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132 THIS DIFFICULT INDIVIDUAL "I DO advise keeping Phlebas. In fact I more'n advise. Phlebas is an integral part of the poem; the card pack introduces him, the drowned phoen. sailor. And he is needed ABSolootly where he is. Must stay in. "Do as you like about my obstetric effort. "Ditto re Conrad; who am I to grudge him his laurel crown? "Aeschylus not so good as I had hoped, but haven't time to improve him, yet. "I dare say the sweats with tears will wait "You can forward the 'Bolo' to Joyce if you think it won't unhinge his somewhat Sabbatarian mind. On the hole he might be saved the shock, shaved the sock." 7 When The Waste Land appeared, Eliot dedicated it to "Ezra Pound, il miglior fabbro", the master worker, the term which Dante had used in veneration of his own master, the Provençal poet, Arnaut Daniel. In subsequent years, Eliot had a more direct influence on American poetry than did Pound. That is, he had more disciples. The Waste Land inspired many imitators. Hart Crane was one of those who found it expedient to switch from Pound to Eliot. These two poets have continued their friendship, despite Pound's political involvements. Although great pressure was brought to bear upon Eliot, he never repudiated Pound. He did reverse himself concerning one of Pound's favorite dislikes, John Milton. In 1936, Eliot said, "He (Milton) may still be considered as having done damage to the English language from which it has not yet fully recovered." 8 But in 1947, Eliot characterized Milton as "the greatest master of free verse in our language." 9 At the same time that he was editing The Waste Land, Pound was button-holing people in Paris and demanding that they read some stories written by a talented young newspaperman, Ernest Hemingway. John Peale Bishop recalls that in 1922, when he was in Paris, Pound told him of a journalist who was trying to do serious work. Soon afterwards, he brought Hemingway around for an introduction. 10
EZRA POUND 133 Hemingway was then living in the room in which Verlaine had spent his last years. It was more romantic than convenient, for it had no heat or running water. The rent was very low, but Hemingway could have afforded better, as he was on a salary from the "Moose Jaw Clarion" or some such Canadian sheet. Pound's first lesson for Hemingway was, as usual, Flaubert, whom he offered as an example of precision of working and for his employment of le mot juste. Although Hemingway learned to work, it is difficult to say whether he uses the "right word". The language is spare and clean, the tone is masculine, but one does not hear the particular thud of the bullet landing in flesh. It is Americanese, a language more fit for vituperation than for romance. Perhaps it is this to which Wyndham Lewis refers when he speaks of the "staccato of the States". If Hemingway had not been a city boy, he might not have been quite so impressed with the hunt. Boys in Virginia learn to shoot squirrels plumb through the eye with .22 rifles. The lesson is one in precision. As for bulls . . . Malcolm Cowley says that Ezra read Hemingway's stories and blue-pencilled most of the adjectives. 11 In a letter to me, dated June 30, 1959, Ezra says, "Hem re/Cowley , 1922 aprox ; on sight ; Kent yeh see the s o b in ten years' time, setting in an office; turnin' some good guy down?" Hemingway later remarked, "Ezra was right half of the time, and when he was wrong he was so wrong you were never in doubt." 12 This is high praise, as most criticism merely adds to the general confusion. In The Apprenticeship of Ernest Hemingway, Charles Fenton says, "It was from Ezra Pound's edicts about imagism, in fact, and from their application to his own verse, that Hemingway profited most strongly from the exercise of writing poetry." 13 Although he was a successful journalist, and had won praise for his newspaper stories, Hemingway was quite modest in submitting his work to Pound for editing. He also went to another Parisian teacher, Gertrude Stein, who looked over his stories. The results of this process, or the advantages accruing to Hemingway, are in doubt. The statement, "You are all a lost generation," which was printed opposite the title page of his novel, The Sun Also Rises
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132 THIS DIFFICULT INDIVIDUAL<br />
"I DO advise keeping Phlebas. In fact I more'n advise.<br />
Phlebas is an integral part of the poem; the card pack introduces<br />
him, the drowned phoen. sailor. And he is needed ABSolootly<br />
where he is. Must stay in.<br />
"Do as you like about my obstetric effort.<br />
"Ditto re Conrad; who am I to grudge him his laurel crown?<br />
"Aeschylus not so good as I had hoped, but haven't time to<br />
improve him, yet.<br />
"I dare say the sweats with tears will wait<br />
"You can forward the 'Bolo' to Joyce if you think it won't unhinge<br />
his somewhat Sabbatarian mind. On the hole he might be<br />
saved the shock, shaved the sock." 7<br />
When The Waste Land appeared, Eliot dedicated it to "Ezra<br />
Pound, il miglior fabbro", the master worker, the term which<br />
Dante had used in veneration of his own master, the Provençal<br />
poet, Arnaut Daniel.<br />
In subsequent years, Eliot had a more direct influence on<br />
American poetry than did Pound. That is, he had more disciples.<br />
The Waste Land inspired many imitators. Hart Crane was one<br />
of those who found it expedient to switch from Pound to Eliot.<br />
These two poets have continued their friendship, despite Pound's<br />
political involvements. Although great pressure was brought to<br />
bear upon Eliot, he never repudiated Pound.<br />
He did reverse himself concerning one of Pound's favorite dislikes,<br />
John Milton. In 1936, Eliot said, "He (Milton) may still be<br />
considered as having done damage to the English language from<br />
which it has not yet fully recovered." 8<br />
But in 1947, Eliot characterized<br />
Milton as "the greatest master of free verse in our language."<br />
9<br />
At the same time that he was editing The Waste Land, Pound was<br />
button-holing people in Paris and demanding that they read some<br />
stories written by a talented young newspaperman, Ernest Hemingway.<br />
John Peale Bishop recalls that in 1922, when he was in Paris,<br />
Pound told him of a journalist who was trying to do serious work.<br />
Soon afterwards, he brought Hemingway around for an introduction.<br />
10