(Ereonetus 

pusillus) 

pectoral sandpiper 

(Erolia melanotus) 

(lit. inflating the 

chest) 

puviaktu uyaak 

baird's 

(Erolia 

sandpiper 

bairdii)

Birds 

satkagtrlak 

siituvak 

siyukpaligauraJs. 

siyukpalik 

tiIJmiam kipmia 

rur r-aatur-ak 

buff -breasted sandpiper 

(Tryngites subruficollis) 

(lit. rough 

breasted) 

whimbrel (Numenius 

phaepus hudsonicus) 

dunlin , red-backed 

sandpiper (Erolia 

alpina pacifica) 

long-billed dowitcher 

(Limnodromus scolopaceus) 

lesser yellowlegs 

(Totanus flavipes) 

(lit. goose's dog) 

pacific godwit, bartailed 

godwit (Limosa 

Iapponic a) 

89 

Phalaropes 

auks ruak * 

kayyi igun 

red phalarope 

(Phalaropus fulicarius) 

(lit. blood-like) 

northern phalarope 

(Lobipes lobatus) 

(lit. like a person in 

a kayak) 

Jaegers 

isuIJIJagluk 

pomerine jaeger 

(Stercorarius 

pomarinus) 

long-tailed jaeger 

(Stercorarius longi - 

caudus )

90 

mtgi aks aayuk 

Birds 

parasitic jaeger 

(Stercorarius parasiticus) 

(lit. goes for 

vomit) 

Gulls, 

Terns 

nauyak * 

nauyatchi ak 

gull 

mew gull (Larus 

canus ) herring gull 

(Larus argentatus) 

nauyavasrugruk 

glaucus 

(Larus 

gull 

hyperboreus) 

akar gtyiak 

rnitkutai lak * 

Sabine Is gull 

(Xema s abini ) 

arctic tern 

(Sterna paradisaea) 

(lit. without needle) 

naatak 

naatakpak 

ni akuktu ag ruk 

nipai hrktak (K), nipai luktak (n) 

nukisugak 

rakpii laagruk 

great gray owl 

(Strix nebulosa) 

barred owl 

(Strix varia) 

hawk owl 

(Surnia ulula) 

short-eared owl 

(Asio flammeus) 

(lit. flies soundlessly) 

horned owl 

(Bubo virginianus) 

boreal owl 

(Aegolius funereus)

Birds 

ukpik * 

snowy owl 

(Nyctea scandiaca) 

91 

Kingfisher, 

nukuutchikik 

belted kingfisher 

(Megaceryle alcyon) 

nagrulik 

pallid horned lark 

(Eremophila alpestris 

arcticola) (lit. has 

horns) 

Woodpeckers 

tuuyuk 

tuuyukpa k 

tuuyus rugruk 

downy woodpecker 

(Dendrocopus pubescens) 

hairy woodpecker 

(Dendrocopus villosus) 

yellow-shafted flicker 

(Colaptes auratus 

borealis) 

Swallows 

tulugagnak 

bank swallow 

(Riparia riparia), 

cliff swallow 

(Petrochelidon pyrr - 

honota) (lit. resemb- 

1es raven) 

tulugagnaur 

ak 

tree swallow 

(Iridoproene 

bicolor) 

tulugagnasrugruk 

barn swallow 

(Hirundo rustica)

92 Birds 

Jays, 

Crows 

kiiri~ * Canada jay, camp 

robber (Perisoreus 

canadensis) 

tulugak * raven (Corvus corax) 

Chickadees 

ikni aai lak 

boreal or browncapped 

chickadee 

(Parus hudsonicus) 

mi.sikaakkaur-ak , mtaikaagak black-capped chickadee 

(Parus atri - 

capillus) 

Thrushes 

kanayuur ak * robin 

(Turdus 

migratorius) 

piiga~, s avtigavifk gray-cheeked thrush 

(Hylocichla minima) 

sujutlul.luuk varied thrush 

(Ixoreus naevius) 

European wheatear 

(Oenanthe oenanthe) 

(lit. little eagle) 

Wagtails, 

Pipits, 

Ikar-iktaayuuk 

yellow wagtail 

(motacilla naval 

putukiHuk American water pipit 

(Anthus spinoletta)

Birds 

aanaruum 

ki vir uk 

water ouzel (Cinclus 

Mexicanus) (Iit . 

grandmother sank) 

93 

Waxwing, 

Shrike 

suluktaatchialik 

ir-aiyayuuk 

bohemian waxwing 

(Bombicylla garrulus) 

(lit. with pretty wing 

feathers) 

Warblers 

sUlJ akpaluktun ik 

si lalukaityau rak 

shrike (Lanius excubitor) 

(lit. eye extractor) 

arctic warbler 

(Phylloscopus borealis) 

yellow warbler 

(Dentroica petechia) 

myrtle warbler 

(Dentroica coronata) 

(lit. rain again) 

Blackbird 

tulukkam i.ttuk, 

tulukkatun ittuk 

rusty blackbird 

(Euphagus carolinus) 

(lit. like raven) 

Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows, 

amautl igak , amautlikkaurak (K), * 

amauhgaaluk (N), avatal.iguuvak (p) 

snow bunting 

(Plectrophenax 

nivalis)

94 

aanaruin 

ikhgvik 

kayuuttaak 

sultikpa 

Birds 

fox sparrow 

(Passerella iliaca) 

(lit. tool bag) 

pine grosbeak 

(Pinicola enucleator) 

kayuutaayuuk, taatchintr ak 

slate -colored junco 

(Junco hyemalis) 

kianarutuuk 

nUIJ aktuagruk 

, ki ar anatuuk 

golden -crowned 

sparrow (Zenotrichia 

atricapilla) (lit. is to 

be mourned) 

savannah sparrow 

(Passerculus sandwichensis) 

(lit. what 

is your grandmother 

cooking? ) 

white-crowned sparrow 

(Zenotrichia 

leucophrys) 

pi sikpi sikpi.i.srhak 

tree sparrow 

(Spizella arborea) 

putukii.hrk, kupahik * 

,putukiilukpak 

saks akik 

Alaska longs pur 

(Calcarius lapponicus) 

smith's longspur 

(Calcarius pictus) 

common redpoll 

(Acanthis flammea) 

hoary redpoll 

(Acanthis hornemanni) 

siyyuum 

kipirjaruk 

white -winged crossbill 

(Loxia leucoptera)

Birds 

Bird Parts 

95 

uvluutit 

iva ruk 

mannik 

manniim 

saunina 

nest 

is nesting 

egg 

egg shells (lit egg's 

bones) 

satkatiktaak (N) egg white 

kuksuktaak (N) egg yolk 

puvi ak 

crop 

Isaguk (N, q), Lsr-aguk (K) wing 

suluk 

wing feather 

mitkuk feather (fur, body 

hair) 

kiviut 

sigguuk (N), siyyuuk (K) 

sigguk (N), siyyuk (K) 

papik 

down, musk oxen wool 

beak, bill 

one mandible 

tail 

tuttuk (N) upper leg (drumstick)

96 

3. HEAVENS. EARTH. ATMOSPHERE 

3.1 HEAVENLY BODIES 

kiIak sky, heaven, roof 

stkinik 

stkinaagiksuk 

- - n 

sun 

sun shines 

nipi ruk ~=:;;;ii~_:";~!iil=lII!i~.~_~~(sun, moon) sets 

nui ruk 

(sun, moon) appears 

from behind cloud 

tat~iJs.: 

tatkigiksuk 

moon 

moon shines 

pularuJs.: is eclipsed (lit. slipped 

into the brush) 

uvlugi ak 

star 

uvlugi am anarj a shooting star, 

meteorite (lit. star's 

feces) 

srkupsfkkat 

Pleiades 

constellation 

tuvaurat (N), uuyurat (K) 

ki kuyat (N), kirguyat (K) 

kikuyalfksuk 

ni gritchtak (N); kinnaum 

nigilJa (a), nigak (K) 

three stars of sword 

in constellation Orion 

(N lit. little hunters 

K lit. linked ones) 

northern lights, 

(Aurora borealis) 

northern lights are 

shining 

rainbow 

tgniguukpatittuak 

iknikpaltk (K) 

Ignrgukpatittuk 

(N), 

(N), kaummai'liksuk 

lightning 

is lightning

Heaventy Bodies; Earth 

kalluk 

kal lularuk 

thunder 

is thundering 

97 

3.2 EARTH (MINERALS) 

nuna land, earth 

aula ruk nuna (N), 

il,i~sa~tu~ nuna (K) 

earthquake 

akaiya (N) mud 

tuvi at chi ak 

maggak 

solid ground 

sand 

uyagak , iyagak (K) 

stone, 

rock 

apyuk (K), avyuk (N) 

apyularuk (K) 

~ikku 

aijmaak (N), akrnaak (K) 

dust 

is dusty 

clay 

flint, shert, firestone 

aluak (N), 

kalluk (K) 

jade 

coal 

kannuyak , kannuyak (K) 

ivi s aak 

saviks rak (K), savi lhaak (N) 

tagiuk 

tagium smaun (K), tagium s inaa (N) 

uls:hals: 

copper 

red stone (used for 

paint) 

iron 

salt, ocean 

beach (lit. place 

between ocean and 

cliff) 

lead 

ls:aYUlJnilik crystal (rock crystal, 

bead) 

I "

98 

3.3 PLANTS 

(Plants marked *. are edible) 

nauruls: 

nautchtak 

ar gaignak 

grows 

flower 

mushroom 

handle) 

(lit. don't 

akutukpak broad -leafed plant 

nikaak 

plant stem 

iJJalugaaluk * seaweed (Perphyra 

laciniata) 

ivr uiyak 

ivruk 

ivgich 

nakaat 

nakaaguurut 

pa.Ili ks r ak 

green moss 

sod for house building 

grass 

swamp grass 

patch of swamp grass 

cotton (used for tinder) 

(from cotton grass, 

pussy willow buds, 

cotton wood buds) 

mani k tussock (moss used 

with stove lamps), 

clump grass 

ugru~ spongy moss (diaper 

liner when dried) 

tilJaura~ (N) dried black moss 

(used for tinder) 

ni kaat 

lichen 

taki Iaki saak northern buttercup 

(Ranunculus affenis)

Plants 

tilaaki k * 

masu (N, q), masru (K) * 

masukutak 

masu ai gak * 

~uIJuli~ * 

~uaga~ * 

Ikuusuk (K) * 

Hudson's bay tea 

(Ledum decumbens) 

Eskimo potato 

(Hedysarum alpinum) 

plant of Eskimo potato 

edible root, 

Wallflower 

nudicaulis) 

Parry's 

(Par rya 

99 

wild rhubarb, sour 

grass, mountain 

sorrel (Oxyria digyna) 

sour dock, wild spinach 

(Rumex arcticus) 

wild celery 

(Angelica lucida) 

kupp ikutak * 

ikugutigiksut 

~usrimmak (K) * 

paatitaak (K) * 

~II/~ 

- ~ 

~/\\::.~ 

fireweed (edible young 

shoots) (Epilobium 

angustifolium) 

heather (Cassiope 

tetragonal (good fire 

starter) 

wild rhubarb, 

(Polygonum Alaskanum) 

wild chives (Allium 

schoenoprasum) , 

onion 

~immiurat 

tulukkam 

(N) 

naultgaana 

tundra cotton (lit. 

little dogs) 

parasitic plant on 

alder roots 

(Boschniakia rossica) 

(lit. raven's spear)

100 

Berries 

Ptants 

au Ilaks rugniaktuk 

picks berries 

as iak (q), asr-iak (K) 

berry, 

fruit 

as iak (N), as iavi k (q), asriavik (K), 

sugak (sh) 

akpi k 

igrUlJnak (K) 

blueberry (Vaccinium 

uliginosum) - 

Salmonberry, cloudberry 

(Rubus chamaemorus) 

rose hip 

kakrtlarjnak 

ka vl ak 

(K) 

tinnik 

kikminak (K), kipmujnak (sh) 

"unm= as r-iak (K)4 

niviI,]akutak (K) 

paunga~ 

lowbush cranberry 

(Vaccinium vitis 

idaea) 

bog cranberry 

(Vaccinium oxycoccus) 

red current 

(Ribes triste) 

wild rose (Rosa 

acicularis) 

bearberry (Arctostaphylos 

alpina) 

(Arcto- 

uva-ursi) 

bearberry 

staphylos 

crowberry, blackberry 

(Empetrum 

nigrum) 

tulukkam 

as r-iak (K) 

juniper berry (Fructus 

juniperus) (lit- raven's 

berry) 

tuungaum 

asr iak (K) 

trailing raspberry 

(Rubus pedantus) 

devi.L' s berry) 

(lit. 

ukpinnak 

(K) 

highbush cranberry 

(Viburnum edule)

101 

3.4 TREES 

tikigaij: 

napaaktuk 

napaaktum 

kiprniu rana 

forest 

tree, spruce tree 

spruce cone (K), 

(lit. spruce's puppy) 

akutuk , akutukpa.li k 

aki guk (K), ki siks iun (N.n) 

aki aguk 

ami.gak 

leaf 

branch 

tree heart 

bark 

(stomach) 

ikki.k 

ikik 

irregular hard section 

in the tree rings (K) 

block of wood 

(vertebra) 

mumrgnak 

amaak 

tree 

root 

stump 

uurnak 

green wood 

ki r-uk 

dry, 

dead wood 

naungat 

young tree growing 

from old root 

nimjuk 

cottonwood tree 

(K) 

nunarj iak 

kanun ik 

ukpi k 

palliksrat 

ij:igaich 

alder tree, rust 

colored dye from 

alder bark 

diamond willow 

wiIlow 

pussy willows 

willow stumps

102 Trees; Mountains & Hills 

urgiiJ.ik 

birch tree 

kutchuk resin, spruce gum, 

chewing gum 

3.5 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS 

ig~ils: (N, q), 

uvaagni k 

kimi alu k 

mountain 

mountain base with 

gradual slope 

foothill 

ipnak (K), imriak (N) cliff (where land 

slides are possible) 

ikpik 

Ikp ikt it aktuk 

cliff (where land 

slides are not 

possible) 

water is undercutting 

bank 

ipnagruich (K), imnagruich (N) canyon 

pirjuk (N), pinuks rak (K) 

iiguk (N) 

kirni gaak 

individual round hill 

(swelling) 

high hill 

ridge 

managaar ak steep rise 

kipaluak 

kimugruk 

Is irnrjaaktuk 

steep undercut 

river bank 

stepped rise 

line of gently sloping 

hills 

kavlunak brow of hill (also of 

human)

Mountains & Hills; Lakes, Rivers, Oeean 103 

katcni ruak 

slope 

(wall) 

aagiak (K), kattagnik (a) valley, pass 

nati k 

nati gnak 

nunavik 

valley floor 

flat tundra 

undulating 

tundra 

36 LAKES, RIVERS, OCEAN 

narvak 

lake 

taksruk 

oval- shaped lake 

tas ik (N) lagoon, lake 

kuugaatchial>. 

rivulet linking a lake 

to river 

kuuk 

kuuguk 

kuuguural>. 

irnik 

imak 

immaktmmk 

ikkattuk 

rti ruk 

kiur-i ruk 

ki ki kt ak 

I>.ikil>.tasugruk(N), k.ikiktag ruk (K, q) 

ikalguk 

nuvuk 

river 

tributary river 

creek 

water (drinkable) 

water (undrinkable) 

puddle 

is shallow 

is deep 

freezes 

island 

big island 

submerged sandbar 

point, promontory

104 

atani!5: 

Lakes, Rivers, Ocean; Weather 

isthmus 

tagiuk ocean, salt 

puvi ak 

nati k 

bay 

bottom. 

in iul ik wave, swell 

ul ivr-ik (N), i1Jiulikpak (K) 

kaaktak 

breaker 

breaker 

on ocean 

on shore 

kai li ksuk 

kuuniks uk 

sagvaktuk 

is rough water 

is calm 

flows 

supi ruk flows, rushes (river 

at break-up) 

sinaa shore (it's edge) 

3.7 WEATHER 

(includes 

snow and ice conditions) 

itrisriun (K) thermometer 

sila 

s i.Iagi.kauk 

s i.Iag.i itchuk 

si!5:ifii~ 

stkinaagiksuk 

s ikini agi ksuk 

uunaktuk 

uunagugaa 

(N), 

(K) 

weather, outside, 

atmosphere, air 

is good weather 

is bad weather 

sun 

sun is shining 

is warm 

it's warm 

ir r-aitchuk (N), itraiksuk (K) has moderated (having 

been cold)

Weather 

niptaktuk 

niptarul$. 

niptai tchuk 

(N) 

(N) 

nuvuya (N), nuviya 

nuvuya.li kauk , 

nuviyaltksuk 

nuvuyal.aktuk 

kunikruk 

is clearing, clouds 

are dispersing 

is bright weather 

is hazy 

cloud 

is overcast, is 

getting cloudy 

is cloudy (broken) 

indistinct horizon, 

hazy 

105 

uyumi.ksuk (K) is misty, blurred 

I$.uvyugagnil$.su~, 

I$.upyugagnil$.sul$.(K) 

t aktuktuk 

taktugugaa 

is white out 

is foggy 

it's foggy 

al appaa , alappuu (N) is cold 

ki yarraktuk 

ir-rirjugaa (N), it r-irjugaa (K) 

sf aluktuk (N, n), siIa.luktuk (K) 

mirii iksuk 

is cold 

is icy cold 

is raining 

is misty 

is wet from 

dew 

is damp 

ul.iktuk 

anugi 

anukl iksuk 

anukkan aruk 

ni gikpak , ni.gik 

is flooded 

wind 

is windy 

is windy (gale force) 

north, 

wind 

northeasterly 

kiluagnak {N), kivaknak (K) east, southeasterly 

wind

106 

atchagrrik (noa, ki ), kivaknak (K) 

easterly 

wind 

Weather 

pamarjna 

(p) 

wind from land 

UIJ al.ak , uIJal lak southerly wind 

uannagruk (N) southwesterly wind 

kanagnaJs., kanaknal> westerly wind 

ikagnak (N) north, northwesterly 

wind paralleling the 

coastline 

atuagnak (N) northerly wind (not 

paralleling coast) 

iJ.alulasraal$ (K), 

uiyula (N) 

whirlwind 

agrrik (N), arjni.k (K) 

agniksuk (N), anniksuk (K) 

agnigiksuk (N), annigiksuk (K) 

blizzard 

having a blizzard 

blizzard has ceased 

pi ks iksuk 

(b) 

is snow storming 

nati gviks uk 

is ground drifting 

Snow Conditions 

karmi k 

kanni.ksuk (N), kani.gr'uaktuk (K) 

snowflake 

is snowing (no wind) 

karri k 

kanig ruak 

frost 

frost on face, 

etc. 

