The Great Depression - Series Review

Teacher’s Toolbook
BZ-4204
The Great Depression
and the New Deal
Copyright © 2003 Performance Education
Updated February 2010
www.performance-education.com

Performance Education provides a series of Toolbooks for Grades 4-12.
A toolbook consists of reproducible lessons followed by the Mother Of All Tests.
Ancient Civilizations
Mesopotamia
BZ-4751
Birthplace of the world’s first civilization! The Fertile Crescent, Tigris & Euphrates rivers, irrigation, polytheism
and Hammurabi’s Code. Cuneiform, Sumerian math, the wheel and sail. Compare and contrast
Mesopotamia and Egypt. 84 test questions.
Ancient Egypt & Kush
BZ-4752
The Nile River Valley, the afterlife, pharaohs, pyramids. Hieroglyphs and the Rosetta Stone.
Mediterranean trade. Queen Hatshepsut and Ramses the Great. Includes the Kingdom of Kush. 104
test questions.
Ancient Hebrews
BZ-4753
The world’s first monotheists! The Hebrew Bible. The religion of Judaism. Mapping the Exodus.
Speeches from Abraham, Moses, Naomi, Ruth and David. The Babylonian Captivity, destruction of the
Temple, and the Diaspora. Includes the board game, “The Greatest Story Ever Told”. 92 test questions.
Ancient Greece
BZ-4772
The world’s first democracy! The Aegean Sea, Athens and the Acropolis. Forms of government: tyranny,
oligarchy, democracy and dictatorship. Direct vs. representative democracy. Greek mythology, Homer’s
Iliad and Odyssey, and Aesop’s fables. The Persian Wars. Compare and contrast Sparta and Athens.
The Peloponnesian Wars. Alexander the Great and the spread of Greek culture. Speeches by Pericles,
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Euclid and Thucydides. Includes the board game, “The Rise & Fall of the
Greek Empire.” 201 test questions.
Ancient India
BZ-4773
The latest archaeological discoveries about the Harappan Civilization. The Indus River Valley, the
Aryans and Sanskrit, Brahmanism and the caste system. An A+ explanation of Hinduism. The Mauryan
Empire, the life and moral teachings of Buddha, and the political achievements of Emperor Asoka. The
spread of Buddhism. Literature: the Rig Veda, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita.
The Hindu -Arabic numerals we use today. 185 test questions.
Ancient China
BZ-4321
The only civilization that never fell. The rise of a civilization in the Huang He Valley, geographic isolation,
hereditary rule, ancestor worship, calligraphy, the use of bronze. The “Mandate of Heaven.” How the
Age of Warring States gave rise to Confucius and Confucianism. The first Emperor builds a centralized
government and the Great Wall. The Han dynasty - expansion of the empire, bureaucratic state, civil
service test, the Silk Road, Buddhism spreads to China and the invention of paper. 185 test questions.
Ancient Rome
BZ-4473
The rise of the Roman Republic. Written constitution, tripartite government, checks and balances, civic
duty. The stories of Aeneas, Romulus and Remus, Cincinnatus, Cicero, Julius Caesar and Augustus.
The rise of the Roman Empire: control of the Mediterranean Sea, expansion of the empire and trade.
The rise of Christianity: The Diaspora, Jesus of Nazareth, and St. Paul the Apostle. The Roman legacy:
Art and architecture, science and technology, language and literature, law and government. 213 test
questions.
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If you like this workbook, you’ll love the matching posters . . .
Mesopotamia poster 17x22 BQ-2751
The world's first civilization! Mesopotamia means “Land between the rivers.” How geography shaped the civilization.
Mesopotamia has two major rivers - the Tigris and Euphrates. The rivers begin in the mountains and end in the sea. A ziggurat
(temple) was built to resemble the mountains up north. The world’s first cities were walled cities. The Gate of Ishtar protected the
citizens of Babylon. Hammurabi created the world’s first set of laws. Mesopotamia was the perfect place for growing grain to
make bread. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (built by slave labor!) resemble the mountains up north. People invented the wheel!
The ABCs list shows all the inventions and innovations, from A to Z. The inset shows that Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq) lies in the
Middle East.
Ancient Egypt poster 17x22 BQ-1752
The civilization arose along the Nile River. Egypt is sandy desert. It has one major river, the Nile, which flows to the sea.
King Tut, an esophagus, statue of Ramses, bust of Queen Nefertiti, sacred animals (the cat), hieroglyphics.
People lived in the Fertile Crescent and interacted with the Nile River. Using the river, they invented everything from irrigation to
papyrus. Egypt’s religion arose largely from the desert! Its habitat, climate, and river gave rise to an elaborate mythology.
The ABCs list shows all the inventions and innovations, from A to Z. The inset shows that Egypt lies in the Middle East.
Ancient Greece poster 17x22 BQ-2472
Greece is a hand-shaped peninsula that sticks out into the Aegean Sea. Everywhere (mainland and islands), the land is hilly and
rocky! Greek religion and mythology is represented by the Parthenon, Athena, Aphrodite, and Nike (“Winged Victory, a statue without
arms). Greek democracy is represented by Socrates. Greek wars are represented by the Trojan Horse.
The rocky soil caused Greece to become a seafaring people. The ABCs list shows all the inventions and innovations, from A to Z.
These are the gifts that Greece gave to the world! You can see the places in the history of the Greek Empire . . . Crete, Athens,
Troy, Hellespont (Dardanelles), Peloponnesian Peninsula, Sparta, Marathon, Salamis, Thermopylae, Olympia, Corinth. Certain
geographic features (peninsula, strait, isthmus) played a major role in Greek history.
Ancient Rome poster 17x22 BQ-2473
Italy is a peninsula that sticks out into the Mediterranean Sea. Italy is protected by a natural land barrier: The Alps.
Romulus & Remus, Caesar Augustus (the first emperor), an aqueduct, and the Colosseum. The Romans were engineers. An
aqueduct carries water from the mountains to Rome. A toga and sandals are perfect for the hot, dry climate. The Roman Empire
was built on trade with colonies on the rim of the Mediterranean Sea. The ABCs list shows all the inventions and innovations, from
A to Z.
Map & Timeline of World Religions poster 36x20 BQ-9088
Five major religion: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism.
The world is colored by religions, so you can see patterns and make general statements:
Each religion is explained:
When founded, founder, sacred book, sacred place, place of worship, symbols, and photo of the most famous religious site . . .
Judaism ................Jerusalem
Christianity ............St. Peter's Basilica
Islam .....................Mecca
Hinduism ..............The Ganges River
Buddhism .............The Great Buddha shrine
Buddha poster 28x22 BQ-2315
A statue of Buddha. He is meditating. Meditation is a key tenet of Buddhism. Buddha is represented by statues. (This is not true of
all religions. In the religion of Islam, Muhammad is never represented in pictures or sculpture.)This statue is located in Kamakura,
Japan. It was created during medieval Japan.
The Great Wall poster 17x22 BQ-2314
The Great Wall was built by the First Emperor to keep out invaders. The Great Wall runs atop the mountain ridges.
It was designed to be a fort: wide enough for soldiers on horseback and the soldiers live inside its walls.
China Ricefields poster 28x22 BQ-2313
The Han dynasty controlled South China, which is the “Rice Bowl.”
What a rice paddy looks like - the teenage girls are ankle deep in water, planting rice.

The Middle Ages
The Fall of Rome
BZ-4474
Why did Rome fall? What was the significance of the Byzantine Empire? What was the Great Schism? Student speeches by
Constantine the Great. 114 test questions.
The Middle Ages - Islam
BZ-4754
The life of Muhammad and the religion of Islam. The Koran: beliefs, practices, and law. The Five Pillars. A pilgrimage to Mecca.