tree, 

pilik (N), s aviguk (K) ice crystals in air 

apun 

api ruk 

apigaa 

snow 

is snow covered 

it is snow covered 

nutagak fresh snow, powder 

snow

weather 

aniu packed snow (N), 

any snow (K) 

aniuvak 

snowbank 

107 

natrgvik 

natigviksuk 

drift- 

snowdrift 

snow is ground 

ing 

kimaug ruk snowdrift blocking a 

trail or in lee of a 

building 

mavsa (N), mapsak (K) snowdrift overhang 

(ready to fall) 

kaiyugl.ak, kaiyuktak rippled surface of 

snow 

pukak sugar snow (near 

ground) 

misulik (N), misrulik, 

misruligrua]s. (K) 

auks al ak , auks atak (K) 

sleet 

melting 

snow 

akillu~]s.a]s. 

milik 

mi tai lak 

soft snow 

very soft snow 

soft snow on ice floe 

covering an open spot 

i 

sillik (N), s itIik (K) hard crusty snow 

kika rukak glazed snow in thaw 

time 

I 

mauya break through snow 

condition 

katiksunik (N), katfksugrrik (K) light snow, deep for 

walking 

apuyya~, aputya~, apuya]s. snow patch 

ai suuk snow slide, avalanche

108 

Ice Conditions 

Weather 

kiuvi r'uk 

aunni.k 

mapturuk 

maptugitchuk 

siku 

srkult.ir-ak 

sikuliak 

stkul.iagruak 

srkuruk 

water freezes 

rotten ice (unsafe) 

is thick 

is thin 

ice 

new formed ice 

ice thick enough 

to walk on 

ice about 1 1/2 inches 

thick 

is frozen 

sfkulfki ruk is in process of 

break-up 

sikuigvik ice break-up time 

kus rulugak 

sikuk Iak , natatkugnak 

pi kaluyik 

mugattik 

kinu 

kinur-uk 

sarri 

uifii~ 

icicle 

hailstone 

glacial ice (blue 

appearance) 

slush ice 

broken chunks of 

slush ice 

slush ice is forming, 

floating downstream 

ice pack 

lead (open water between 

landlocked ice 

and pack ice)

Weather 

tuvak 

landlocked ice 

109 

kaigarlak siku rough ice causing 

difficult travel 

ki s rs ak 

grounded ice pile 

(keeps landlocked 

ice from floating 

away), £Ioeberg 

ivuni k ice pressure ridge 

ivuni.gaur ak little pressure ridge 

agiukpak, aayugak (K) perpendicular pressure 

ridge 

puktaak 

iceberg 

i.vsargutipkak. mukutipkak ice-bound boat 

brightness on horizon 

indicating presence 

of ice on ocean 

kisuk 

dark cloud over open 

water

110 

4. PLACE. TIME. DESCRIPTIVES 

4.1 GENERAL 

Although "place" and "time" concepts are carried by the same 

morphemes, the concept of "place" seems to be primal. "Time" 

is not abstract but rather" occasion for ... .'I 

-vik 

pi-vik 

narjir -vik 

igni -vik 

-viks r ak 

pi vvik s r ak 

tumja -viks r ak 

iglig-viksrak 

si vikitchuk 

place, time 

place, time 

hospital (lit. place for 

sick ones) 

birth time, month of 

June 

place for, occasion 

for, time for 

place for, occasion 

for, time for 

place for foundation, 

place for trusting 

occasion, time for 

travel 

is a short distance, 

is of short duration 

aivi su ruk is a long distance, is 

of long duration 

4.2 PLACE 

ini 

ini kit chuk 

iriikpak 

i.ni.Il.aktuk 

inillakkaa 

nunaakkik 

place, room 

small place, room 

city (N), big place, 

big room 

is placing 

is placing it 

city, town, village, 

nation

Place 

nunauruat country, nation (N) 

111 

kanittuk is near, is close 

UIJ as iks uk (N), UIJ as riks uk (K) is far 

saumik 

tal ikpik 

alj:u 

sivu 

left side 

right side 

back (stern) 

front (bow of boat) 

ataani 

ataani ittuk 

ataa 

under 

is under 

it's underside, 

area of fish 

ventral 

kaarj ani 

kaan anii ttuk 

kaana 

on top 

is on top 

it's top side, dorsal 

area of a fish 

Directional- Locational Pronouns 

Eskimo directionals and locatives are not based upon the 

cardinal points of the compass but relative to the area, being 

based upon reference to the direction of the sea coast, or 

river's flow (if inland). 

(Directional-Iocational and demonstrative pronouns 

may be prefixed with ta- on words beginning with a vowel or 

tat - on words beginning with a consonant.) 

ta-, tat- adds emphasis or 

extends direction 

rriaani 

ta-maani 

here 

here indeed

112 Place 

(Pronouns which are commonly inflected are displayed with 

their postposition forms) 

With the speaker 

inside the same room: 

kivva there (inwards, visible), 

(upriver, inland) 

pinna, pitcha up there (above, visible) 

taugga the re (doorw ards, visible) 

uvva 

uvani 

uvakq a (K), uvarpj a (N) 

uvuna 

uvuuna 

uvani ittuk 

uvun aktuk 

here, now, as follows 

located here 

from here, hence 

hither, to here 

through here, by way 

of here 

is here 

comes here, hither 

With the speaker inside a different room: 

kakma (K), Js.aIJma(N) 

kamrna 

Js.amani 

kamakn a (K), Js.amaIJlJ a (N) 

kamurja 

outside 

inside (further from 

entrance than speaker), 

(upriver) 

on the inside, at the 

inside 

from inside 

toward inside 

sakma (K) in front of (closer to 

entrance than speaker) 

When referring to locations within sight or reach of the speaker: 

agga across there (visible)

Place 

itcha on the other side, 

over there 

113 

avva 

avani 

avakna (K), avarpja (N) 

avuna 

far off (in place or 

time), over there 

(shoreward) 

located over there 

from afar off, from 

over there 

towards there (over 

there) 

kanna down there, downriver, 

in front of 

kanani 

located down there 

kananii ttuk 

is down there (visible) 

kanakrj a (K), kanarpja (N) 

from down there 

kanurj a 

towards down there 

kanaknak (K), kanagnak (N) 

wind from downriver, 

from ocean 

kanakntgniksuk (K) 

wind blows from the 

downriver direction 

kivva upriver, inland, 

further inside 

kivaknak (K) 

klvaknigniksuk (K) 

wind from upriver 

wind blows from the 

upriver direction 

kavva over there, upriver, 

(visible) 

pagga up there (above and 

behind speaker), 

away from shore, 

paani 

paakrj a (K), paarpj a (N) 

paurj a 

pauna 

paurjaktuk 

mountain- 

landwards, 

wards 

located up there 

from up there 

towards up there 

by way of up there 

travels inland 

, 

I 

I 

I 

pavva back there (behind 

the speaker), away 

from shore, landwards, 

mountainwards

a (K), 

114 

pavani 

pavakrj a (K), pavarpja 

pavurj a 

(N) 

located back there 

from back there 

towards back there 

Place 

unna 

unani 

unaloja (K), unarpj a (N) 

unun a 

unUIJaktuk 

When referring to locations unseen by the speaker or beyond 

reach of the speaker: 

amma 

amani 

amakrj a (K), 

arnurj a 

amani ittuk 

amarpja (N) 

far down there, downriver, 

down at sea 

located far down there 

from far down there 

toward down there 

travels downriver, 

travels out on sea ice 

over there, outside, 

downri ver, then 

(somewhat distant in 

place or time, intermediate 

between uvva 

and imma) 

located over there 

from over there 

towards over there 

is there (out of sight) 

imma there, then, when, 

(remote in place or 

or time, beyond 

amma) 

taimma 

taimani 

t aimaloj 

tai.murj a 

taimarpj 

a (N) 

there, then, when 

(very distant in place 

or time, beyond 

taamma) 

located there (over 

yonder), at that time 

from yonder, from 

time immemorial 

forever 

l>amma 

kamani 

upriver, inside (further 

from entrance 

than speaker) 

located inside

Place 

kamakrja (K), karnarpj a (N) 

karmnja 

from inside 

toward inside 

115 

pamma back there, behind, 

landwards, mountainwards 

(absent, beyond 

reach, invisible) 

sarnrna , tasramma (K), tasamma (N) down there, downriver, 

oceanward, in 

front of 

samani, tasramani 

located down there 

aamakrj a , tas r-amaloj a (K), 

s amarpja (N) 

s amurj a , tas r amurj a 

samuuna 

aamani.ittuk 

from down there 

towards down there 

through or along down 

there 

is down there (out of 

sight) 

travels downriver, 

travels coastward 

Demonstrative 

Pronouns 

una 

uuma 

uumirj a 

uumani 

uurnakrj a (K), uumarpj a (N) 

uumurj a 

uumuuna 

uumatun 

uumani ittuk 

this one 

this one's 

(with/ about) this one 

at, in this 

from this 

to, for this 

through, by this 

like this 

it is this one here 

ukua 

ukunirj a 

ukunani 

ukunakn a (K), 

ukunun a 

ukunuuna 

ukunatun 

ukuak 

ukunarpj a (N) 

these 

(with/about) these 

at, in, on these 

from these 

to, for these 

through, by these 

like these 

these two

116 Place 

(The rare dual case forms are built on the base ukuplus 

-IJ- and the pertinent case ending, e.g. uku-rj-muuna 

through these two) 

manna 

maani 

m.aakrj a 

m aun a 

mauna 

matun 

makuak 

makua 

makunirj a 

makunani 

rnakunakrj a (K), 

makunurj a 

makunuuna 

makunarpj a (N) 

this one around here 

around here 

from around here 

hither 

through here 

like this one here 

these two 

these here 

with these 

at these 

from these 

to these 

through these 

taamna 

taavruma 

taa vrumiIJ a 

taavrumani 

taavr-umakna (K), taav rumarpj a (N) 

taavr umurj a 

taavrumuuna 

taavrumatun 

that one (person 

thing) 

that one's 

(with/ about) that 

at, in, on that 

from that 

to, for that 

through, by that 

like that 

or 

amna (usually with prefix 

cf taamna) 

ta-, 

this one, that one 

(person or thing) 

(somewhat distant in 

place or time, intermediate 

between una 

and irnna , or manna 

and imna) 

taapkua 

t aapkunirj a 

taapkunani 

taapkunakrj a (K), 

taapkunurj a 

taapkunuuna 

taapkunatun 

taapkunarpja (N) 

those 

(with/about) those 

at, in, on those 

from those 

to, for those 

through, by those 

like those 

taimfia 

that one (remote 

place or time) 

in

Place; 

Time 

imfia that one (remote in 


117 

taipkua (N), taipchua (K) those (remote in 


kamna that one inside, that 

one upriver 

pakimna 

that one up there, 

(invisible) 

pamna that one behind, back 

there (invisible) 

samna 

the one down there, 

the one there in front 

4.3 TIME 

sil$.ifigural$. (N), tuktuktak 

(K) 

timepiece, 

clock 

sassak 

(K) 

clock, watch, hour, 

(Russian loan) 

uvluk 

uvlui lgitchuk 

uvluktus ir'uk (N, q), 

uvluktus riruk (K) 

uvlaak 

uvlaakun 

kitikaktuk 

day 

days are getting short 

again 

days are getting longer 

morning 

tomorrow (lit. by way 

of morning) 

noon (lit. has middle) 

kiti~usianikpata afternoon (lit. when 

they passed the middle) 

unnuk 

evening 

unnual$. night, last night

118 

urj alragu 

(K) 

day after 

tomorrow 

Time 

urj al.i arri (K) 

ikpaksral$. 

day before 

yesterday 

yesterday 

unnumman (b) yesterday (lit. when 

it was evening) 

ikpaksraal$.sugruk 

many days ago 

ikpaksraal$.amik three days ago 

akku 

akkupak (N), akkuvak (K) 

akkupaur'ak (N), akkuvaur ak (K) 

a short while ago 

immediately, right 

now 

a little while later 

iJ.aanni sometime (in future) 

'l$.akugu 

anytime 

aippaapak (N), aippaavak (K) distant memorable 

past 

iIJilgaa!l indistinct past 

taimani 

(cf taimma 4.1) 

ikarr ak (N) 

then, at that remote 

time (past or future) 

hour (lit. a crossing 

place) 

sas sak (K, q) hour, watch, clock 

(Russian loan word) 

-pak (N), -yak (K) 

(cf -pak- Sect. II) 

anaka-pak (N), anaka-vak (K) 

ukiu -pak (N), ukiu -yak (K) 

unnua-pak (N), unnua-vak (K) 

uvlaa-pak (N), uvlaa-vak (K) 

uvlu -pak (N), uvlu -vak (K) 

-t kik . 

(cf -fki k- Sect. II) 

ukiu-t kik 

immediate, entire 

(lit. big) 

tonight, this evening 

this winter, this year 

last night 

this morning 

today 

the second of two 

winter before last, 

two years ago

.. 

• Time 

119 

upingaa -t ki.k 

uvlaaku -tkik 

ikpaksra -t kik 

summer before last 

day after tomorrow 

day before yesterday 

ukiuk winter, year 

ukiak, ukiaksrak autumn, fall 

upinga~, upingaa~, aura~ summer 

upingaks r ak spring (lit. potential 

summer) 

tatkik 

iki.atchaktuk 

kupaguktuk 

naaguktuk 

month (moon) 

(moon) begins to wane 

(moon) is half 

(moon) is full 

t atkik nui ruk new moon 

Names for Eskimo moons (months) vary from village to village 

based upon location and seasonal events. 

, 

January 

s ikinaatchi ak (N) 

stktnaas rugruk (K) 

new sunshine 

February 

aikinaasugruk 

kus rugaktugvik 

(N) 

(K) 

longer sunshine 

icicle time 

March 

panikstks iivik (N) 

kilgit t atki at (K) 

April 

kilgich tatkiat (N) 

tinmi r-at tatki at (K) 

skin bleaching 

white hawks coming 

white hawks coming 

geese are coming 

May 

suvlugvik 

aikuigvik 

(N) 

(K) 

rivers flow 

ice break-up 

time 

I

120 Time; Desariptives 

June 

igf'iivik 

July 

inukkuks ai vik (N) 

itchavik (K) 

August 

akavir-vik (N) 

ami gai.ks ivik (K) 

September 

tilJlJivik 

mi Iukatai.ks ivfk (kiv) 

birth time 

raising time 

moulting time 

moulting time 

caribou lose velvet 

birds fly (migrate) 

leaves falling 

October 

nu li agvi k (N), 

sikuvik (K) 

November 

nippivik (N) 

December 

srkingf lak (N) 

aikinaatchiak (K) 

nul.li guvi k (kiv) 

breeding time (caribou) 

ice time 

sunset time 

no sunshine 

4.4 DESCRIPTIVES 

OPPOSITES 

s ivul li k first one, foremost 

one 

akul l ik 

last one, hindmost one 

kul Iik 

allik 

uppermost 

bottommost 

nutauruk 

nutaak 

utukkau ruk 

is new 

newness, 

is old 

freshness 

parjrnapak (N), pakma (K) 

ilaanni (N), ilaatni (K) 

now 

later, 

sometime

Descriptives 

sivuani before (lit. at it's 

front) 

akuani 

behind (lit. at it's 

back) 

121 

arjiruk 

mi kiruk 

taki ruk 

na itchuk 

kumi ruk (N), uvinaktuk, 

uks ruu ruk (K) 

pannaur-uk , pani ktuk 

saattuk 

m aptu ru k 

is big 

is small 

is long 

is short 

is fat 

is thin, 

is thin 

is thick 

skinny 

iki ktu ruk , siLiktuk (K) 

ikiki itchuk , arnit chuk (K) 

kutchi ksuk 

al Ii ks uk 

is wide 

is narrow 

is high 

is deep 

nakuuruk 

piIuktuk (N), 

siignaaktuk 

surj agni tchuk 

pigiitchuk 

is good 

is bad 

is sweet 

is bitter 

atugriaktu k 

atUIJai ks uk , atuguiksuk 

kiriiyunaktuk , pinnaknaktuk 

inugi itchuk 

is useful 

is worthless 

is pretty 

is ugly (lit. not a 

good person) 

aki su r-uk , pi kpaktuk is expensive, precious, 

valuable 

palagniksuk 

worthless 

inugi aktuk 

inukit chuk 

akiruk 

atiruk 

al.larpjuktuk (N), at lagi.iksuk 

(K) 

are many 

are few 

.are opposite (of 2) 

are identical (of 2) 

is different, other

122 

salumaruk 

s a lum ai tchuk 

ipki tchuk 

ipkur uk 

ipiktuk 

ipkrtchuk 

is clean 

is dirty 

is pure 

is dirty 

is sharp 

is dull 

Descriptives 

pani ktuk 

ai Laktuk 

ag itchuk 

uunaktuk 

ni glinaktuk 

ki vl iktu k 

ki.vl.in itchuk 

agvaluktuk , ahaval uktuk (N), 

aks r avaluktuk (K) 

ikiraalik 

ki sirn.gi uktuk 

-lhinakpi 

ka.ti gikaut 

sikkuktuk 

ag ina ktuk 

sig~ignaktuk (N), sapignakai ruk (K) 

srg~ignaitchuk (N), sapigna.itchuk, 

kaganaktuk (K) 

uki tchuk 

ukumait chuk 

is dry 

is wet (N), damp (K) 

is wet (K) 

is hot 

is cold (not weather) 

is shiny 

is dull 

is round 

square, 

cube 

is alone 

alone 

are together 

is hard 

is soft 

is difficult 

is easy 

is light 

is heavy 

sayaktu ruk 

s ayait chuk 

is strong, 

is weak 

healthy 

COLORS 

kati ktaak 

kati ktuk 

whiteness 

is white

• 

Descriptives 

kaviks aak 

kavi ksuk 

kuksukt aak (N) 

kirgia~taa~ 

redness 

is red 

yellowness 

grayness 

123 

marj aaktaak (N) light grayness 

kigniktaak 

marjaaktuk 

surj aaktaak 

surj aaktuk 

(N), kigi'iiktuk (K) 

blackness 

is black 

.greenness 

is green 

sunaur aaktaak (N), silagiks aak (K) 

blueness 

NUMBERS 

at aus ik (N, q), ataus rtk (K) one 

m a.lguk 

two 

pilJasut (N), pinas rut (K) three 

sisamat 

tallimat 

itchaksrat 

four 

five 

six 

tallimat malguk seven 

I 

tallimat pirjasut (N), 

tallimat pifiasrut (K) 

kulirpjutai lak (N), kulirjugutai Iak (K) 

kul.it 

kulit ataus ik (N), 

kulit ataus r ik (K) 

kul it rnal guk 

eight 

nine 

ten 

eleven 

twelve 

I

124 Descriptives 

kul it pirj a.sut (N), 

thirteen 

kul it pinas rut (K) 

ak irni arpj utai Iak (N), 

akirn iagutai lak (K) 

akimiak 

ak irni ak ataus ik (N), 

aki.miak atausrik (K) 

ak irni ak rnal.guk 

fourteen 

fifteen 

sixteen 

seventeen 

ak irni ak pujasut (N), eighteen 

akirni ak pinasrut (K) 

inuinnalJlJutai~aJs. (N), inuinaguutai lak (K) nineteen 

inuinnak (N), inuinak (K) twenty 

inuinnak kulit (N), inuinak kul.it (K) thirty 

m al.gukipi.ak 

m al gukipi ak kul it 

forty 

fifty 

pirjasukipi ak (N), pinas rukipiak (K) sixty 

pilJasukipi ak kul it (N), 

pinas rukipi ak kuli.t (K) 

sisarnakipiak 

seventy 

eighty 

sisarnakipiak kul it ninety 

tallirnakipiak 

av vak 

iIlatt ruk (N), iIa ruk (K) 