Ramadan. What beliefs do Muslims share with Jews and Christians? Sunni vs Shiite Muslims. How geography shaped Arab culture.
Compare the nomadic and sedentary way of life. The spread of Islam by military conquests, cultural blending, and the spread
of the Arabic language. The rise of cities. The role of merchants and their caravan trade routes throughout Asia, Africa and Europe.
The Golden Age of Islam: Muslim scholars and their intellectual achievements. 348 test questions.
The Middle Ages - China
BZ-4322
The Golden Age of China. Four dynasties - Tang, Sung, Mongols, and Ming. The reunification of China. Buddhism spread through
China, Korea and Japan. Block printing was invented. The Mongol invasion, Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Marco Polo.
Confucianism. The Grand Canal. The Silk Road. Sea expeditions. The imperial state and its bureaucracy. Chinese inventions (tea,
paper, woodblock printing, the compass, and gunpowder) and their impact on world history. 338 test questions.
The Middle Ages - Africa
BZ-4828
Life in the Niger River Valley. How geography shaped the caravan trade. Desert people traded salt; rainforest people traded gold.
The two peoples met in the savanna, “where the camel meets the canoe.” The Empire of Ghana was founded on the gold-salt
trade. The story of Mansa Musa and the Empire of Mali. The importance of family, specialized jobs, and the oral tradition in West
Africa. How Arab merchants spread the Arabic language and the religion of Islam. 246 test questions.
The Middle Ages - Japan
BZ-4331
How geography shaped the culture. Nara. Prince Shotoku. The Golden Age of Literature: Lady Murasaki Shikibu’s The Tale of
Genji, The Pillow Book, and haiku. The rise of a military society. Shinto and Zen Buddhism. The rise of cities like Edo (Tokyo).
How weak Ashikaga shoguns tried to rule, yet the daimyo warred among themselves. The samurai’s impact on culture. Noh and
Kabuki theater. How medieval Japan and medieval England were very similar. 631 test questions.
The Middle Ages - Europe
BZ-4403
How geography shaped life in medieval Europe. How Christianity spread throughout northern Europe. The rise of feudalism and
life on the manor. The rise of towns. The rise of monarchy. Kings & Popes. The story of Charlemagne. William the Conqueror and
the Norman invasion. The Magna Carta, Parliament, the English court system - and how they influenced the U.S. Causes and
results of the Crusades. Trace the route of the bubonic plague. The Catholic Church’s impact on Europe. Ferdinand, Isabella, and
the Reconquista. 1,364 test questions.
Maya, Inca, Aztec
BZ-4755
The Maya carved a civilization out the rainforest of Central America: slash-and-burn farming, pyramids, a system of writing, math
and astronomy. The Aztecs moved to the Plateau of Mexico and built a floating city: Tenochtitlan, Lake Texcoco, floating gardens,
tomatoes, maize, chocolate, causeways, aqueducts, a warlike society with slavery and human sacrifice. Like the Romans, the Inca
were engineers: The Andes, roads along the rides, terrace farming, royal messengers, the quipu, the potato, Cusco and Machu
Picchu. 178 test questions.
Renaissance & Reformation
BZ-4404
THE RENAISSANCE: What was the Renaissance? Florence and Venice. Trade along the Silk Road. Marco Polo. The impact of
the printing press. The achievements. The stories of Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Gutenberg, and Shakespeare.
THE REFORMATION: What was the Reformation? The leaders - Erasmus, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Tynedale. The impact
of Protestantism. The Counter-Reformation: Jesuits, the Council of Trent, and Catholic missionaries throughout Asia, Africa, and
Latin America. The Inquisition. 743 test questions.
The Age of Exploration
BZ-4410
The story of the explorers from Columbus to Magellan. Their sea routes. The Columbian Exchange. Colonization. The Atlantic
Slave Trade. Pirates of the Caribbean. Mercantilism. The consequences of the Age of Exploration. 153 test questions.
Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment BZ-4405
Covers the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. 356 test questions.

Modern World History
Three Revolutions
BZ-4131
Compare England’s Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution. Timeline to determine causes and
results. Games to remember the Enlightenment philosophers: Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Jefferson, Madison, Bolivar. How to
analyze the documents: The Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence, Declaration of the Rights of Man,
U.S. Bill of Rights. Top Ten Reasons why the English Revolution was glorious. Top Ten Reasons why the French Revolution was
bloody. “What if your school were run by Robespierre?” 633 test questions.
The Industrial Revolution
BZ-4132
Why was England the first country to industrialize? Inventors: Watt, Whitney, Bessemer, Pasteur, Edison. Industrial cities, the factory
system, and child labor. “What if your school were run by Karl Marx?” William Blake and his poem, “these dark satanic mills.”
Charles Dickens, social critic. 556 test questions.
Imperialism
BZ-4133
Motives for European imperialism. Europe’s impact on Asia and Africa. Tell the story through maps and political cartoons. Analyze
Kipling’s poem, “The White Man’s Burden.” What if your school were run the way the British ran India? Students form an international
court and put colonialism on trial. The rise of independence movements, including Gandhi in India. 455 test questions.
World War I
BZ-4134
Causes and results, people and events. Why was World War I horrific? (Total war.) Life in the trenches. How to use propaganda
posters, political cartoons, and photos. Why the Russian Revolution caused the U.S. to enter the war. The Versailles Treaty.
Timeline turned into a board game. 294 test questions.
The Rise of Dictators
BZ-4136
What is a totalitarian government? Lenin, Stalin, and the Russian Revolution. Hitler, Mussolini, and the rise of fascism in Europe.
An A+ comparison of communism and fascism. Hitler and Stalin: one was a wolf; the other a bear. Both will chill you to the bone.
496 test questions.
World War II
BZ-4137
Causes and results, people and events. Appeasement. The Hitler-Stalin Pact. The Allies vs the Axis. Theaters of war, turning
points, and war conferences. Rank the leaders from best to worst. Using worksheeets, students write essays - expressive, narrative,
informative, and persuasive. Mapping the Holocaust is both painful and powerful. 656 test questions.
The Cold War Across the Globe
BZ-4138
From the Iron Curtain to the fall of the Berlin Wall. Causes and results, people and events. All the crises on every continent. Tell
the entire story using maps and political cartoons. The collapse of the Soviet Union. 602 test questions.
The World Today
BZ-4139
A close examination of four regions of the world today. What are the trends in each region? We examine Asia (China), the Middle
East (Saudi Arabia), Africa (the Congo), and Latin America (Mexico). Covers politics (key leaders, political systems, individual freedom),
economics (natural resources, population patterns, economic systems), hot issues (nationalism, religious conflict), and international
relationships. A+ on terms and definitions. Plenty of graphic organizers. 959 questions.

Performance Education provides a series of Teacher Toolbooks for Grades 6-12.
A toolbook consists of reproducible lessons followed by the Mother Of All Tests.
This allows you test every Friday.
U.S. History
AMERICAN FOUNDATIONS
SET-4613
Colonial America
BZ-4116
Everything from A to Z. Why the colonies were founded, life in colonial America, compare and contrast
the three regions - New England, the Middle colonies, and the South. Why representative government
arose in the Thirteen Colonies. 516 test questions.
The American Revolution
BZ-4117
Everything you need to know about the American Revolution, from A to Z. The Causes. The
Revolutionary War. The Leaders. The Results. A full analysis of the significance of the Declaration of
Independence. 200 test questions.
The U.S. Constitution
BZ-4118
You can’t touch this - no other workbook comes close. Topics: The origins, fundamental principles,
Constitutional Convention, Bill of Rights, and how the Constitution works. The centerpiece: Guys and
gals recreate the Constitutional Convention. (It’s easy, we provide a worksheet for each student in your
class.) Action games and analysis of documents help students appreciate the principles that underlie our
Constitution. 551 test questions.