HalJlJaaktaaktuk 

one hundred 

one half 

is adding 

is subtracting 

ilarj a pi igaa is subtracting (lit. its 

part he takes away)

5. OTHER WORDS 

125 

a 

aannagu (N), maatnagu 

maatnugu (K) 

aasii, aasiifi (N,q), 

aasrii, aasriifi (K) 

(K), 

wait a minute! 

and, and then, (used 

consecutively, contrast 

with r suli I, 

which is used in an 

additive sense) 

aa.s n.n-uvva, uvva-aasii (N), 

aasriifi-uvva, uvva.-aasrii (K) 

and then this (introduces 

a change of 

subject 

aarigaa good! fine! 

aarj (N), aa (K), ii 

aat chi kk aarj (K) 

aatchui ruk (K), aitchuiruk 

aatchugaa , ait chugaa 

aatchuun , aitchuun 

(N) 

yes 

danger! exclamation 

of warning 

gives 

gives it 

gift 

aatigaa, aatkaa (K) snatches it away 

agalJIJait chuk is gentle, kind 

agg-iksuk (K), kai ruk (N) 

aggun (N) 

comes 

corruption 

aglaan 

-aglaan 

(enclitic) 

but 

up to, as far as 

agiis r uknaga.a 

agliitr ak (K) 

is offended by it 

picture

126 

agliitigaa 

(K) 

Other 

takes one Is picture 

Words 

agi ur-uk (N), kas ruktuk 

ai 

aigaa (K), aitkaa (N) 

(K) 

ends, quits, stops, 

is satisfied 

what? eh? well? 

okay? 

fetches it, goes to 

get it 

ai ruk (N), aqi Iaaktuk (K) goes home 

aitchuiruJs. (N), aatchui r-uk (K) 

ait chugaa , aatchugaa 

gives 

gave it, 

gives it 

aiyugaaktuk 

aiyugaagun 

aki.agaktaaktuk 

invites 

invitation 

they (2) alternate 

akit laaktuk is free, without cost 

aki.i Iak 

akii Iaktuk 

debt 

is owing 

akiitchua1uk (N), akiisruk (K) 

harlot 

aki ks ruktuk 

akiks rugigaa 

akiks ruun (K), unnikeukriun 

(N) 

promises 

promises 

promise, 

it 

covenant 

aki.Ii.gaa 

aki Iiun 

aki.Ii k 

akiUiliJs.suJs. 

akihigak (N), katr ak (K) 

paid it (lit. countered 

it) 

wage, price 

reward 

opposes 

echo 

aki s aktuk revenges (lit. tries 

to counter) 

akitchaktuk trades, barters 

akl:aa (N) 

Oh my! (having made 

a mistake)

Other 

akpaktuk 

Words 

steps up (from lower 

to higher place) 

127 

akprttuk starts to sing 

aksikkaa touches it 

ak s r aktuk 

is rolling 

akt igiruk is so long, is this 

much 

akti laana 

its size 

akugluk , kas r-aun (K), 

avi Iuktaun (K, q, p) 

akugluktuk , kas r aktuk (K), 

avi luktaktuk 

bell (an instrument to 

make repeated noise 

by hitting) 

bell rings 

akuktuk 

akuktugaa 

receives, 

accepts it 

accepts 

akunik 

akunganni 

middle, 

among, 

between 

in between 

akkaa smells bad! 

akpaksruktuk (K), akpattuk (N) 

runs (of human) 

alai (K) 

exclamation of 

surprise 

alaitchuk 

is not torn 

al akaa al.akkaa exclamation of sorrow 

I 

! 

artifact 

aliik tear, rip 

aliitchuk 

not lonely though 

li ving alone 

alIa (N), atla (K) another one, different 

one 

allaktigiruk dries, wipes 

(e.g. dishes)

128 

al Iaktuk 

al Iarpjuktuk 

clear weather 

is different 

Other 

Words 

allatuun 

al latuktuk 

adultery, fornication 

commits adultery 

alluvak seal's breather hole 

(suitable for placing 

net) 

amai (p) 

amiun 

don't know 

thread for skins 

anas rmnuks ak (K) punishment 

anaugaa 

anautak 

hits him, beats him 

axe, beating tool 

(upper hind leg) 

ani ruk exits, is born 

annaa, annii, arrii! exclamation of pain, 

sorrow or disappointment 

annaktuk is sheltered, is safe, 

saves 

aq iktuk agrees, assents, 

says yes with raised 

eyebrows 

agrees with him, 

assents to it 

arj ikus aun (kiv , q), 

arj ikus r aun (K) 

temptation 

arji.Laaktuk (K), aggi ruk (N) goes home 

arjiruk 

aniruk 

is big 

resuscitated, 

arose 

revived, 

arjisitkaa tempers it

Other 

Words 

arj ivr aktuk loosens, unravels, 

unties 

anivr agaa 

unravels it, unscrews 

it, unties it 

is open, turned on 

(radio, tape recorder) 

129 

anularuk 

anuyaktuk 

arjuyarik (K, q), arjuyaun (N) 

arjuyi ikti (K), arjuyakti (N) 

arjuyaunnat 

alJ uyautairrun 

chews 

fights 

war 

soldier, 

armor 

peace 

fighter 

aijuun 

arjuutaa 

apaiksuk 

apai 

paddle, propeller 

his paddle, a fin 

(anyone of the paired 

fins of a fish) 

is enough, had enough 

plenty! enough! 

apiks r-i ruk 

apiks rugaa 

apigigaa 

api.ks ruun 

asks, questions 

is about to question 

him, ask him 

questioned him, asked 

him 

question 

apluktuk steps, takes a step 

apuktuk meets, bumps, 

strikes against 

apugaa, apuktigaa 

bumps, strikes 

against it, meets 

him 

I 

1 

I 

arakaa 

argua~tugaa 

arraa 

comforts 

doubts it 

I've had it! exclamation 

when something 

goes wrong

130 

ar r-ikaktuk (N), at r-ikaktuk (K) 

arri, atri 

arriligaa, atriligaa 

Other 

Words 

is like, is comparable 

likeness, parable 

draws, sketches its 

likeness 

arruk dampness around floor 

arrii, annii, annaa! exclamation of pain, 

sorrow, disappointment 

asik 

atakkiat alJ ' 

uvva-takku 

at akai ruk 

atchitkaa 

atakkii, 

(K) 

dear one 

because 

borrows 

lends him 

atai exclamation of 

surprise (K), cute 

(of baby) (N) 

ataramik 

at ar'uk 

always 

is connected with 

at angusuktuk 

atangi ks aur-uk 

atangi r run 

atauttuk 

atautkaa 

atchigaa 

atchuu! (N) 

atigaa 

is cranky 

is free 

liberty 

goes beneath 

goes beneath it 

names him 

I don't know! 

wears it, puts it on 

ati ruk is the same, there 

is no difference 

atkaktuk 

atkunaktuk 

descends 

is much, too much, 

plenty, there is an 

abundance

Other 

Words 

atkunak plenty, abundant 

131 

atuktuk 

atugaa 

atuktuk 

atugaa 

atuun 

atuktuur ak 

atuktuur akti 

atunim 

uses, acts immorally 

uses it 

sings 

sings it 

song 

musical instrument 

musician 

together 

ataa, atta hush! be still! 

aularul$: 

au Ilagnii ruk 

aul.laktuk 

aullautigaa 

aul Iakti tkaa 

moves (N, s). 

dances (K) 

begins 

goes away 

leads him away, 

takes it away 

sends him away 

aullasik habit, unconscious 

habit, instinct 

auruk is rotten, is rotting, 

aging 

aukkaa 

melts it (ice, snow) 

auniktuk 

has a rotten spot 

auni k 

rotten spot, rotting 

substance 

aunrrik 

rotten ice 

aur ak, upirigak summer 

autaaktuk 

autaagaa 

divides, shares 

divided it 

avallik the farthest over 

avaTIlJagaa 

avanmun (N), avatmun (K) 

all around him 

toward each other

132 Other Words 

avi Lruk shouts, raises a 

cheer, his ear rings 

aviktuk 

avikkaa 

cuts, breaks in two 

cut it up . 

avittuk is separated, is 

divorced 

avi Iai.tkan (N) friend (lit. never 

separate) 

avr iaktuk 

is in the way, 

blocking the way 

avugaa salts or peppers it, 

mixes it 

avu 

avulik 

avvarj a 

ayaktuk 

ayakkaa 

ayak 

ayaupi ir ak (K), ayauppi.ak 

ayakhaaktuk 

ayal$:haal$. 

ayyai ruk 

ayaurul$: 

ayual$: 

ayurul$: 

ayugaa 

(N) 

sugar 

gas mixed with oil 

half 

pushes off, departs by 

boat (lit. poles) 

pushes it off, 

rejects it 

post, pole, pillar, 

spear 

walking stick 

is doing string figures 

string figure, cat's 

cradle 

is rejecting 

is going blind 

boil (sore) 

precedes 

is beyond reach 

---- - ---

Other Words 133 

• 

I 

Igittuk 

igitkaa 

igitt ak 

Iglaktuk 

igla1)aattuk 

(N), igla1)arut 

throws away, 

discards 

throws it away, 

discards it 

abandoned baby 

laughs 

smiles 

iglittuk 

travels, 

moves 

iglilJnattut 

ig~ua 

ig~utuiruk 

Iglutugaa 

igni ruk 

is cute (of a baby) 

the other one, 

next one 

endure 

endures it, suffers it 

make fire with flint 

iggialarut yells, shouts 

igliktuk 

igligigaa 

ii (cf aa) 

is stingy 

clings to it for himself, 

is stingy with it 

yes 

rivaks aaktuk (K), uivaks aaktuk (N) rounds a bend 

ikaaktuk 

ikaun 

ikautit 

ikaagaa 

ikayuktuk 

ikayugaa 

iki ruk 

ikuma ruk , rkirnar-uk 

ikipkaivik 

crosses over 

bridging pole 

bridge 

crosses it 

helps 

helps him 

burns, is consumed 

is burning, is on 

(of electric light) 

altar (in Bible) 

(lit. burning place)


i.ki r'uk 

embarks, enters, gets 

on or into 

ikkii 

ikUgutchaktittu~ 

ikpait chi ak 

i.kpi.kt i.taktu k 

icky 

is tempted (lit induced 

to want the other) 

suitcase 

bank is being undercut 

by water 

ikpi gak (K) 

ikpigigaa 

ikt.ak 

ikugaa 

(K) 

set (foundation) of 

mind, where they 

come from 

gets it on his mind 

and believes it 

dump 

loads it on 

Ikatau ruk (K), itkatauij aruk 

(N) 

is together 

with 

rki asuktuk , iki as ruktuk 

iki atkaa 

iki itchuk 

ikkul.i ruk 

i.kkul in 

(K) 

is lazy 

does not want to do it, 

is lazy 

is not lazy 

skins muskrat (by 

cutting the belly 

section) 

small pointed knife 

i.ksiruk 

i~sigigaa 

fears 

is afraid 

of him 

iksuktuk responds negatively by 

wrinkling nose 

i.li.tkus ik (N) 

spirit 

Ha relative by blood, 

marriage or name; 

companion, friend or 

partner

Other 

ilaksiagaa 

Words 

bothers 

him 

ilalptniktuk is married (lit. he 

obtained a partner) 

135 

iIa.Li r uk 

ilal.igaa 

shakes 

shakes 

hands 

his hand 

ilarri 

ilasrailaruk (K) 

(cf nipaalaruk (N) ) 

ilavinik 

lead dog, leader 

cries with pain, 

screams 

some (a part of something) 

iJ,igaa 

il.iks aktuk 

il,il$.sal$.tul$. nuna 

il,imasuktul$. 

ilisal$.tuk 

lays it down, places 

quakes, wobbles 

earthquake 

suspect 

tries to learn, practices 

it 

iIal.ir uk (K), iJ,J,atirul$.(N) adds, joins, shakes 

hands with 

iIi tku s ik (q), iIitkus r ik (K) habit, happening, 

experience 

tangle 

ill.iagur-ugaa 

(K) 

iJ,J,ial$.suktuk(N) 

i.lliagutit 

ilu 

iluaktuk 

iJ,umun, ilurnutun 

i.lumutuur'uk 

combs it 

combs hair 

comb 

inside, abdomen, 

stomach 

puts it in, (makes a 

basket in basketball) 

true, truth 

is true

136 

iluvviktuk (N) 

iIuvik (K), i.Iuvviv ik (N) 

buries 

grave 

Other 

Words 

ih~ (K) 

(cf Ittuk) 

being, existence, 

presence 

iIuaktuk is right, good, 

correct, fitting 

iluaks i.ruk 

heals, fixes 

iJ:uitchu~ 

i.m ai.kauk 

i.m.ait chuk 

irriakaktuk 

imrnaktuk 

immiksuk 

irnrni gaa 

irnni ks aktuk 

irnrj aluktuk 

is wrong 

is low (water in river) 

is empty 

is full 

is leaking 

is full 

fills it 

groans 

whines (dog), hums 

(person) 

inna (N), itna (q, K) thus, like this or that, 

this way, that way 

mna s ik (N), itrias ik (q), 

the like of, such kind 

itrias r ik (K) 

irma ittuk (N), itnaktuk (K) is thus, is like this 

inuktuk is insufficient, fails to 

reach it, shoots low 

irriks iruk (K) 

iniktagigaa 

inikti gaa 

made, created 

made it, created it 

rebuked him, permitted 

him not 

threatened him 

in iktuktuk 

inni aktuk 

(K) 

(K) 

is tired 

is visiting

other 

inugi.ksuk 

Words 

beauti- 

is handsome, 

ful 

137 

inugi itchuk 

inugiilil$.sul$. 

is ugly 

frowns (lit. makes 

himself ugly) 

inupi atun Eskimo language 

(lit. like Eskimo) 

inukpalliktul$. comes from, originates 

inuuruk 

iJJil$.srul$.tul$. (K) 

iJJigaa 

lives 

asks, prays 

asks him, begs him, 

prays to him 

ipi handle (of a bucket 

etc.) 

whips him 

ipi gaktuk 

ipigal$.tul$. 

wades 

cuts himself 

ipiktusuktuk is sad, despondent 

ipi ruk suffocates, smothers, 

drowns 

ipitkaa 

suffocates him, 

smothers him, 

drowns him 

ipnai ktuk 

goes to a cliff 

ipun , ipuun 

ipu 

oar 

tool handle 

iri 

irigaak 

irigruak 

Is aguti ruk 

eye 

eye glasses 

binoculars, 

begins 

goggles 

is iktuk enters, visits

138 

is iks iruk 

is getting 

filled 

Other 

smoke 

Words 

isilgigaa corrects his misunderstanding 

isivgiir-uk (N) 

atanrrigaa (K) 

isivgiigaa 

judges 

judges him 

examines him, tries 

him out 

isui.tchuk (N, q), isrurtchuk (K) is endless, eternal, 

is clear, is not muddy 

rsuktuk (N), isruktuk (K) is opaque, is muddy, 

not clear 

isuma (N, q), isruma (K) mind 

isaaktuk (N), isr'aktuk (K) 

rsaguk (N), israguk (K) 

itiruk 

raises 

wing 

is deep 

his arms 

itkanai ksuk is ready, finished 

it kaktuk 

itl$.agigaa 

remembers 

remembers 

it 

rttuk exists, is, lives, 

stays 

iv aktuk (N) 

iv aluktuk (N), ivukutaktuk (K) 

searches 

flaps 

ivayaktugaa (K) defrauds, robs him 

ivigaktul$. 

i.viktitag aat 

iv iktuk 

pleases 

puzzle 

fits 

ivvaktuk 

(N) 

bathes 

ivyangunaktuk (N), ipyamjunaktuk (K) 

is stuffy

Other 

Words 

k 

139 

kaagnak, kaaksiugun (N), nigisulJnal;,((K) 

ki avluktuk (N), kai vittuk (K) 

kaki r uk 

famine 

circles 

pricks 

around 

kakkaaktuk 

kakkiiyaun 

kalikkaa 

kalvi ttuk 

kamaks riruk 

kamagigaa 

kamakr irjitchuk 

is starving, 

to death 

handkerchief 

drags it 

is stuck 

obeys 

obeys him 

disobeys 

starved 

karnanaktuk 

is great, 

honored 

is to be 

karnatchaktuk 

karjata li ikt aktuk 

kapi ruk 

is surprised at another's 

ability, takes 

pride in another's 

ability 

to rumble (as a 

moving sled) , 

stabs 

ka.suq ar uk (N) 

kataktuk 

katakkaa 

is loose (e.g. rope 

tied loosely around 

pole) 

is falling 

drops it 

I 

kati ttuk 

katitkaa 

gathers 

gathers 

it 

kavi iHk (K), kaviukkun (N) 

kayurj iit.igaa (K) 

covetousness 

coaxes him, 

him 

urges

140 

ki a , kisum (K) 

ki , ki.i, kii kkaa 

kigunnik 

Other Words 

whose? 

do it! say it! proceed! 

box 

kiigaa (K), kiugaa (N) answers him 

kiirak crease, corrugation 

kiisaimma finally, at last 

kiker ak 

ki.Ii ktuk 

kiIiktugaa 

kilgun 

ki l luku aktuk 

killukun 

kinnau ruk 

kinnak 

kina 

kilJugau tchiru~ 

(N), kinugau tiruk (K) 

a path cut through 

brush or trees 

tells news, warns 

tells him news, warns 

him 

warning 

errs 

mistake 

is foolish 

fool 

who? 

is too late 

kilJuvaannaktuk (N), partcnaktuk (K) 

ki pakfi.kauk (N), mttautu ruk (K) 

kipaluniktuk 

kipalukkaa 

inherits 

mocks 

has helpers 

works for him, helps 

him 

kip igi ruk , ki.pi.kni.uktuk (K), 

kiprgniuktuk (N) 

kipr-i ruk (K), kt r rt ruk (N) 

is anxious 

cuts off, 

to 

severs 

ki pli gaa 

cuts it in two, 

severs it 

kiptait chuk bright child, 

fully awake

Other 

Words 

kirratchai~titkaa 

kisima 

kisivich 

kisimi 

ki s irpjugaa 

kita 

kiviktuk 

kivikkaa 

kivi r uk 

shines brightly 

I alone 

you alone 

he alone 

left him alone, 

left her bereaved 

ready! 

lifts 

lifts it 

sinks 

141 

kivgak servant, messenger 

kivi lfktuk 

kurni ktuk 

kurrujut it 

kuni ksuk 

kunikkaa 

kunik 

ku r aktuk 

can't recall word or 

name, forget 

scratches 

rake 

kisses 

kisses him 

kiss 

looks down 

ku sr-iksuk (K) drips 

kuvi r-uk 

kuvigaa 

kuyakkaa 

pours 

pours it out 

lies with her 

k • 

kaaktuk (N), kaaks inti r aulgataktuk (K) bursts, explodes, 

readily blows his 

top (K) 

passes by

142 

kaarj iu laarjavai tchuk (N), 

kaarj iafaus r-im ar-uk (K) 

kaayuk (K) 

kaayul iksuk 

Other 

veers away, goes to 

excess 

Words 

dirt 

dirties himself (of 

baby messing diapers) 

~agana~tu~ (K), siglignaitchu~ (N) 

kargitchuk 

is easy, 

is rough, 

not difficult 

not smooth 

kaiksuk is smooth, level, flat 

kai ruk (N) 

kai tchi ruk 

ka.itchtgaa 

comes 

gives 

gives it 

~akugu, ~akugun when? (future 

inte rrogati ve) 

kana (N), kaagl aan (K) when? (past tense 

interrogative) 

kaki gaa 

kakuktuk 

~a~~ugaa 

boxes him 

crunches, 

cracks it 

cracks 

ka.lguktuk 

kal.i ks ikaut 

ka Iitkaa 

croaks, crow s , quacks , 

honks, whistles 

tows one boat with 

another 

pulls it, drags it 

behind 

ka lli ruk 

kal.li.gaa 

approaches, 

draws near 

rust 

nears 

kami ruk goes out, extinguishes 

itself 

kami ttuk is turned off, 

extinguished

Other 

Words 

kamitkaa turns it off, 

extinguishes 

it 

143 

kanittuk 

is near 

kannigaa orders it 

kanugvi itchuk 

it can't be helped, 

too bad (that he died, 

is mortally ill, etc.) 

~anul$: how, what, for, 

because (N) 

kanus r ik (K), kanus ik (N) 

kanutun 

kanutun - aglaan 

what kind? 

how long, how much? 

how far? 

kan aa (K) 

no! used more 

sparingly than 

English 'no' 

~apsinik, l$:avsinik how many? 

kas ruagaa (K) (wind) died down 

kas ruktuk (K), agiuruk (N) ends, quits, stops, 

is satisfied 

katchaktuktuk , trgluktuktuk knocks, is knocking 

kati tittuk 

marry 

katrni ksuk (K) is impatient, dislikes 

to wait 

kaugr-i ruk 

becomes 

conscious 

kaugr-immaagti tchuk can't recognize one 

kaummagi ksuk 

kaumarrik 

is bright 

beam of light 

kaumrnaktuk clear, translucent, 

light enough to see 

kaunaksr-i ruk 

kaunagi gaa 

cares 

cares 

for him


kaunakran it chuk 

kaur iaktuk 

kavaktuk 

careless 

rests 

to sleep on back in 

water (of seal) 

kaviugnaksauruk glamorous, seductive 

ki gluktuk 

ki kirj ar-uk 

kiki s.itkaa 

ki kittuk 

kikit igaa 

is saddened about a 

loss 

is warped 

warps it 

is frozen (part of 

body) 

freezes it quickly 

ki ks r aur-uk (K), kikumar uk (N) is frozen (not of 

body) 

ki lamtk quickly, immediately 

ties a knot 

ki mrn aktuk escapes, flees 

kinuruk 

kipirj ar-uk 

kipi gaa 

kipigniuktuk 

kip igniugun 

to cry fitfully (of a 

baby) 

is twisted 

twists it 

desires 

desire 

kitchaktuk (K) stands upright 

kitchuktuk 

ki.t chukt ig aa 

scratch 

scratches 

it 

l>:ituttu~ is soft, flexible 

ki tyagnaktuk 

is bright, 

glaring 

ki vl.iktuk 

shines, glitters, 

sparkles

Other 

l>iviul> 

Words 

145 

down (of water fowl), 

wool (of musk-oxen) 

kivi ktuk (N), kirrit chuk (K) commits suicide, 

hangs himself (K) 

kiviktuk (N), kivi ttuk (K) leaves another, not 

wanting to be together 

kivilJ aaktuk stands pr-oudly, erect 

kivi ruk (N), niviktuk (K) 

kuaktuk 

kuagaa 

kuaktuk 

kuiyakttchuk 

lays on his back 

splits loose (e.g. the 

sole from a shoe) 

splits, separates, 

loosens it (of things 

frozen or otherwise 

fused together) 

eats kuak (frozen 

food) 

slips 

l>uglial>tul> drools, slobbers, 

oozes (of tree resin) 

kugluktak 

, kugluktuk 

waterfall 

kuinaktuk 

ku ifini.ktaur-uk 

tickles 

is ticklish 

kukuul ar-uk (N, q), tukrularuk (K) calls 

kulauttuk is passing overhead 

kuli aktuaktuk tell a true story, an 

experience, 

preach (K), confess(N) 

kul iaktuak true story 

kumi.kauk folds arms inside of 

parka 

kupi ruk splits, cracks

146 

kuppak 

crack, 

split 

Other 

Words 

kus r auktuaktuk (K), kus auktuaktuk (N) 

kus ikauk 

kuvi aauktuk 

squats 

is dripping 

is happy 

kuvi gus r-uktuk 

~uyaru~ 

kuyanaktuk 

ls:uyana~ 

(K) 

is surprised, amazed, 

astonished 

is thankful 

is to be thanked, is 

to be praised (K) 

thank you! 

m 

m akp iktuk 

makpi.gaat 

rna kpigaak 

m al iktuk 

malikkaa 

maliksukti tau ruk 

manik 

mamaitchuk 

(K) 

rnarn ai lak CK) 

mami.anaktuj; 

m att aktuk 

m atuni gaa 

opens (as a shirt, 

coat) 

book (lit. papers) 

page, sheet of paper 

follows (another) 

follows him, 

accompanies him 

convinced 

money 

smells strong, 

smells foul 

sulfur 

is annoyed, 

offended 

disrobes, removes 

the harness from a 

dog 

covers 

it

other 

mauruk 

Words 

maur agaaktuk 

maur agak 

mayuktuk 

rnayuktak (K), mayuagautit (N) 

mi Iuktuk 

steps into, falls into 

a hole, breaks 

through (of snow) 

crossing open water 

by jumpin?\ on "stepping 

stone' ice pans 

small ice pan used 

as stepping stone 

ascends, climbs up 

ladder, stairs 

hits with a thrown 

object 

147 

minitkaa missed him, omitted 

him 

minguktuk 

minik 

is tired 

splash (from a fish 

or thrown object) 

minugluktuk 

minugluk 

minufiktuk 

mi.nukkaa , minufigaa 

mirjuaktuun (N), aglaun (K) 

is stained, 

stain, spot 

is painting 

paints it 

pencil 

spotted 

misuit chuk (q) 

mi s ruguk (K), mrsuguk 

mi suktuk 

misuktaun 

mitaa~tu~ 

(q) 

is pale (lit. without 

juice) 

juice, kool aid, wine 

dips 

fountain pen 

jokes 

mitautigigaa mocks him, makes 

a fool of him 

mukpaktuk 

dives (of a sea 

mammal whose body 

curves high out of 

the water)

148 

mul.iktuk 

rnurni ks ir-uk 

Other Words 

is closed, turned off 

(radio, etc.) 

translates 

mumi ksuk turns over, changes, 

repents 

muluuruk stays a short while 

munagtgaa watches him, takes 

care of him 

n 

naagga, (N, q), kan aa (K) no! (emphatic), or 

naamar 

uk 

is complete, 

enough 

is 

naarnmaktuj, 

naarul$. 

naattuk 

na avi ttuk 

naavitkaa 

na.gl.i.ks r-aktuk 

nagligigaa 

naglikkun 

nag Iigdnni gaa 

is fitting, 

perfect 

right, 

ends, runs out, 

finishes 

is ended, 

stopped, 

finished, 

caught 

dumps out (non -Iiqui d) 

dumps it out 

pities 

pities him 

mercy 

is merciful 

to him 

naghrjnaktuk (K), nagl ignaktuk (N) is poor, pitiable 

naglfksaaktitchtruk 

nagliksaun 

nagliktuutiJs.pak (N) 

naggugigaa 

persecute 

affliction, 

grace 

suffering 

despises it, rejects it

Other Words 

naipi ktuk (N) 

naipitkaa (K) 

nairuk 

watch critically 

watches it closely, 

tests it 

smells 

149 

nakiktuk goes direct 

(as path of bullet) 

naktuktuk 

is chipped 

nakuaks rrr-uk likes, loves 

nakuru~ 

nakuuru~ 

nakittuk 

is cross -eyed 

is good, fine 

is low 

nal.aumj aruk is right, just 

nalauraa~tu~ 

rests 

na.l.aut ch akt.uk guesses, gambles 

nalauttuk 

is right 

nalautittu~ fulfills, sights in a 

rifle 

nalautitkaa 

aims it, focuses 

nalautirrun 

gunsight 

it 

nalguks rui ruk 

na.lguks rugaa 

nal.laktuk 

nallaruJs;. 

nallautigaa 

corrects, instructs 

straightens it, 

corrects him 

has lain down 

lays (himself) down 

lays him down, puts 

him to bed 

nalua~ bleached seal skin 

naluksri.rJua~tu~ (N), irnirujur-uk (K) has a hangover 

naluna~tu~ is secret, is hidden

150 

nalunainnutak 

mark, 

seal 

Other 

Words 

nalunaitchuk is clear, easy to see 

nalupkiriaktuk 

nalup~igigaa 

is uncertain, 

unpredictable 

is uncertain about it 

nalupkiriaitchuk is certain, sure 

na lupki auktuk 

nalupki sun 

doubts, 

doubt 

is uncertain 

nangagaa 

nangaun 

nani (K), naUIJ (N) 

(cf . su-) 

naami 

nakini 

napmun 

nallkun 

brags, praises 

(himself) 

praises him, brags 

about him 

praise, honor 

where? 

where at 

where from 

where to 

by which way, how 

nani.guun (K) flashlight 

naij iit chuk is daring, is brave 

narj ittuk 

nanir-run 

napaaktuk 

is sick 

disease 

tree 

naparuB: sticks up 

napagiak upright (vertical) 

nappai ruk 

natchrksuk 

natchikkaa 

natkikkaa 

naumi (N, sh) 

builds 

yearns to follow 

yearns to follow him 

correction 

no!

Other 

Words 

naulikkaa spears it 

151 

naurj (N), nani (K) 

nautchii ruk 

(cf. nirjit chi ruk) 

nautchi akagvik 

where? 

plants 

garden, 

field 

naviagaa 

naviagigaa 

navianaktuk 

does not dare it 

is dangerous for him 

is dangerous 

naviktuk 

navikkaa 

breaks 

breaks 

it 

nayaarj agaa (K) greets him, sends him 

greetings 

nayagaktuk (N), naYaIJaktuk is drowsy 

nayuuti ruk 

nayugaa 

stays, remains 

lives with him, 

with him 

stays 

nrglaktuk 

ntgiuktuk (N) 

nigiigigaa (K), nigiugigaa (N) 

nigliktu~ 

nigvallaksraa~tu~ (K), nivaktaktuk (N) 

nikali~su~ (K), nikat chaktuk (N) 

nikaitchu~ 

nilJitchiru~ 

(cf . nautch iiruk) 

nipaalaru~ 

(cf . i.las r ai lar-uk (K) ) 

has cooled (of food, 

drink) 

expects, hopes 

expects him 

choked to death 

falls backward 

gives up 

keeps trying, 

determined 

sets out, plants 

screams 

nipitu ruk is noisy, loud

152 

nipittuk 

ni vaktuk 

nivirj aktuk 

nivinagaa 

nui ruk 

nuktaktuk 

nuki tchi r-ug, 

nu~itkaa 

nul.laktuk 

nunuur-aktuj; 

nuijuz-uk 

nut~a~tul$: 

nutkaktitkaa 

nuur-uk , nuuttuk 

nu vaks ir-uk, nuvaktuk 

is sticky 

shovels, 

Other 

digs 

hangs down 

hangs it up 

comes into view, 

rises (sun) 

Words 

moves from place to 

place 

raises an object by 

pul.Iing with a rope 

draws, pulls it 

camps 

is remorseful 

is used up 

stops, dies 

stops it 

moves to another 

dwelling 

has a cold 

nuyui.ksuk is not afraid, is not 

scared 

p 

paaksaaguti ruk 

paagaa 

paalaktuk 

paarnguktuk 

paarriaktuk 

they (2) pass each 

other 

meets him 

stumbles, 

forward 

crawls 

crawls 

falls 

on all fours

Other 

paglagaa 

paglan 

Words 

welcomes 

greeting, 

him 

welcome 

153 

pai ruk stays behind, stays 

home (when others 

went on a journey) 

pakaktuk , pakiktuk (K) searches 

pa~ittu~ 

pakitkaa 

pas iaktuk 

pastaksr-aitchuk 

pasinaktuk , patchi saur-uk 

pasigaa (N), patchisigigaa (K), 

pasrigaa (K) 

finds 

found it 

warms himself by 

the fire 

is faultless 

is guilty 

blames him, accuses 

him 

patchi s ai ka aur-uk 

patchi sargaa 

is not guilty, 

frees him 

innocent 

pi- base substitute to 

which any post base 

or suffix may be 

pi-ga 

pi-gaatin 

pi-suktu~ 

added 

mine 

he (wants) you 

wants 

pigru~tu~ 

piaptuk (n) 

pigaaktu~ 

piiksuk 

piigaa 

piiguktu~ 

(cf'. puuguktuk) 

pii~aaktu~ 

flees 

sloppy 

stays 

is absent 

removes 

forgets 

denies 

up late 

it

154 

piitchuk 

nothing, 

empty 

Other 

no one, 

Words 

pi iyaktuk 

pi.iyagaa 

ptksr agniksuk (K), 

pi ks r-aktaagur-uk (N) 

pi kas iksuk 

is broken 

breaks it 

chooses 

accompanies 

pi.kat igifktuk are together (2) 

pikpaks r-ir-uk loves 

pi kpagi gaa 

pi Iai ksuk 

loves him 

is tired 

pi Iairjiaks iaktuk takes a rest (a break 

from work) 

pi lla ruk (N), pi tIar-uk (K) 

piIluataktuk (N), pitlauta~tu~ 

pi.lui Ilrksuj, 

pi rnrn agi ks aaktuk 

piriaktuk 

pifti aktuk 

pinnagtaktuk 

pinna~na~tu~ (K) 

piz-aks r iksuk 

pi s aa suur uk (N), pi saasruktuk (K) 

is able to do 

is dependable, 

good 

is 

is not as capable as 

used to be 

does it well 

happened 

will do, happen 

is early 

is good-looking, 

beautiful 

admonishes 

is always trying to do 

pisagaluagnak (N), pisangitchikpifi (K) excuse me!

Other 

Words 

pisuaktuk (N), ptsruktuk (K) 

prsukataktuk 

walks 

takes 

a stroll 

155 

pisugnaitchul$: is not safe (ice) 

pisugugil$:sul$: 

(cf. nikirnjuktuk) 

pi suktuk 

hunger 

wants, 

is satisfied 

desires 

pitkur ak law, command 

pituktuk ties up (as a dog to a 

pole) 

pitukkaa 

ties up, anchors 

piyakkuktuk 

had an accident 

piyuagaa tempts him, pursues 

him 

pumja.ruk bows low, hides from 

animal while stalking 

(used for nonappearance 

of sun in 

December (K) ) 

puttuk bows, bends at the 

waist 

puptaak floating moss (not 

walkable) 

puptar uk 

puptal$.un, puptal$:uta~ 

floats 

buoy 

puttuls:srirul$: (N) comes to mind, is inspired 

puugul$:tul$:(p), puuyuktuk 

(cf ptiguktuk) 

(K) 

forgets 

putu hole, piercing 

puturiruls: made a hole, drilled 

a hole

156 

puukaktuk 

stumbles 

Other 

Words 

puugrrigaa wraps it 

puul$. 

seal skin poke 

puuksral$. envelope, wrapper 

puuvr aktuk (N), puuvruktuk (K) swims, plows through 

deep soft snow 

puvl.ignik resin drop (of spruce 

trees, used as chewing 

gum) 

puya 

puyattuk 

puyaurul$. 

s 

dirt, grime 

is dirty, grimy, 

gummy 

is soiled, (e.g of unwashed 

clothes) 

saa huh! what's that? 

eh? 

s aattuk 

faces him 

saavittuk launches in pursuit of 

sea mammal, steps 

forward from a group 

aaglur-uk 

sagluu raktuk 

aagvi ksuk 

aagvi ruk 

lies, prevaricates 

joking by telling 

false stories 

appears, becomes 

plain, obvious 

is open, is obvious 

sagval$.tu~ 

sagvagiksuk 

sagvagaa 

flows 

flows swiftly 

flows swiftly 

over it 

sal$.ulJaru~ is crooked, bent

Other Words 

salap~iksuk (N) reveals, appears 

157 

salumattchuk is dirty, unclean 

salumaruk 

salummagaa 

is clean 

cleanses 

it 

sarnrna , hamma (N) let's see! 

sanaturuk 

is skilled 

samjuruk is dusty, dirty 

sanni ruk (N), SaIJIJiruk (K) is strong 

sarjutkaa gossips about him 

sapignaktuk (N) 

sapigaa (K) 

is strong, 

is difficult 

mighty 

sapi ruk 

blocks it (one's way) 

satugaa (K) obtains it back, 

redeems it 

savaktuk 

savakkaa 

savautigaa 

works 

works it 

serves him 

savitkaa feels it, touches it 

aiamittuk spreads, scatters 

si atkikauk is straight (as of a 

board) 

sig~ikiraktuk works hard, is difficult 

sigga~iruk 

is difficult, 

laborious 

siigruktuk 

(K) 

hisses, whistles (of 

wind, gas stove or 

lantern) 

simmausiksuk 

simmigaa 

exchanges 

changes it, 

it 

exchanges

158 

s irnmi Iigaa 

siirnaktuk 

Other Words 

returns something 

borrowed 

is arguing heatedly 

s iruks r aaktuk (K) goes around visiting 

from house to house, 

collects food for the 

poor from house to 

house 

sippak something left over, 

surplus 

sf sug iaktuk 

baby has a wet burp 

sisu r uk slides, glides down 

s it kuks im anaktuk 

s ivunrriks uk 

s ivunni gaa 

sivunniun 

is tragic 

sivukki.ksuk sets a straight course 

sua, suna what? 