THE 19TH CENTURY
SET-4614
The Early Republic
BZ-4128
The Federalist era and the rise of the two-party system. Compare and contrast Alexander Hamilton and
Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase. The War of 1812: causes, events,
people, and results. The Industrial Revolution: inventors, factories, and immigrant labor. 505 test questions.
Growth & Conflict
BZ-4129
From 1830 onward, this explains the causes of the Civil War. Andrew Jackson and Jacksonian democracy.
Westward expansion. The Mexican War. Slavery and slave resistance. The Abolitionists. The
Reformers: Horace Mann and many more. 699 test questions.
The Civil War
BZ-4119
Everything you need to know about the Civil War from A to Z: Causes, events, battles, turning points,
leaders, and consequences. The concepts: states’ rights vs federalism, sectionalism, nullification and
secession. Abraham Lincoln’s presidency and his speeches. 699 test questions.
The Industrial Age
BZ-4189
The Industrial Revolution, 1870 to 1900. Railroads and high-tech farming shaped a new federal Indian
policy. The Sioux Wars. The Homestead Act. Inventors and inventions: Edison, Bell, the Wright brothers.
Industrialists and bankers (Carnegie, Rockefeller, Stanford, Morgan) shaped both economics and politics.
Urbanization and industrialization. Child labor. Laissez-faire. The labor movement. Immigration. The
Populist Party. 240 test questions.

THE 20TH CENTURY
SET-4615
The U.S. as a World Power
BZ-4202
The Spanish-American War, 1898. The Open Door policy. The Panama Canal. Theodore Roosevelt’s Big
Stick diplomacy. Taft’s dollar diplomacy. Woodrow Wilson’s moral diplomacy. 603 test questions.
The Progressive Era
BZ-4201
The Muckrakers. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle. Life in the industrial cities: sweatshops and slums, and the
political machine. Corporate mergers and the Trust. Social Darwinism and the Social Gospel. The
Progressive Party. Federal regulation of big business. President Theodore Roosevelt. 944 test questions.
World War I
BZ-4120
Everything you need to know about World War I, from A to Z. The causes, events, people, and consequences
of the war. Plus: What was happening on the home front? 414 test questions.
The Roaring Twenties
BZ-4203
Three Republican presidents: Harding, Coolidge and Hoover. The Palmer Raids. Marcus Garvey. The
KKK. Immigration quotas. Groups that tried to protect individual rights: ACLU, NAACP, Anti-Defamation
League. The 18th, 19th, and 21st Amendments. The new status of women. The Harlem Renaissance.
Radio, movies, and popular culture. 586 test questions.
The Great Depression
BZ-4204
The causes and consequences of the Great Depression. The Dust Bowl. FDR and the New Deal.
Expansion of the federal government: WPA, Social Security, NLRB, farm programs, and the TVA. The
role of organized labor. 784 test questions.
World War II (at home and abroad)
BZ-4137
Everything you need to know about World War II, from A to Z. The causes, events, people, and consequences
of the war. The Axis and Allies. Appeasement. Theaters of war, turning points, and war conferences.
Churchill, FDR, Hirohito, Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, MacArthur, and Eisenhower. The Holocaust.
Plus: What was happening on the home front? 656 test questions.
The Cold War across the Globe
BZ-4138
Everything you need to know about the Cold War, from A to Z. The two superpowers (U.S. and
U.S.S.R.) face off. The causes: Yalta, Eastern Europe, the nuclear arms race. The Marshall Plan,
rebuilding Germany and Japan. The Truman Doctrine, the Korean War, Vietnam. Competition for hearts
and minds in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. China from Mao to Tiananmen Square.
Eastern Europe from the Iron Curtain to the 1990s. The Middle East from the birth of israel to the 1990s.