su - (N),(cf. nani) 

su-vich 

su-mi 

su-kun 

su-rnin 

su-mun 

su -rnrnan , su -vaata 

question marker 

what do you want? 

where? 

how, by which way? 

from whence? 

to where? 

why? 

decides, plans 

decides it, plans it 

plan, purpose, decision 

suamrnaktuk revitalized (as: engine 

works better, workers 

more diligent) 

s uarj aitchuk 

suan aruk 

sugruich 

is weak 

is strong 

a group of fighters, 

war party

other Words 

suguktu~ 

sukaitchu~ 

sukattuk 

sukpaluk 

suksraagaa 

suks raungiksuk 

wrestles 

is slow 

is fast 

sound 

gives up on it, forsakes 

him 

is destroyed 

159 

sukurni.tkaa (K) broke it up, tore it 

to pieces 

sukuti gaa 

suli 

takes notice of someone, 

pays attention 

to someone 

and (used in an additive 

sense, contrasts 

with aasii/aasrii) 

sultkutrgir; aiksuk 

forgives, 

ignores 

suluktuktuk brushes clothes 

supi r'uk 

suppuktuk 

blows (of a person), 

rushes (of a stream 

during break-up) 

spurts out (of liquids 

under pressure) 

suur-ak (K), sugal ik (N) thing, wealth, treasure 

suvaluk 

euvli.ktuk 

especially 

gushes out (as oil 

from a punctured 

drum)

160 

t 

Other 

Words 

ta aktuk 

taarpj ak 

taaIJlJakti 

ta.iguaktuk (N), agliki ruk 

tairnrnainak 

tainna (N), taitna (K) 

tainnaittuk 

tai ruk 

taigaa 

is dark 

intoxicating 

alcohol 

drunkard 

reads 

suddenly 

like 

is like 

is named 

names him 

beverage, 

takpi ksuk 

takupkarj aruk 

takki ruk (K) 

(cf. utakki ruk) 

ta.Iiinn aruk 

tamrnaktuk 

tammagaa 

has keen eyesight 

has a reunion 

waits 

goes over the hill 

is lost 

lost it 

tanugaksi ruk diminishes in light 

taIJigil$.sul$.,tarj igitchuk 

(cf sagluruk) 

taIJlJiksuk 

taIJlJigaa 

is false (lies) 

is fulfilled 

does what is told, 

brings it to reality 

tapiktuk is along side, is 

parallel 

taputigaa takes it along 

ta.siks ruktuk 

tas iks rugigaa 

stretches 

stretches 

it

Other Words 

tasugaa (N) 

(d. satugaa) 

obtains it, redeems it 

161 

tasritchagaa stretches it 

tatamittuk 

gets very frightened 

tatamnaktuk is terrible, is very 

frightening 

tatigaa lays against it, leans 

against it, touches it 

tauksiksuk 

tauks igaa 

buy 

buys it 

tavra (N, q), tarra (K) that's right! then 

(conj.), that's all 

(at end of story) 

tavrauvvaa (N, q}, tarvauvva at once, immediately 

tiguaktuk 

ttgl.iktuktuk 

adopted, 

steals 

is 

tigluktuk 

tigluktuktuk , katchaktuktuk 

hits with side of fist 

is knocking 

tigutaagvik (N), isiJ,.sivik (K) 

tikkuaktuk 

prison, 

points 

jail 

tilirauruJ,. 

tilirauruaJ,. 

tilisiruJ,. 

tilJaaglut 

was told to do something, 

was sent to do 

something 

an apostle 

sends 

things washed ashore 

tilJittuJ,. 

tilJitkaa 

drifts 

drifts 

away 

him away

162 

tiIJIJil$:sirul$: 

ti.paaktuk , tipiturul$. 

tipi 

Other 

Words 

gets full (of a person 

who eats too much 

or is pregnant) 

stinks 

odor 

tipigaa washes it ashore 

tiprgiksaun (K), 

tivr agfks aun (N,q) 

tipsigigaa 

perfume (lit. a means 

or cause of good 

odor), incense 

laughs at somebody, 

mocks someone 

tirrak (K) sandbar, mile 

(measure) 

titiktuk 

titigaa 

titik , tittak 

tugaktuk 

tuggaun 

draws a line, makes 

a mark 

marks it, draws a 

line on it 

mark, dot, line 

pokes it with a stick 

poking stick 

tuglaugaa , tuvl augaa shields him, protects 

him 

tugvagaa 

puts it away 

tukkuruk stays overnight, is 

a guest 

tuklugaa calls him, hails him 

tukur uk 

dies 

tukpal.laktuk (K) gets upset 

tukuttuk 

tukutkaa 

tuniks irna ruk 

kills himself 

kills it 

is faithful

Other Words 

nmrlagaa 

gives it, makes 

present of it, 

sacrifices it 

a 

163 

tuni.si.ruk 

sell 

tumjaruk 

turuj agaa 

tupaktuk 

tupakkaa 

tupigigaa (K) 

rests firmly on, 

trusts 

rests firmly on it 

is startled 

startles him 

obeys him 

tupsigaa 

tuti ruk 

tutmagaa 

finds an animal 

steps on 

stepped on it 

track 

tuttuk touches ground, 

bottom, lands 

tutkiksuk 

tutkiun 

is content, is solid, 

is peaceful 

peace, contentment 

tutkuktuuruk is settled in (having 

moved) 

tuugnik 

dot 

tuungaurisaa~ a whirlwind (moving 

horizontally, chiefly 

across water) 

tuungak 

evil spirit, 

devil 

tuvra~tu~ 

tuvragaa 

tuyugigaa 

tuyugmia~ 

follows a trail or 

pattern 

follows him, tracks 

him, imitates him 

sends it 

guest 

tUyuutit 

sent things, 

mail


u 

ui ruk , uus ir-uk 

ui s aur-uk 

ukpi.ktuk 

ukpigigaa 

ukpigun 

ukpi.gnaktuk 

is over-excited, 

eager, hurries 

is adrift 

pack 

believes 

believes it 

faith 

is faithful 

on an ice 

too 

ukpUJIJuaktuk hypocrite (pretend 

believer) 

ukuk 

ukuIJaruij: 

ukaaktuktuk (K) 

(cf. kuli aktuaktuk) 

uka aktuak , ukaaktuun 

ukaal.aruk , ukagnigluktuk (K), 

ukamakhiktuk 

ukaksrtaak 

ukakti tagaa 

ukaktuk 

ukal ik (no, ki}, ukafik (K), 

ukaluk (N) 

ukal laktuk 

ukautchit 

ukkitchuk 

uB:umaigigaa 

ulguruk 

moldy 

is moldy 

relates experiences, 

tells what happened 

experience, happening, 

history, true story 

talks bad language, 

blasphemes 

trial 

asked him to speak, 

talk 

speaks, says, tells 

word 

is speaking 

language 

is secure, 

sheltered 

safe, 

sucks it (something 

held in mouth) 

topples, falls over

Other 

Words 

ul igr-ui.tchuk steady, patience for 

fine work 

165 

unipchaak (K), unipkaak (N), 

ulipkaak (no, w ) 

uluktaaktuk 

fable, myth, story 

staggers 

umialtnnak 

umiktuk 

(N) 

church elder 

is closed (e.g. the 

chimney draft) 

unitchaa (K) 

leaves it behind 

uniuktuk misses, doesn't hit 

(as nail, bull's eye) 

unnikaukfi ir-uk (N) 

unniksukb un (N) 

promises 

promise, 

covenant 

upaktuktuk charges (of an angry 

animal or person) 

upaktugaa 

charges him, goes 

after him 

upyakkaa (K) remarks about it, 

wisecracks about it 

urri~sugaa demonstrates it, shows 

it by his actions 

uta~~iru~ (N, q) 

(cf. takki ruk) 

utiktuk 

utukkuu 

uuktuj, 

uuktuun 

waits 

returns 

is tiny! 

tests 

parable, 

example 

uUktua~tu~ 

uUktua~aa 

tries, tests, measures 

tests it, measures it 

uUliktu~ quivers, shakes, 

trembles

166 

uuyurul$: 

ugaigaa 

ugisigigaa 

(cf. ui r-uk) 

Other Words 

is linked to 

bites him, mauls him 

over-excited

SECTION 

POST 

BASES 

II

168 Post Bases 

Explanation 

of Symbols 

Hyphens 

A hyphen before a post base indicates that it must be attached 

to a base. 

-kagvik container agr a-Lagvik ash can 

A hyphen following a post base indicates that, normally, it 

cannot occur word final, but must have a suffix attached to it, 

(or other post bases with a suffix). 

-kayak - almost ati -kayak -tuk almost the same 

Bracketed Symbols 

A bracketed symbol indicates that the post base has more 

than one form, and its form depends upon the last symbol of the 

base to which it is affixed. 

When the base ends in a vowel, the bracketed letter initiates 

the post base. 

-(g)iit - bad pi -giit -chuk is bad 

When the base ends in a consonant, the post base without the 

bracketed letter is affixed to the base. 

-(g)iit- bad iggiag-iit-chu~ has a sore throat 

Other Form Changes 

Other phonological changes occur to change the form of post 

bases, such as ~ becoming g, 1 becoming ~ etc. For a 

further discussion of this phenomena, see" Let's Learn Eskimo", 

p. 31,32, by D. H. Webster, Summer Institute of Linguistics, 

Box 1028, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701.

Post 

Bases 

a 

169 

-Ir lakukiug-ag-imman 

itkagmi -r ak -tuk 

-(rr)a~si-(N), 

-(y)a~si-(K) 

mitchaag'-ukai -ruk 

~ia-rra!$:si-ru!$: (N), 

l$.ia-ya!$:si-ru!$:(K) 

-(g)alua~-, 

-kaluak 

nakuupi aq it -kaIuak -tuk 

tainnaunnii 

-(g)ata!$.- 

nakuupi ag -at ak -tuk 

inugug -atak -man 

habitually, usually does 

whenever it is winter 

he habitually remembers 

starts to, proceeds to 

(inceptive action) 

is proceeding to land 

starts to cry 

though, although, and yet (a 

possibility which has not or 

perhaps will not be realized) 

although not very good, it is 

okay 

very, much (intensive action, 

extensive time) 

is extremely good 

when he finally grew up 

-anik - 

nigi -anik -tu~ 

atu -anik -tuk 

-aluk 

suppu -aluk 

agna-aluk 

already 

has already 

has already 

big, old 

old rifle 

big lady 

eaten 

sung 

-asugi- (N), -asrugi- (K) 

(cf . -sugnag-) 

tammag-asrugi -gigaa 

thinking 

thinking he is lost 

ch 

-chau!$:, -chuu!$: 

(cr. -tau~, -tuuk)

170 

g 

Post 

Bases 

-gi - 

pi -gi -giga 

pikati -gi -girjma 

-(g)iakivag-Lak-tuk 

nig -Lak -tuk 

-(g)iit - 

pi -giit -chuk 

iggiag -Lit - chuk 

-(g)iknuna 

-gik -suk 

kifiig-ik-suk 

-(g)isi-, -kisi- (K) 

nakuu -gisi - r-uk 

tautuk -kisi -gaat 

-gu - (N), -IJu- (K), -uiglaa-gu-ruIJa 

(N), 

iglaa-nu-c-una (K) 

uVaIJ a -u - rUIJa 

-gukinu 

-guk -tuk 

-(g}uuk 

atautchimik -suE -guuk 

has it for 

it is mine 

I am your companion (lit. you 

have me for a companion) 

going in order to, come in 

order to 

is going to search 

is going to eat 

bad 

is bad 

has a sore throat 

good 

is a good land 

is good looking 

intends to, is going to, will 

it is going to be good 

they will see it 

is (stative) 

I am a traveller 

it is I 

change to, become 

became a man (having grown up) 

said, reported 

"one more" he said 

• 

g 

-guikalugnia 

-g-u-siptiktun 

class changer or stative 

(verb to noun) 

like you have caught fish

Post Bases 

• I 

171 

-iik 

atig-iik 

mal.g-Itk 

-il>pi 

-Ik-auk 

arni vi k-jsuk 

-Hamitkuta 

-i~a-l> 

pair, couple 

two people with same name 

twins 

is deprived of, deprives of 

is taken away 

he skins (it) 

is without 

arctic tern (lit. is without a 

needle) 

-inrjaan (K) 

(d. IJaiflIJaan) 

siku -ifIIJaan 

before 

before 

it froze 

-(g)innal>kiu 

-ginnag - aa 

-it - 

pt-Ir-chuk 

inu -it - chuk 

-iyak - 

uniag -Iyak -tuk 

-kammil>- (N), -kamik- (K) 

mitchaal> - kammi k -suk 

-katta~- (N) 

sialuk -katta.k -tuk 

isi -kattak -tu~ 

ivaluk -kattak -tuk 

only, merely 

is merely answering him 

lack of 

is not 

there are no people 

is broken 

sled is broken 

k 

just (happened) 

just landed 

repetitive 

scattered rain showers 

is visiting 

is flapping (slowly) 

-kattaa~ - (N) repetitive (more intense than 

-kattak -) 

ivaluk -katt aak -tuk 

is flapping (rapidly) 

-kkaatu 

changes verb to noun 

-kka -IJa 

(nominal clause marker) 

his song (singing)

172 

-ksraanu-ksra-l;s: 

atuuti -ks r a-kaktuk 

-ks r aktaakinu 

-ksr aktaak 

pi-ksral;s:taag-igaa 

-kual;s:- 

al.la -kuak -tu!): 

killu -kuak -tuk 

potential, material for 

harness material 

has a song choice 

chosen, selected 

chosen people 

is choosing him 

through, by means of 

goes by another way 

goes wrong way 

Post 

Bases 

k • 

-kagvik 

nautchia -kagvik 

agr-a -kagvtk 

-!):al}- 

igni-l;s:ag-nial}tu!): 

rriki - kak -tuk 

container, place of 

garden 

ash can 

have, owns 

will have a son 

has meat 

-kas ikkuvi 

asu -kas ik -stna 

together 

rejoice 

with 

with me! 

-katrgikaulla 

-l}atigik-sut 

iUsa-l;s:atigik-sut 

-kati - 

ukpiktuagu -kati -si 

together, each other 

they depart together 

they teach each other 

with, together 

your fellow believers 

-kayakati 

vkayak -tut 

almost 

are almost 

the same 

-l}l}aal}- 

imi -~l}aag-uktun a 

first, 

first 

before 

I want to drink 

-(!):)pakisumaak-pak-tuk 

ulu-kpak 

-~u- 

(cf. -(t)~u-) 

big, much 

is sorrowing much 

big ulu 

wants him to do

Post 

Bases 

I 

173 

-Iait - (N), -t lait- (K) 

iks i-lait -chuk, 

ikst -tlait - chuk 

-lgit - 

uti -lgit -chuk 

ani -Igft -chuk 

-Igatakpi 

-~gatall:-tuk 

nalau -Igatak -tillugu 

-Ihaak- (N) 

(d. -tluk -) 

kamana -Ihaak -tuk 

sapigna -Ihaak -tuk 

never, unable 

is never scared 

again 

returns again 

exits again 

finally, till 

finally he did it 

till it is right 

more 

is greater 

is stronger 

(comparative) 

-lhinak 

uv31.Ja -Ihinak 

merely, 

merely 

only 

me 

-li - 

(d. -liuk-) 

su-li-va 

ulu-li-ruk 

-lik 

pr-Lik 

umia-lik 

-uaukpi 

-Lik-suk 

-likaa 

sumu-likaa 

su -Likaa 

ilaa-likaa 

make 

what is he making? 

is making an ulu 

is supplied with 

is supplied with 

boat captain 

come to, get to 

has come to believe 

any, so it is! (an exclamation) 

anywhere 

anything 

so it's him! 

-Iiki - 

su -liki -vi ch 

ami -lill:i - r-uk 

-liksi 

31.J aayu -Liksi 

involved in, works on, at 

what are you doing? 

works with skins 

one involved in 

preacher (lit. one involved in 

praying)

176 

-miu 

Ul.gurng-rniu 

NuurviJ]-miu 

inhabitant of 

Wainwright villager 

Noorvik dweller 

Post 

Bases 

-rnuk- 

Utkiagvir; 

-muk -tuk 

(going) to 

he is going to Barrow 

-mukti- 

Utkiagvnj -mukti -gaa 

-mutr- 

Utkiagviq -rnuti -gaa 

send 

is sending it to Barrow 

take 

is taking it to Barrow 

-nagrakitig-nagia]s: 

-tuk 

n 

early 

arises 

early 

-nasuga- (N) 

(cf. -asugi-, -sugnag-) 

isumanasi ]s:aiJ]a -nasugaluq 

a ... 