602 test questions.
The Civil Rights Movement
BZ-4207
How World War II changed expectations. Brown v. Board of Education. The leaders: A. Philip Randolph,
Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Thurgood Marshall, James Farmer, and Rosa Parks. Dr. King’s Letter
from Birmingham Jail and his “I Have a Dream” speech. Resistance at Little Rock and Birmingham. The
movement spreads to northern cities. The 1964 Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the
24th Amendment. The impact on American Indians, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, and the
women’s movement of the 1960s. 625 test questions.
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Stories to read aloud!
Great for class warm-ups.
Great for end-of-course review.
Predicting the Past
The teacher reads a profile of a famous person.
Students predict what happens to the person!
FOR U.S. HISTORY
The Presidents, 1776-1865
From George Washington to Abraham Lincoln
Several pages for each president.
One page for each major issue of his presidency.
The Presidents, 1865-1900
From Andrew Johnson to William McKinley
Several pages for each president.
One page for each major issue of his presidency.
The Presidents, 20th century
From Teddy Roosevelt to George W. Bush
Several pages for each president.
One page for each major issue of his presidency.
BZ-6201
BZ-6202
BZ-6203
African Americans of the 20th Century
BZ-6250
From W.E.B. DuBois to Maya Angelou
Covers famous people from each decade, especially the Civil Rights movement.
91 stories.
One page for each person.
Famous Women of the 20th Century
From Helen Keller to Hillary Clinton
Covers famous women from each decade.
One page for each person.
BZ-6251
FOR WORLD HISTORY
Famous People of the Ancient World
BZ-6210
From Hammurabi to Julius Caesar
Covers Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Hebrews, Ancient Greece, Ancient India, Ancient China, and Ancient Rome.
102 stories.
One page for each person.
Famous People of the Middle Ages
From Muhammad to Ferdinand & Isabella
Covers medieval Islam, Africa, China, Japan, and Europe.
92 stories.
One page for each person.
BZ-6211
Famous People of the Renaissance & Reformation BZ-6212
From Michelangelo to Martin Luther
Covers the Renaissance and Reformation, plus the Scientific Revolution and Age of Exploration.
67 stories.
One page for each person.
Famous People of the 20th Century
From Archduke Ferdinand to Osama bin Laden
127 stories.
One page for each person.
BZ-6252

Performance Education provides a series of Workbooks and Toolbooks for Grades 6-12.
Each workbook consists of 50+ reproducible lessons.
The Toolbooks conclude with the “Mother of All Tests.”
World Regions
What is Asia? Toolbook BZ-4326
Asia, from A to Z! First, an overview of Asia’s geography, economics, politics, history, religion and culture. Then an in-depth look at
China, Japan, India, and Southeast Asia. Brain games galore. 596 test questions.
What is Africa? Toolbook BZ-4827
Zip through Africa with ease! Physical regions: Sahara Desert, rainforest, savanna. Cultural regions: West Africa, North Africa, East
Africa, South Africa. How to write four different essays on one historical figure - Mansa Musa, Ibn Battuta or Nelson Mandela.
Topics: geography, history, culture, and economics. How to write country reports. 444 test questions.
What is the Middle East?
BZ-4328
Action-packed lessons cover the region’s geography, economy, religion, history, and culture. Develop a mental map using action
games like “The Great Mapmaster,” “Red Light, Green Light,” and “Where Am I?” Learn the story of oil to explain gasoline prices
today. A sophisticated (but fun) look at religion: The life of Muhammad, the Hajj, the ABCs of Islam, a Muslim never eats port, and
Life is like a rock group.
What is Western Europe?
BZ-4402
Do you get bogged down in Western Europe? Zip through it, from A to Z. Fifty action-packed lessons designed for whole-class
learning and cooperative groups. Each lesson is 20 minutes in and out. Perfect for block courses.
What is Eastern Europe?