-rias ruk- (K) 

tuku -rias rug -niaklugu 

-(n)ayak- IN), -tyak- (K) 

agiu -riayak -tuk 

nigi -tyag -iii 

-(n)ayait- (N), -tyait - (K) 

tu]s:u-nayait-chuk 

-ngit- (K) 

(cf.-lJit- ) 

paki -ngir-chuk 

-niak- 

(cf. -maak-) 

nigi -ni ak -tugut 

agaayu vi.IJ mUIJ-niak -tUIJa 

think (with dependent 

thinking-I-have- 

don't-think 

come ... 

verb) 

is thought to be 

is thought to be dead 

would 

would be stopped 

would you come to eat! 

would not 

he would not have died 

not 

did not find 

intends to, will, is doing and 

will continue (when related to 

present and certain of fulfillment) 

we will eat 

I'm on my way to church

Post Bases 177 

-niatak- (N) try 

(d. -niluk-, -niur aak-, -sa~-) 

istg-riiatak-tuk is trying to enter 

-niluk- 

try 

(d. -rriatak-«, -niur aak-, -saij:-) 

savagvni luk-fuk is trying to work 

-niur aak- (N), -rriir-ak - (K) 

(d. -niluk-, -niatak-, -sa~-) 

savag-niuraa~-tu~, 

savan -nitr-ak-tuk 

-nikilakat 

-nik -tuk 

-ni~tuttu 

-ni~ - suk 

savarj -nik -eutin 

-IDJu - 

iri -IllJ u - ruk 

Ilu -IllJ u - ruk 

try, 

do what you can 

is doing what work he can! 

obtain, get 

obtained a marriage partner 

apparently, is in state of 

has apparently caught a caribou 

you are working (lit. in state 

of working) 

hurts 

eye hurts 

stomach hurts 

-mjulrktaigua 

-IllJ ul.ik-auk 

sava-rnjulfk -suk 

to be tired of something 

is tired of reading 

is tired of working 

-lJa- (N) 

sava-lJa-ru~ 

completive 

he worked 

(past tense) 

-lJai~- (N) 

(cr. -IJ ait - ) 

atu-lJai~-suij: 

nipu-lJai~-sul> 

-lJaifuJaag-, -rj aimjaan (N) 

tuku -IJ aifuJaag -man 

isi -IJ aifuJaan 

is not (having been) 

is useless 

alert 

(having been useable) 

before 

before he had died .... 

before he entered

178 

-rj ait - (N) 

(cf;-IJaik-) 

~ai -IJait - chuk 

aIJ alan -IJai t -kaa 

-IJit- (N) 

(cf. -n~it-) 

kai -IJit-chu~ 

Post 

did not (never having) 

did not come (never having 

before come) 

did not control him 

not 

is not coming 

Bases 

-IJlJua~pi 

-IJIJuak -tuk 

ukpi -lJIJua~-tu~ 

-IJlJu~nuvuya 

-lJlJu~-saififia~aa 

imitate, play, pretend 

is pretending 

is pretend believing (hypocrite) 

change 

is changing to cloudy weather 

p 

-paalluk

Post 

Bases 

-paUuksava-paUuk-tu]s: 

-payaainu 

-payaa -k 

-piagataksava-piagata]s:-tu]s: 

-piaknikr-piak 

sava -piak -tuk 

inu -piak 

-piallak - (N) 

(cf. -Tlapi.ak - ) 

sava -piallak -tuk 

179 

ineffectively, inappropiately 

is working poorly (ineffectively) 

every, any 

any/every person 

extremely, intensively 

is working extremely hard 

real, really 

real food (meat) 

is really working 

Eskimo (lit. real person) 

quite intensively, very much 

is working quite hard 

-piangit - (K) 

(cf . -piaq it-} 

kaIJiks ina -pi angit 

- chuk 

not very 

is not very understandable 

-pianir - (N) 

(cf. -ptangit -) 

kalJiksma -pi arj it -chuk 

-pkag-, -pchakkai 

-pkag-rnagittn 

nigr-pchagvaa 

-p~aura]s:- 

tusaa-pkaur-ak-arnigtch 

not very 

is not very understandable 

cause 

tell her to come (cause her to 

come) 

he feeds him 

immediately, as soon as 

as soon as he heard them 

-psaa- 

(cf'. -vsaa-l 

pi-psaa-mik 

more 

more 

(if you please) 

-(p)tau]s:(N), -(p)tuu]s., 

-psuu]s:(K) 

(cr. -vsauk) 

uvan a -ptauk, uVaIJ a -ptuuk 

ilivsi -psuuk 

uvagut-taul;> 

also, 

too 

me too 

you (pl.) too (K) 

we (pl..) too

si 

sis 

r 

180 Post Bases 

r 

-r-aks r agi -, -taksr agr- 

(cf. -ruksrau-) 

~aunagi-raksragi-gaa 

savak-takar-agt-gtga 

-raksrau -, -taksr au- 

(cf. -ruksrau-) 

nigi -raksrau -ruk 

savak-taksrau-ruk 

-ri (cf . -til 

must be, has to, ought to 

(transitive) 

must be caring for it 

I have to work on it 

must be, has to (passive) 

must be eaten 

must be worked 

- ruinnak - (N) 

ifiug-ruinnak 

mere, 

mere 

common 

man 

-ruksrau -, -tuksrau- 

(cf. -raksrau-) 

nigi-ruksrau-rUk 

savak-tuksrau-ruk 

-ruk 

imag-ruk 

-s ainnak- (N) 

agli -sainnak-tuk 

-sak- 

(cf -rii luk> , niatak -, 

tirJi-sak-pich 

su-rsak-pich 

should, must, has to (active) 

has to eat 

has to work 

big 

big lake 

s 

continuing to increase, develop, 

expand 

is continually getting bigger 

try 

-niu r aak) 

are you trying to fly? (away) 

where are you trying to go? 

-sausiit - (N) 

ta vrUlJak - s aus iit -chuk 

kanuk -sausiit -chuk 

uncertain about 

is uncertain about going there 

is uncertain as to what to do 

-si (cf. -ti ) 

-siuunak 

e 

t aak e 

e 

r-uk 

uk 

becoming (process) 

is becoming hot 

is becoming dark

Post Bases 

-siak- (N), -s iik- (K) 

akiliu - sia -ksr-akai 

aitchuu -siak , aatchuu -s iik 

181 

receive 

your future rewards (potentially 

received rewards) 

gift (received) 

-siakak - 

aitchuu -s iakak -tuk 

has received 

has received 

a gift 

-sima- 

( d. -ma-) 

nakuu-sima-ruk 

savak -sima - ruk 

in state of, assurance of something 

now is good ( having been not 

good) 

is working 

-sinnak - (N) 

tautuk -sinnak -tuk 

iltaima-uugnak-tuk 

only, merely, simply 

he simply sees 

think (similar to,"1think 

nasruk- ) 

is thought he is coming 

(I think he is coming) 

is thought to know 

(I think he knows) 

-sugnag- 

(d. -asugi-, -nasuga-, 

hi -sugnag-ruksuk 

-suguiknigi 

-auguik -auk 

pi-suguik -auk 

-suk- (N), -sruk- (K) 

kuvta-suk-tuk 

enough, filled up 

has had enough food 

is enough (as when filling 

tank) 

used in reflexive action 

is happy (within himself) 

gas 

-(s)uupiluksisug 

-uu -r-uk 

aitchuusiagi -suu -gaa 

always, habitually, incessantly 

is always wanting to do badly 

is always receiving it 

-suguninnik- (N), 

-susrUlJnififiik- (K) 

Uksruk-suguninnik-suk 

smells 

smells 

like 

like seal oil 

-sugrukakisulhaa 

- sugruk -tuak 

ukalli - sugruk 

big, great 

that which is more valuable 

jackrabbit

182 

-(s)uksiku-suk-tuk 

alutag -uk -tuk 

want 

wants to go to bed 

wants a spoon 

Post 

Bases 

t 

-takimik 

-tak -tuk 

kiruk -tak -tuk 

goes for 

is going for water 

is going for wood 

-tai - (N) 

ukpigu-tai-gupta 

unnau -tai - ruk 

-tait- (N) 

ukpigu-tait-kupta 

-t aukiltk-tau-z-uk 

-t chai li> 

pi -tchai.li -kkich 

karjiks i-tchafli -r-agai 

-tchakkuya 

-tchak -tuk 

-t.chi akatigi 

-tchi.ak 

atigi -t chi.ak -tuk 

absence of (having had) 

if we no longer have faith 

is not now feverish 

absence of (never having had) 

if we have no faith (never having 

had faith) 

passive 

is being warned 

stop 

stop (doing) those things! 

prevents them from understanding 

induced action 

is thankful 

new 

new parky 

is a new parky 

-ti, -si 

savak-ti 

alJ aayul ik -si 

agent (like English 

worker 

preacher 

-er) 

-tigi -, -sigiak 

-tigi -r-uk 

kuyanak -tigi -va 

urj aai k-atgt -r uk 

is so much, to what degree 

it Is that much 

how much he is to be thanked 

is thus far

Post 

Bases 

-ti~maki 

-tik -luni 

immediately 

immediately 

getting up 

183 

-tilaailisimavich 

sumii -tilaaptirjnik 

savaktuk pi suk -tilaa - kti.ktun 

-titaull 

ak -tit -kaa 

-tit- (with appositional) 

savak -tit -Iun a 

pf -tktk -suk 

-tkikukiu-tkik 

-(t)~u(v)- 

aulla -ku -visigut 

tilalJ mun nigi -tku -gai 

apigigiga puttuks ri -tku -vlusi 

-(t)~uyuma - 

al -tkuyuma-gtn 

aikuyaktu -kuyuma -galuagaa 

objective phrase marker 

accompanying intransitive verb 

do you know where we live? 

is-working 

as-much-as-possible 

causes to do, become 

causes it to depart, sends 

while 

while I work 

the second of two 

two years ago (lit. the second 

past year) 

happens a second time, does it 

once more 

wants him to do 

do you want us to depart? 

he wants Tilak to eat them 

1- ask that-you-be -inspired 

command, want that .. 

tell her to come home! 

want him to go to bed 

-tluk- (K) 

(cf . -Ihaak-) 

kagana -tluk -tuk 

pigii -tluk -tuk 

-tualu -, -sualu - 

igni -tualu -ni 

atausi -sualu -k 

comparative, 

it is easier 

it is worse 

only 

his only son 

only one 

superlative 

-tuinnal$:- 

kipigniug-utigi -tuinnak -sigik 

-tullatu - 

tuttu -tullatu - r-uk 

continuously 

keep on desiring 

like 

likes 

caribou 

them 

-tuksrau- 

(cf. -ruksrau-)

---- ----~------~--- 

184 

-tuksavik 

-1llif -tuk 

tuttu -tuk -tuk 

uses, eats, drinks 

uses a knife 

eats caribou 

Post 

Bases 

nigi-l;s:su-rul;s: 

savvak -tu -r-uk 

excessively 

talks always (i .e . likes to talk), 

gossips (K) 

likes to eat excessively (N) 

is always working diligently 

u 

-umau - (N), -umu - (K) 

itch -umau - k, 

itch-umu-l;s: 

continuously 

is always obedient 

might if . 

may it be 

-unni.i 

suuramik 

-unni i 

even, lest 

in no wise 

-urak 

agna-urak 

little 

little 

woman (i .e . girl) 

-uti - 

nayu -uti -gaa 

uka-utf -gaa 

-(k)tu -, -(k)su- 

(base medial consonant may 

be geminated) 

ukkak -tu - r-uk 

-ugakkamaksri-ugak-tuk 

-vaaluanugi 

-vaalu - a 

ima-vaalu-a 

-vi nakaul 

laks i-vrnak -tuk 

-vigi - 

savag-vigi-gaa 

ul;s:ag-vigi-gaa 

about it, with it 

brought it up (climbed up with it) 

talks with him 

v 

sound of 

wind's sound 

water's sound 

quickly 

is departing 

quickly 

for, about, concerning 

works for him 

talks about it

Post 

Bases 

-vik 

aglag-vik 

Nuur-vik 

-viks rak 

savag-viksrak 

pi-viksra -kakpan 

-vsaa - 

(cf. -psaa - ) 

pi-vsaa -mik 

-vsauk (N) 

(cf. -ptauk) 

ilivsi -vsauk 

-yasi - (N), -yas ri - (K) 

kai -yasi -ruk 

tukutau -yasi -ruk 

-yuitsava 

-yuit -chuk 

atu-yuit-ichurja 

-(y)umaak- 

(cf. -niak - ) 

tikitch -um aak -tuk 

kat-yumaak-ituk 

place 

desk, writing pad 

move place, Noorvik 

potential place, potential time 

time for work 

if he has time 

more 

more (if you please! ) 

also, 

too 

you (pl.) too 

y 

about, soon 

is about to come 

is about to be killed 

poorly 

is working poorly 

I sing poorly 

is willing to, will 

(when disconnected from 

present and doubt regarding 

the possibility of fulfillment) 

will arrive (someday) 

will come (someday) 

185 

-tun a 

able 

I can do it 

-(y)uminakpi-yuminak 

-(y)uminaitpi 

-yuminai.t 

- churj a 

-(y)ummakinig 

-umrna -tikaktuak 

-yunakkini 

-yunak -tuk 

uka -yunak -tuk 

unable 

I can't 

do it 

hope 

he who has hope of seeing 

is pleasant 

is beautiful (lit. pleasant looking) 

is receptive (lit. pleasant to talk 

with)

SECTION 

ENGLISH 

INDEX 

III

--"=---------------- - -- 

a 

abdomen 

has a. ache 

has a. cramps 

able, is 

unable 

about 

abrase 

absence 

absent, is 

abstains 

accepts 

accident 

accompanies 

accused 

accuses 

acquainted 

across there 

acute 

Adam Is apple 

adding, is 

adds 

admonishes 

adopted, is 

adrift, is 

adultery 

adze 

affliction 

afraid, is 

a. is not 

afterbirth 

afternoon 

again 

agent 

agony 

agrees 

aims 

air 

airplane 

alcohol 

alive, is 

all 

almost 

alone 

already 

ENGLISH 

10,135 

21 

21 

154,185 

185 

178,184,185 

20 

182 

153 

42 

127 

21,155 

146,154 

47 

153 

23 

112 

19 

8 

124 

111,135 

24,154 

161 

164 

128 

50 

32,148 

29,134 

152 

12 

117 

173 

182 

32 

128 

149 

104 

64 

160 

11 

2 

172 

122,141 

169 

186 

INDEX 

also 

altar 

although 

always 

amazed 

amiable 

ammunition 

among 

amulet 

ancestors 

anchor 

a. for trap 

and 

angel 

angled a fish 

angry, is 

deeply a., is 

animal 

a. male 

a. female 

ankle joint 

annoyed, is 

anoints 

another 

answers 

ant 

anus 

anxious, is 

any 

anytime 

apostle 

apparently 

appears 

appendix 

approaches 

argues 

a. heatedly 

a. incessantly 

arises 

arm 

a. sinew 

a. muscle 

a. bones 

broken a. 

armor 

arose 

around 

case 

175,179,185 

133 

169 

130,181 

146 

29 

58 

127 

42 

3 

68,155 

60 

125,159,174 

. 45 

61 

25 

25 

69 

69 

69 

9 

146 

22 

127 

140 

78 

12 

140 

173,179 

118 

46, 161 

177 

96 156,157 

, 12 

142 

24 

24,158 

24 

16 

8 

8 

8 

14 

21 

129 

42, 128 

131

English Index 187 

arrives 63 bears 48 

arrow 53,58 beard 6 

artery 11 beats 54,128 

artifact 127 beautiful, is 137,154 

ascends 59,147 beaver 76 

ashamed, is 29 beaver dam 36 

ashes 39 because 130,143 

asks 129,137 become 170,183 

a. him to speak 164 becoming 180 

assents 128 bed 40 

at once 161 goes to b. 18 

attention 159 bee 78 

aunt 4 beetle 78 

autumn 119 b .; stag 79 

authority 47 before 121,171,172,177 

avalanche 107 begins 131,137 

awake 140 behind 115,121 

away 131 in b. 10 

axe 49,128 looks b. 13 

being 136 

b 

believer 44 

believes 44,164 

baby 1 bell 45,127 

cares for b. 52 belt 33 

holds b. on knee 52 bench 39 

abandoned b. 133 beneficial, is 31 

bachelor 2 benefits 31,44 

back 10, 13,III bent, is 156 

b. there 113,114,115 berry 100 

backbone 13 kinds of b. 100 

bad 170,174,175 better, getting 22 

bad, is 31, 32,121 big 169,172,180,181 

bag 58 big, is 121,128 

bailer 68 binoculars 58,137 

bait 60 birds 84-94 

bakes 50 b. parts 95 

ball 52 birth 17 

high-kick ball 53 b. time 110 

bank, river 102 biscuit 55 

barks 71 bites 7,166 

bashful, is 29 fish b. on hook 61 

basin, wash 40 bitter, is 121 

basket 40 bivalve 77 

bathes 138 black 123 

bay 104 blackbird 93 

beach 97 bladder 12 

beam, cross 38 blames 47,153 

beam, ridge 37 blanket 40 

beans 54 b. toss 54 

bear, kinds of 69 blasphemes 164

188 

bleeds 

blessing 

blind, is 

going b. 

snow-blind 

blinks 

blizzard 

block and tackle 

blocking 

blocks it 

blood 

b. flows 

b. vessel 

blows 

blubber 

blueness 

blushes 

boastful, is 

boasts 

boats 

parts of 

b., ice -bound 

body 

boil 

boils 

bola 

bold, is 

bone 

book 

boots 

b. with caribou soles 

b. with ugruk soles 

b. waterproof 

b. rubber 

b. mukluk 

b. parts of 

b. resoles 

b. insole 

born, is 

b. on same day 

borrows 

boss 

bothers 

bottom 

bottommost 

bow 

bow and arrow 

bowl 

bows 

b. low 

19 

43 

19 

132 

19 

15 

106 

59 

132 

157 

11 

11 

11 

159 

55,56 

123 

6 

32 

25 

68 

67 

109 

10 

19,132 

50,51 

58 

28 

12 

146 

34,35 

34 

34 

34 

34 

34 

34 

34 

35 

17, 128 

2 

130 

44,47 

135 

104 

120 

9, 67 

53 

56 

16,155 

155 

boy 

box 

boxes him 

brace and bit 

brags 

brain 

brave. is 

bread, yeast 

pilot bread 

breaker 

breakfast 

breaks 

b. through 

breast 

b feeds 

breastbone 

breath 

breathes 

breeches, fur 

bride 

bridegroom 

bridge 

bright, is 

broke 

broken, is 

b. arm 

b. leg 

b. fingers 

broom 

broth 

brother 

brother -in -law 

brow 

browbeats 

bruise 

brushes 

builds 

bumps 

bunting, snow 

buoy 

buries 

burns 

burps 

bursts 

busy 

but 

butcher 

buttercup 

butterfly 

buttock 

Eng lis 

h Index 

1 

140 

142 

49 

150 

11 

28,150 

55 

55 

104 

57 

132,151,154 

147 

10 

52 

14 

17 

17 

34 

2 

2 

133 

143,144 

159 

154,171 

21 

21 

21 

51 

54 

4 

4 

102 

27 

19 

159 

36, 150 

129 

93 

155 

136 

39,133 

57,158 

39,141 

47 

125 

60 

98 

78 

10

English 

Index 

buy 161 

c 

cabin, log 36 

cache, on poles 37 

c. underground 37 

c. on the ground 37 

calls 145,162 

camps 152 

can 174 

cannot 174 

canoe, decked -in 68 

can opener 38 

canyon 102 

cap 33 

capable, is 31 

not as c. as used to be 154 

capsizes 68 

captain 68 

carcass, sea mammal 79 

careless 144 

cares 52,143 

caribou 71 

stages of development 72,73 

parts of c. 73-76 

wounded c. 60 

carousing, is 32 

carries 48 

c. baby on back 52 

gets c. away 32 

catches on 23 

c. it 52 

c. fish 61 

caught 148 

cause 179 

causes 183 

celery, wild 99 

certain, is 150 

chagrined, is 27 

chain 71 

chair 38 

change to 170,178 

changes 46,148,157 

charges 165 

charm 42 

cheek 6 

cheerful, is 26 

~e~ 10 

chews 56, 129 

189 

chickadees 92 

child 1,5 

c. adopted 1 

c. bright 140 

c. illegitimate 5 

c. lively 11 

c. raised 1 

chills 20 

chimney 39 

chin 6 

chipped, is 149 

chisel, ice 61 

chisels 61 

chives, wild 99 

chooses 154 

choked 151 

chops 39 

chosen 172 

Christian 44 

chronic 19 

church 44 

circles 139 

city 110 

clam 77 

class changer 170,171 

clay 97 

clean, is 122,157 

cleanness 46 

clear, is 138,150 

c. weather 128 

clear 143 

clearing, is 105 

clever, is 24 

cliff 102 

climbs 16,147 

clitoris 12 

clock 117,118 

closed, is 148,165 

closes 38 

cloth 33 

clothing 33, 34 

cloud 105 

dark c. over open water 109 

coal 39,97 

live c. 11 

coal scuttle 39 

coat 33,34 

coaxes 139 

coffee 55 

c. pot 40

190 

cold, is 

c., has a 

collarbone 

collar, dog 

collects food 

comb 

comes 

c. to mind 

c. into view 

c. in order to 

c. around a point 

c. from 

c. to 

comforts 

command 

commands 

commandment 

common 

communicative, is 

c. is not 

community house 

companion 

comparable, is 

comparative 

compasai onate , is 

complete, is 

completive 

concerned, not 

condemns 

confesses 

confident, is 

confused, is 

connected with 

conscience, bad 

conscious, becomes 

constellations 

container 

water c. 

content, is 

continuously 

controls 

convinced, is 

convulsions 

cookie 

cooking, is 

c. pot 

c. rare 

cooks 

cooled 

copper 

105,122 

21,152 

14 

71 

158 

135 

125,142 

24,155 

24,152 

170 

64 

137,175 

173 

129 

155,183 

25 

43 

180 

26 

26,27 

37 

134 

130 

183 

25 

148 

177 

32 

47 

46,145 

28 

30 

130 

32 

143 

96 

172· 

39,40 

26,163 

183,184 

47 

30,146 

20 

55 

50 

40 

56 

50,51 

151 

97 

English 

Index 

coquettish 32 

corner 37 

c. of mouth 7 

correct, is 136 

corrects 24,138,149 

correction 45, 150 

corrugation 140 

corruption 125 

cotton, tundra 98,99 

coughs 20 

counsel, open to 29 

c. is not open to 30 

country 111 

couple 5, 171 

cousin 5 

covenant 44,126,165 

covers 146 

covetousness 139 

cow 70 

crab 78 

cracks 142,145,146 

cramps, muscle 20 

stomach c. 10 

abdominal c. 21 

crane 86 

cranky, is 32,130 

crawls 152 

c. up on a seal 59 

cr~z~ is 30 

crease 140 

created 136 

creek 103 

crime 43 

crimping soles 50 

croaks 142 

crooked, is 156 

cross, a 45 

crosses 133 

cross -eyed 149 

crucify 45 

crunches 142 

cries 15 

c. with pain 135 

c. fitfully 144 

crystal 97 

ice c. 106 

cup 56,68 

curtain 38 

cuts 20 132,140 

c. fish ' 62


c. meat 51 did not 178 

c. self 20,137 dies 18,152,162 

cute, is 133 different, is 121,128 

d 

difficult, is 122,157 

digs 152 

dipper 56 

damp, is 105,122 dips 147 

dampness 130 dipnetting, is 62 

dances 53,131 director 47 

dandruff 6 directs 47 

danger 125 dirt 142,156 

dangerous, is 151 dirty, is 122,157 

daring, is 28,150 disassembles 48 

does not d. 151 discards 133 

dark 160 disciple 45 

daughter 5 discipline 45 

daughte r -in -law 4 discomfort 32 

day 117 discouraged 26 

d. after tomorrow 118,119 disease 150 

d. before yesterday 118,119 disembarks 9,64 

many d. 118 dislikes 25 

three d. ago 118 disobeys 139 

deaf, is 21 disrobes 146 

dear one 130 distance 110 

debt 126 disturbed, is 25 

decides 158 dives 79,147 

decision 158 divides 131 

deep, is 103,121,138 divines 41 

defecates 17 divining rod 22,41 

defrauds 138 divorced 132 

demon 43 dizzy 20 

demonstrates 165 do it! 140 

denies 153 doctor, medical 3 

departs 63,132 d. witch 41,43 

dependable, is 30,154 does it well 154 

deprives 171 d. what is told 160 

descends 130 dog 64,71 

desire 144 d. collar 71 

desires 144,155 lead d. 135 

desk 48 d. pack 64 

despises 148 d. team 64 

despondent, is 26,137 d. whip 71 

destroyed, is 159 doll 52 

determined 151 donkey 70 

devil 43,163 door 37,38 

devoted, is 31 dot 162,163 

diaper 52 doubts 129,150 

changes d. 52 doughnut 56 

diaphragm 11 down 145 

diarrhea 19 d. there 113,115

192 English Index 

dragon 82 echo 126 

drags 139 edge 104 

drains 20 eel 77 

draws 130,152,162 egg 55 

dream 18 egotistical, is 31 

dress 33 eh? 126,156 

dries 127 eight 123 

drifted away 161 eighteen 124 

drill 49 eighty 124 

drinking, is 57 elbow 8 

drinks 18,56,184 elder, church 47,165 

dripping, is 146 eleven 123 

drips 141 elf 42 

drives 60 embarks 68,134 

drools 145 embarrassed, is 29 

drops 139 emery stone 58 

drowns 137 empty, is 136,154 

drowsy, is 151 encourages 27 

drum 41,53 endless 45, 138 

drummer 53 ends 126,143,148 

drunk, is 30 endures 27,28,133 

drunkard 160 enduring, is 28,31 

dry, is 122 enema equipment 22 

duck, kinds of 84,85 enjoys 26 

dull, is 122 enough, is 129,148,181 

dumb, is 21 enters 134,137 

dump 134 entire 118 

dumps 51,148 entrance hall 38 

duration 110 envelope 156 

dust 97 envious, is 32 

dusty, is 97,157 epileptic, is 20 

dwarf 42 equipment, hunting 57 

error 43 

e 

errs 140 

escapes 144 

eager 164 Eskimo 2 

ear 6 E. language 137 

e. cavity 6,13 especially 159 

e. pendant 33 eternal 45,138 

e. rings 33 even 184 

early, is 154,176 evening 117 

earth 97 every 179 

earthquake 97,135 everyone 2 

east 105,95 evil, is 31 

easy 122 examines 138 

easy, is 142 example 165 

eats 8,18,56,184 excess 32,142,184 

e. with a spoon 56 exchanges 157 

e. frozen food 145 excited, is 27 

eclipsed, is 96 over -excited 164,166

EngZish Index 193 

exclamations family 5 

warning 125 famine 139 

too bad 143 far 111 

cute 130 f. down there 114 

surprise 127,130 f. off 113 

sorrow 127,128,130 farthest over 131 

pain 128,130 fast, is 159 

disappointment 128,130 fat, is 121 

something goes wrong 129 father 4 

icky 134 faultless, is 153 

do it! 140 fears 29,134 

so it is! 173 feeds, breast 52 

excuse me! 154 feels 157 

exhorts 24,46 does not f. well 26 

exists 138 f. light of body 28 

existence 136 feces 17 

exits 17,128 femur 14 

expects 151 fetches 126 

expensive, is 121 fetus 12 

experience 135,164 fever, has 22 

explodes 141 few 121,175 

sound of e. 59 fibia 14 

extinguishes 142,143 field 151 

extremely 179 fifteen 124 

eye 7,137 fifty 124 

iris 7 fights 53,129 

e. cavity 7,13 fighters 158 

e. are closed 7 files 49 

closes his e. 18 fills 136 

opens his e. 18 fin 129 

eyebrow 6 finally 140,173 

e. ridge 7 finches 94 

ridge between e. 6 finds 153 

eyelashes 7 f. an animal track 163 

eyesight, keen 160 f. it out 23 

fine 125 

f 

fingers 8,14 

bones of f. 9 

fable 165 fingernail 9 

face 6 broken f. 21 

faces 156 finished 138,148 

fainted 20 fire 39 

faith 44,164 make f. with flint 133 

faithful, is 162,164 fireweed 99 

falling, is 139 first 172 

f. backward 151 f. one 120 

f. forward 152 f. time 178 

f. into 147 fish 54 

f. over 164 dried f. linked 62 

false, is 160 f. on a willow stick 62

- - - ---- - ~~~~- 


kinds of f. 82,83 forever 114 

parts of f. 83 forgets 141,153,155 

fishhook 61 forgives 45,159 

fishing, is 61 fork 56 

fornication 128 

fist 8 

fits 48,138 forsakes 159 

fitting, is 136,148 forty 124 

five 123 foundation 38 

fixes 136 f. of mind 134 

flaps 138 four 123 

flashlight 150 fourteen 124 

flatus 17 fox, kinds of 69,70 

flees 144,153 free, is 126,130 

fleshes 50 frees him 153 

flexible 144 freezes 103,108,144 

flipper 81 frequent 162 

fermented f. 56 fresh, is 56 

flint 97 friend 2,5,132 

float 59,155 friendly, is 26,53 

net f. 62 fries 51 

floats 155 frightens 59 

flooded, is 105 f. gets 161 

floor 37,103 frog, wood 77 

flour 55 from 113,114,158 

flower 98 front 111 

flows 104,156 body f. 10 

fly, bot 78 in f. 112 

egg 78 frost 106 

larva 78 frostbite 20 

fly, blow 78 frowns 137 

egg 79 frozen 144 

larva 79 fruit 100 

pupa 79 fuel oil 39 

fly, dung 78 fugitive 3 

fly, dragon 78 fulfill 149,160 

flies 63 full, is 119,136 

focuses 149 gets f. 162 

foggy, is 105 fur 33,34 

fold arms inside parka 145 

follower 45 

follows 146,163 g 

food 55 

fool 140 gaff 61 

foolish, is 32,140 gale 105 

foot 9 gallops 69 

bones of 14 gambles 149 

foothill 102 garbage pail 40 

for 143,184 garden 151 

forehead 6 garment 33 

forest 101 gas mixed with oil 132


gathers 139 grass 98 

generous, is 31 grasshopper 79 

gentle, is 125 grave 136 

gentleman, is 30 gray 123 

gesticulates 16 great, is 139 

get 173,177 greatness 47 

ghost 43 grebes 85,86 

giant 42 greedy, is 32 

giddy 28 green 12,123 

gift 125 greets 151 

girl 1 greeting 153 

g. friend 5 grime 156 

gives 125,126,142,163 groans 136 

g. gift of food 51 grosbeaks 94 

g. up 151 grouse 86 

g. up on it 159 ground - drifting 106,107 

glamorous 144 ground, solid 97 

glass, window 38 grows 98 

glasses 137 g. up 17 

glitters 144 grudge 25 

gloves 34 guesses 149 

gnat 78 guest 162,163 

God 44 guilty, is 153 

goes about 63 g. is not 153 

g. after 165 gulls 90 

g. away 63,131 gullet 8 

g. away because angry 25 gum 102 

g. beneath 130 gums 7 

g. to a cliff 137 gun 58 

g. direct 149 g. sight 149 

g. to excess 142 shotgun 51 

g. for 182 gushes 159 

g. home 126,128 

g. in order to 170 

g. out 142 

h 

g. over the hill 160 habit 131,135 

g. to get 126 habitually 169,181 

g. Whaling 63 hailstone 108 

going to, is 170 hair, head 6 

good, is 30,121,136,149,154 body h. 11 

good! 125 braids h. 33 

good 170,174 hall, entrance 38 

g., not 174 half, is 119 

goose, kinds of 84 half 132 

gospel 46 h. breed 3 

gossips 157 hammer 49 

governor 47 hand 8 

grace 45,148 palm of h. 8 

grandchild 5 handbag 34 

grandparents 3,4 handkerchief 139

196 EngZish Index 

handle 48,137 history 164 

handsome, is 137 hits 59,128 

hangover 149 h. with thrown obj. 147 

hangs 152 h. with side of fist 161 

h. himself 145 hole 155 

h. fish or f. net 62 fishing or seal h. 61,128 

happened 154 made a h. 155 

happy, is 26,146 holiness 46 

hard 122 hollering 57 

hare 76 Holy Spirit 44 

harlot 126 holy, is 46 

harness 64 home 36 

harpoon 58 honest, is 31 

has it for 170 honor 150 

h. to 180 honored 139 

hates 25 hood 33 

haughty, is 32 hook 58,61 

haunts 29,43 hooking fish 58,61 

have 172 hope 151,185 

hawks 87 hops 17 

hazy, is 105 horizon, bright 109 

he 3 h., indistinct 105 

head 6,13 horse 70 

moves h. 7,15 hospital 110 

lowers h. 15 hospitable, is 26 

raises h. 15 host 62 

turns h. 13,15 hot, is 122 

headache 20,21 hotcake 55 

heals 22,136 hotel 62 

healthy, is 22,122 hour 117,118 

hears 15 house 36 

heart 11 types of 36,37 

heater 39 parts of 37,38 

heather 99 how 143,150,158 

heaven 45,46,96 howls 71 

heavy 122 huh! 156 

heel 9 humble, is 31 

hell 46 hums 136 

helps 31,44,133,140 hunchbacked, is 21 

can't be h. 143 hungry, is 18 

herd, caribou 71. 72 h. satisfied 155 

here 111,112 hunter 57 

hides 7,155 hunting, is 57 

hidden, is 149 h. equipment 57 

high, is 121 hurries 164 

hills 102 hurt, is 25 

hips 10 hurts 19,177 

h. bone 14 husband 4 

h. joint 9 hush 131 

hisses 157 hypocrite 164


• 

is not 177 

I 

island 103 

I 3 isthmus 104 

ice conditions 108,109 it 3 

rotten i. 109,131 ivory 80 

iceberg 109 

• 

ice cream, Eskimo 54 

ice crystal 106 

J 

icicle 108 jade 97 

icky 134 jaegers 89,90 

identical 121 jaw 6,13 

idol 42,45 jays 92 

ignores 159 jealous, is 32 

ignorant, is 23 jellyfish 77 

illegitimate 5 jerkily 17,175 

imitate 163,178 jigging, is 61 

immediately 118,144,161, jigging stick 61 

179,183 joins 135 

immoral 131 joints 9 

immortal soul 43 jokes 147,156 

impatient 143 jolly, is 26 

inattentive 30 joyful, is 26 

increasing 180 judges 47,138 

Indian 2 judgment 47 

ineffectively 179 juggles 54 

inhabitant of 176 juice 147 

inherits 140 jumps 16 

inhospitable 27 j. down 17 

inland 113 see-saw j. 52 

innocent 153 j. across ice -pan 147 

insects 78 just, is 149 

inside 112,114,115,135 just (happened) 171 

insole 35 

inspired, is 24,155 

instinct 69,131 

instructs 149 kerchief 33 

insufficient, is 136 kerosene 39 

insulating, is 37 kettle, tea 40 

intends 170,176 key 38 

intensively 179 kicks 16 

quite i. 174,179 kidney 12 

intestines 11 kills 162 

edible animal i, 54 kind, is 26,31,125 

intoxicating beverage 160 king 44,47,68 

invites 126 kingdom 47 

invitation 126 kingfisher 91 

involved in 173 kisses 141 

iron 97 knapsack 

is 

58 

138,170 knee 9 

is in, at 175 kneecap 14 

k

200 

mosquito 78 

m. larva 78 

tiny m. (white socks) 78 

moss 98 

floating m. 155 

mother 4 

mountain 102 

mourns 27 

mouse 76 

mouth 7 

corner of 7 

oral cavity 13 

roof of 7 

moves 131,133 

m. out 27 

m. from place to place 152 

m. to another dwelling 152 

much, is 130 

much 169,172,174,175,178 

very m. 174,179 

so m. 178,182 

mucous 7 

mud 97 

muddy, is 138 

mukluk 35 

parts of 35 

murderer 3 

murre 87 

muscle 8,10,11 

m. cramp 20 

stiff m . 20 

mushroom 98 

musical instrument 54, 131 

musicians 131 

musk ox 82 

muskrat 76 

must 180 

myth 165 

nail 

names 

namesake 

napkin 

narrow, is 

nation 

naughty, is 

near, is 

nears 

n 

49 

130,160 

2 

56 

121 

110,111 

32 

111,143 

142 

neck 

needle 

hypodermic n. 

Negro 

nephew 

net 

n.rope 

seining n. 

dip net 

n. float 

n. lashing 

netting fish 

never 

new 

newness 

next 

niece 

night 

nine 

nineteen 

ninety 

nipple 

no 

no one 

nodding, is 

noisy, is 

noon 

noon meal 

north 

northern lights 

nose 

n. bridge 

n. cavity 

n. groove 

n,; blows 

n. bleeds 

n .; wrinkles 

has a stuffy n. 

nostrils 

not 

not very 

nothing 

notice 

now 

numb, 

nurses 

oar 

is 

o 

Engtish 

Index 

8 

51 

22 

3 

5 

61 

62 

62 

62 

62 

62 

61,62 

173 

120,182 

120 

133 

5 

117,118 

123 

124 

124 

10 

143,148,150 

154 

53 

16,151 

117 

57 

105,106 

96 

7 

7 

7,13 

7 

7 

11 

15,134 

19 

7 

176,178 

179 

154 

159 

112,120 

20 

10 

68,137

Engrish 

Index 

oatmeal 55 

obeys 139,163 paddle 68,129 

obedience 46 paddles 68 

objective phrase marker 183 page 146 

obstinate, is 30 paid 126 

obtains 157,161,177 pain 19,20 

obvious, is 156 painful 20 

occasion for 110 paints 147 

occipital 6 pair 5,171 

ocean 55,97,104 palate 7 

octopus 78 pale, is 147 

odor 162 palm 8 

offended, is 125,146 pan 40 

offering place 43 pancake 55 

officer 47 panics 27 

offspring 69 pants 34 

oh my! 126 panting, is 71 

oil, fuel 39 paper 48 

oil, sea mammal 55,56 parable 130,165 

ointment 23 parallel, is 160 

old 120,169,175 parasitic plant 99 

omitted 147 parent 1 

one 123 parka 33,34 

one half 124 partner 4,134 

one hundred 124 passes 141 

only 171,173,181,183 p. him 63 

oozes 145 p. overhead 145 

opaque, is 138 p. each other 152 

open, is 129,156 passive 182 

opens 38,146 past 118 

opinionated, is 30 pastor 3,44 

opposes 126 patch, sole 35 

opposite, are 121 p. snow 107 

or 148 path 140 

order 43 patient, is 31 

orders 47,143 paws 71 

originates 137 peace 46,129,163 

orphan 2 p. is at 26 

osprey 87 peaceable, is 26 

other 133 peaceful, is 31,163 

on the o. side 113 peg 36 

otter 77 pen 147 

outside 112,114 pencil 48,147 

Ouzel, water 93 penis 12 

oven 39 people 1 

over there 113,114 pepper 55 

OWing, is 126 perfect, is 148 

owls 90,91 perfume 162 

owns 172 perhaps 178 

persecute 148 

p 

201

202 

perserveres 

person 

pretty p. 

little p. 

white p. 

personality 

phalaropes 

pickaxe 

picks berries 

picks up 

pi ctur e 

pig 

pill 

pillar 

pillow 

pilot, ship's 

p. bread 

pincushion 

pinches 

pipit, water 

pitches 

pities 

pity 

place 

p. for 

p. of 

places 

placing, is 

plane 

plans 

plant 

plants 

plays 

pleasant, is 

pleases 

plenty 

pliers 

plovers 

plows 

plucks 

pocket 

point 

points 

poke, seal skin 

pokes 

poking stick 

pole 

poor, 

poor 

poorly 

is 

28 

2 

30 

42 

2 

43 

89 

49 

100 

16 

41,125 

70 

22 

37,132 

40 

68 

55 

51 

16 

92 

68 

148 

45 

110,185 

110 

172 

135 

110 

49,50 

158 

98 

151 

52,53,178 

185 

138 

129,130,131 

49 

88 

156 

51 

33 

103 

16,161 

156 

162 

162 

132,133 

148 

175 

185 

English 

Index 

porcupine 76 

post 37,132 

pot 40 

chamber p. 40 

potato, Eskimo 99 

potential 172,185 

pours 51,141 

power 47 

p., shaman's 41 

practices 135 

praised 146 

praises 25,26,150 

prayer 44,46 

prays 44,137 

preaches 24,46,145 

precedes 132 

precious, is 25,.121 

pregnant, is 17,162 

prejudiced, is 25 

presence 136 

president 44 

pretends 52,178 

pretty, is 30,1'21 

pricks 139 

pride 139 

prison 161 

probably 178 

proceed 140 

proceeds 169 

procures 60 

promise 44,126,165 

promises 126,165 

propeller 129 

proper, is 31 

prophet 43,46 

protects 162 

proud 31 

provokes 25 

prowler 42 

ptarmigan 86 

puberty 17 

puddle 103 

puffin, common 87 

pulls 64,71,142,152 

p. out a net 61 

p. a boat 68 

punishment 128 

puppy 71 

pure, is 46,122 

purity 46


pursues 155 redeems 157,161 

pushes 64,132 reflexive action 181 

pussy willow 101 regrets 27 

puts away 162 reigns 47 

puts in 135 reindeer 70 

puts on 34,130 rejecting, is 132 

puzzle 138 rejects 132,148 

relates 46,164 

q relative 134 

relatives 3 

quacks 142 remains 151 

quakes 135 remarks 165 

questions 129 remembers 24,138 

question marker 158 remorseful, is 152 

quickly 144,184 removes 153 

quiet, is 16,26 repentance 46 

quill 76 repents 46,148 

quits 126,143 repetitive 171 

quivers 165 reported 170 

r , of a gun 59 

r reproves 46 

reptile 82 

rabbit 76 resin 102,156 

r , drive 60 resoles 35 

race 53 respect 31 

radius 14 respects 29 

rainbow 96 responds negatively 134 

rain gear 34 rests 144,149 

raining, is 105 takes a r. 154 

raises' 138,152 r. firmly on 163 

rake 141 resurrect 42 

ransomed 46 resuscitate 42,128 

raven 92 returns 63,158,165 

raw, is 56 reunion 160 

reaches 16 revealed, is 24 

fails to r. 136 reveals 157 

beyond r. 132 revenges 126 

reads 48,160 revitalized 158 

ready, is 138,140 revived 42,128 

real 179 reward 126 

realizes 23 rhubarb, wild 99 

rebuked 136 ribs 14 

receives 127,181 boiled r. 54 

receptive, is 29 ridge 102 

recognizes 23 rifle 58 

r , can't 143 right side 111 

recover 22 right, is 136,148,149 

red 123 rings 44,127 

red stone 97 rip 127 

redeemed 46 ripped, is 33


rise 102 satisfied, is 126,143 

rises 152 saves 44,128 

river 103 Savior 44 

r. bank 102 saw, kinds of 49,50 

ri vulet 103 says 16,164 

robs 138 scalpel 23 

rolling, is 127 scallop 77 

roof 37,96 scans 59 

room 110 scar 20 

root 99,101 s. from burn 22 

rope 58 scatters 157 

rotten, is 131 scissors 51 

rough 142 scolds 24 

roughly 175 scratches 141,144 

round, is 122 screams 24,135,151 

rounds 133 seal 150 

rowboat 68 seal, kinds of 81 

rows 68 seal oil 22 

rubs 49 rubs with s. 23 

r. with seal oil 23 searches 138,153 

r. to make pliable 50 seaweed 98 

ruff, fur 33 second 118,183 

ruler 49 secret, is 149 

rules 47 secure, is 164 

rumble 139 seductive 144 

runs 16,127 sees 15 

rushes 159 seigning, is 62 

rust 142 selected 172 

sell 163 

self-asserting, is 31 

S 

send 176 

Sabbath 45,47 sends 161,163 

sacrifice 43,163 senile, is 20 

sad, is 26,137 separated, is 132 

saddened, is 144 servant 141 

safe, is 128,164 serves 157 

s. is not 155 sets 96 

said 170 s. out 151 

sail 64 s. a straight course 158 

sails 64 s. of mind 134 

saliva 8 settled 163 

salt 55,97,104 seven 123 

salvation 44 seventeen 124 

same 130 seventy 124 

sad 97 severs 140 

sandal 35 sews 51 

sandbar 103,162 shakes 165 

sanderlings 88,89 s. hands 135 

sandpipers- 88 shallow, is 103 

Satan 43 shaman 41,43

EngLish 

Index 

shares 

sharp, is 

shaves 

she 

shed 

sheep 

shelf 

shell 

sheltered, is 

shields 

shines 

shining, is 

shiny, is 

ship 

shirt 

shoots 

shore 

short, is 

shotgun 

should 

shoulder 

s. blade 

shouts 

shovel 

shovels 

shrew 

shrike 

shrimp 

shy, is 

sibling 

sick, is 

side 

sights in 

sign 

sinew 

arm s. 

twists s. 

sings 

starts to s. 

sinks 

sin 

sinner 

sins 

sister 

sister-in-law 

sits, human 

sits, animal 

six 

sixteen 

sixty 

131 

122 

6 

3 

38 

70 

38 

53,58 

128,164 

162 

96,140,144 

104 

122 

68 

33 

59 

104 

121 

58 

180 

10 

14 

24,132,133 

49 

49,152 

77 

93 

78 

29,53 

5 

19,21,150 

10 

149 

23 

35,51 

8 

51 

15,54,131 

127 

79,141 

43,45 

43 

32 

4,5 

4 

16,38 

71 

123 

124 

124 

size, its 

sketches 

skilled, is 

skin, animal 

s. boat 

s. pants, boots 

bear s. door 

stretches s. on frame 

bleached seal s. 

skin, human 

skin scraper 

skinned 

skins 

skirt 

skull cap 

s ., head 

sky 

skylight 

slaps 

sled 

sleds 

parts of s. 

sleeping bag 

sleeps 

goes to s. 

s. on back in water 

s .; talking in 

s. walking 

sleepy, 

sleet 

sleeve 

slides 

s. down 

sling 

slips 

slope 

sloppy 

slow, is 

is 

sly, is 

small, is 

smells 

s. bad 

s , strong, 

smiles 

smoke 

s. filled 

smooth, 

is 

snack time 

snake 

snare 

foul 

205 

127 

130 

157 

60 

613 

34 

37 

50 

149 

11 

49,50 

19,20 

60,134 

34 

6 

13 

96 

38 

16,76 

64 

64 

65,66 

58 

18 

18 

79,144 

18 

18 

18 

107 

33 

53 

158 

53 

145 

103 

153 

159 

32 

120 

15,149,181 

127 

146 

16,133 

39 

138 

142 

57 

77 

60

206 

snaring, is 

snatches 

sneezes 

snipes 

snores 

snow 

snow-block shelter 

snowdrift 

snowflake 

snowing, is 

snowshoes 

soap 

socks 

sod, block 

sod house 

soft 

soiled, is 

soldier 

sole of boot 

sole of foot 

sole patch 

solid, is 

some 

sometime 

son 

son -in -law 

song 

magic-working s , 

soon 

soot 

sore, is 

sorrow 

soul 

s. deceased 

sound 

sounds 

soup 

sour dock 

sour grass 

south 

sparrows 

speaks 

spear 

parts of 

spears 

spider 

spine 

spine tingling 

spinster 

spirit 

60 

125 

15,21 

88 

18 

106,107 

36 

107 

106 

106 

64 

41 

34 

38,98 

36 

122,144 

156 

129 

34 

9 

35 

163 

135 

118,120 

5 

4 

131 

41 

185 

39 

19 

27 

43 

42 

159,184 

16 

54 

99 

99 

106 

94 

8,164 

58,132 

58 

151 

79 

13 

27 

2 

43,44,134 

bad s. 

conjuring s. 

evil s. 

s. governor 

haunting s. 

helping s. 

Spirit, Holy 

EngZish 

spit, roasting 

spits 

splash 

splinter 

splits 

spoon 

little s. 

spot 

spreads 

spring 

spurts 

square 

squats 

squeezes 

squirrels 

stabs 

staff 

staggers 

stain 

stairs 

stake 

stalks 

stands 

star 

startles 

s. awake while dozing 

s. an animal 

starts 

starving, is 

state 

stays 

s. behind 

s. overnight 

s. up late 

steadfast, is 

steady, is 

steals 

stem 

stepfather 

stepson 

steps 

s. into 

s. forward 

Index 

44 

41 

43,163 

41 

43 

43 

44 

51 

8 

147 

19 

145,146 

56 

22 

147 

157 

119 

159 

122 

146 

59 

76 

139 

58 

165 

147 

38,147 

36 

59 

16,144,145 

96 

163 

18 

59 

169 

139 

175,177,181 

138,148,151 

153 

162 

153 

30 

165 

161 

98 

3 

3 

38, 129 

147 

156

English 

Index 

s. on 163 

s. up 127 

stern 9,111 

stern, is 27 

stick 36 

poking s. 162 

walking s. 58,132 

sticks up 150 

sticky, is 152 

stiff, is 21 

gets s. 18 

s. muscle 20 

stingy, is 32,133 

stinker 79 

stinks 162 

stirs 54 

stitch 51 

stomach 11,135 

s. ache 10 

s. cramps 10 

s. growls 18 

s. sour 21 

stone 97 

stool 17 

stops 126,143,152,182 

storage place 38 

storming, is 106 

stove 39 

story 165 

story, true 145,164 

straightens 149 

straight, is 157 

s. course 158 

stranger 3,62 

stretcher 48 

stretches skin 50 

stretches 160,161 

strikes 129 

string figures 132 

stroll 155 

strong, is 22, 122, 157,158 

stubborn, is 30,31 

stuck, is 139 

stuffy, is 138 

stumbles 152,156 

eubtr acting , is 124 

sucks 164 

sUddenly 160 

suffers 27,133 

SUffering 148 

suffocates 

sugar 

suicide 

suitcase 

sulfur 

summer 

sun 

Sunday 

superlative 

supper 

supplied, is 

sure, is 

surfaces 

surgery 

surplus 

surprised 

suspect 

suspects 

swallows 

swallows (birds) 

swampgrass 

swan 

sweats 

sweeps 

sweet, is 

swelling 

swims, human 

swims, sea mammal 

swing 

t 

table 

taboo 

tack 

tailbone 

take 

takes 

t. care of 

t. notice 

t. off 

t . one's picture 

t. a rest 

talks 

easy to t. to 

t. bad language 

tangle 

tangled, is 

tans 

tanning process 

tastes 

207 

137 

54,132 

145 

134 

146 

119,131 

96,104 

45 

183 

57 

173 

28,150 

79 

23 

158 

146 

135 

47 

57 

91 

98 

84 

17,20 

51 

121 

21 

53,156 

79 

52,53 

40 

42 

49 

13 

176 

16,160 

148 

159 

63 

126 

154 

15,164 

29 

164 

135 

64 

50 

50 

56


tattoo, chin 6 thirsty, is 18 

t. facial 33 thirteen 124 

tea 55 thirty 124 

t. pot, kettle 40 this one 115 

Hudson Is Bay tea 99 this one around here 116 

teacher 3 this way 136 

teaches 23 thorn in his flesh 21 

tear 127 those 116,117 

tears 7 though 169 

tells 140,145,164 thread 35,51,128 

tempers 128 threatened, is 136 

temporal bone 13 threatening, is 24 

temptation 128 three 123 

tempted, is 134 throat 8 

tempts 155 clears t. 16 

ten 123 sore t. 19,31 

tendon 11 throbbing, is 21 

tense, is 28 through 172 

tent 36 throws 133 

t. peg 36 thrushes 92 

frame for t. 36 thunder 97 

terrible, is 161 thus 136 

tests 149,165 tibia 14 

testicles 12 tickles 145 

thanks 26 ties 71,144 

thank you 146 t. up 155 

thankful 146 time 110 

that one 116,117 t. for 110 

that is all 161 t. to 57 

that is right 161 tingles 27 

that way 136 tiny, is 165 

then 114,161 tired, is 18,136,147,154 

t., remote time 118 tired of 177 

there 112 to 176 

there is 114 today 118 

thermometer 22,104 toes 9,14 

these 115,116 together 122,131,154,172 

they 3,126 t. with 134,172 

thick, is 121 toilet 40 

thigh 9,11 t. paper 40 

thimble 51 told 161 

thin, is 121 tomorrow 117 

thing 159 tongue 8 

things washed ashore 161 tonight 118 

things, sent 163 too 179,185 

think 176,181 took 140 

thinks 23 tool 49 

t. he knows everything 31 beating t. 128 

thought to be 176 carving t. 49 

thinking 169 t. handle 137

Eng~ish 

Index 

t. kit 49 t. to learn 135 

opening t. 38 t. to shoot 59 

piercing t , 49 keeps t. 151 

tooth 7,13 always t. to do 154 

t. ache 20 tundra 103 

pulls a t. 20 turn on 129 

picks t , 56 t. his back to 10 

tooth brush 41 t. head 13 

toothpick 56 t , over, off 46,142,143,148 

top, on 111 tussock 98 

topples 164 twelve 123 

tore 159 twenty 124 

torn, is 33 two 123 

t. is not 127 twisted, is 144 

touches 16,127,157,161 types 48 

t. bottom 163 typewriter 48 

towards 115 typist 48 

t. each other 131 

t. over there 113 U 

tows 142 

toy 52 ugly, is 31,121,137 

track 69 ulna 14 

tracking, is 59 umbilicus 10 

trades 126 u. cord 11 

trail 63,69 umiak 67,68 

t. snack 57 parts of 67 

tragic, is 158 unable 173 

translates 148 uncertain, is 150,180 

translucent 143 uncle 4 

trap 60 unclean 157 

t. entrance 60 undecided, is 29 

trapping, is 60 under 111 

traveller 3,62 undercut, is 134 

travels 62,63,133 understands 23 

t. down river 63,115 u. not 23 

t. up river 63 underwear 33 

t. by umiak 68 unenjoyable 27 

treasure 159 unfriendly, is 27 

treats him 43 unloads 9,64,68 

trees 101,102,150 unpredictable, is 150 

parts of 101 unravel 

129 . 

trial 164 unwise, is 32 

trim, parka 34 uppermost 120 

trouble 32 upright 150 

troubled, is 32 upriver 112,113,114 

true 135 upset, gets 162 

truth 135 up there 113 

trusts 163 up to 125 

try 177,180 urine 17 

tries 165 urinates 17 

209


us 3 wary, is 69 

useful, is 121 washes ashore 162 

uses 131,184 washes 51 

u. up 152 wasp 79 

useless 177 watches 15,148 

uttermost 174 w. critically 149 

uvula 8 water 56,103 

V 

calm w. 104 

rough w. 104 

valley 103 waterfall 145 

veers away 32,142 wave 104 

vein 11 waxwing 93 

ventilator 7,38 way, in the 132 

vertebra 13 we 3 

very 169,175,178 weak 122,158 

not v. 179 wealth 159 

village 110 weapons 57 

visiting, is 136 wears 130 

visits 137 weasel 77 

v. house to house 158 weather 104 

visitor 3,62 is good w. 30,104 

voice 16 w. conditions 104,105,106 

vole 76 webbing, harness 64 

vomits 20 w. snowshoe 64 

vulva 12 weeps 7 

welcomes 153 

W well 174 

west 106 

wades 137 wet, is 122 

wage 126 w. from dew 105 

wagtail, yellow 92 whales 80 

waist 10 parts of 81 

waits 59,160,165 w. skin with blubber 55 

w. a minute 125 killed a w. 79 

wakes up 18 whaler 68 

walks 16,155 whaling 59,63 

wall 37 what 126,143,158 

walrus 80 when 114,142 

edible w. skin 55 where 150,151,158 

fermented w. meat 55 while 118,183 

wants 153,155,172,182,183 whines 71, 136 

war 129 whip 71 

warblers 93 whips 137 

warm, is 104 whirlwind 106,163 

w. himself 153 whistles 142,157 

warns 140 whispers 16 

warning 140 white 122 

war party 158 w. person 2 

warped, is 144 w. out 105 

wart 21 who 140

English 

Index 

whose 

why 

wide, is 

widow 

widower 

wife 

will 

willow 

wind 

winds 

w. blows from 

w. dies down 

windy, is 

windbreak 

window 

windpipe 

wine 

wing 

winks 

wins 

winter 

this w. 

w. before last 

wipes 

wise, is 

unwise, 

wisecracks 

with 

withered 

is 

without, is 

wolf 

wolverine 

woman 

pretty w. 

wood 

block of 

green w. 

charred w. 

dry, dead w. 

woodpeckers 

wool 

word 

works 

w. for 

w. hard 

w. on, at 

worker 

worm 

worry 

worthless, 

is 

140 

158 

121 

2 

2 

4 

170,176,185 

101 

105 

105,106 

113 

143 

105 

37 

38 

8 

147 

138 

15 

53 

119 

118 

118 

127 

23,31 

32 

165 

172,184 

20 

171 

69 

77 

1 

30 

39 

101 

11,39,101 

39 

101 

91 

145 

46,164 

47,157 

140 

157 

173 

30 

77 

20,27 

121 

would 

wrapper 

wraps 

wrestles 

wrinkles 

wrist 

writes 

wrong, 

is 

nose 

y 

yawns 

year 

yearns to follow 

yeast 

yellow 

yells 

yelps 

yes 

yesterday 

you 

211 

176 

156 

156 

159 

15,134 

8 

48 

136 

18 

118,119 

150 

54 

123 

133 

71 

125,133 

118 

3

3MpC46ONK

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