BZ-4401
The toughest region to teach: 19 countries that fell behind the Iron Curtain. Since 1990, most have new names, new borders, new
governments, new everything!
Central Asia
BZ-4701
Formerly known as “Afghanistan & the Seven Stans.” An overview of Central Asia, the fascinating route along the Silk Road. An
overview of the region (history, culture, religion, politics, economics), then take a closer look Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan,
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikstan and Kyrgyzstan. Includes the suspense-filled story behind September 11, 2001.
What is Australia? Toolbook BZ-4704
Australia, the “Land Down Under”! A jillion activities covering the geography, economy, history and culture of fascinating Australia.
Everything you ever wanted to know about this incredible island-continent. 426 test questions.
What is Canada? Toolbook BZ-4702
“O, Canada!” Everything you ever wanted to know about our northern neighbor. A jillion activities covering the geography, economy,
history and culture of our northern neighbor. 1,008 test questions.
What is Latin America? Toolbook BZ-4703
Everything you ever wanted to know about our southern neighbors. Covers four regions: Mexico, Central America, South America,
and the Caribbean. The five themes of geography. History, politics, and economics. Famous figures in history: Atahualpa,
Montezuma, Simon Bolivar, Fidel Castro, Gabriela Mistral, Pele, Diego Rivera, and more. The ABCs of culture. Worksheets for
country reports. 1,080 test questions.
What is Mexico? Toolbook BZ-4710
Everything you ever wanted to know about Mexico! Geography, history, government, economics and culture. Favorite lessons:
Create a human map of Mexico. What’s it like to live in Mexico City, the world’s most populous city? Why people move from
Mexico to the U.S. The Top Ten Reasons why immigration is good. The Top Ten Reasons why immigration is bad. Mapping “the
Fence” along the U.S.-Mexico border. What Mexico inherited from Spain. The Mexican Revolution of 1910. The Constitution of
Mexico gives government control over natural resources. Mexico is oil-rich. Corruption is the No. 1 political problem in Latin
America today. NAFTA: What is free trade? Has it helped the Mexican economy? 410 test questions.

GEOGRAPHY
What is Geography?
BZ-2501
The perfect introduction to geography. Learn to see like a geographer, speak like a geographer. THE 5 THEMES: Examine your
community, state, region, country, other countries. THE 5 SKILLS: Where is your school located? Why there? Where is your grocery
store located? Why there? Heavy on maps, charts, diagrams, and using a atlas, globe, database. Heavy on terms.
GLOBAL STUDIES
Comparing Countries
BZ-4336
Compare and contrast countries! Topics: World population, wealth, natural resources. Why do some countries have such a large
population? Why are some countries rich, others poor? Case study of oil and the Middle East. Make and interpret charts and
graphs, thematic maps, cartograms and population pyramids. Heavy on terms.
World Trade
BZ-4501
We begin with the personal and move to the global.
Part 1: How is your family connected to the rest of the world? Much of the stuff in your house is imported: Where was it made?
Why there? Part 2: The world in a chocolate bar. Where factories are located and why.
WORLD CULTURES
The ABCs of World Cultures BZ-4511
What is culture? Using an encyclopedia and our graphic organizers, students can examine the culture of any country in the world!

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Performance Education has a full line of maps, posters, and workbooks for U.S. History, World History,
World Cultures, Geography, and Government/Civics.
Visit us at www.performance-education.com

Your state test is based on Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom’s taxonomy
Your state test is based on Bloom’s taxonomy.
The men and women who have designed your end-of-course exam are experts in Bloom’s taxonomy.
They can take one event, person, map, chart, or cartoon . . . and turn it into six separate questions.
This Toolbook is based on Bloom’s taxonomy.
Since your state test is based on Bloom’s taxonomy, so are the lessons in this Toolbook.
The toughest questions on the state test involve synthesis and evaluation.
What is Bloom’s taxonomy?
It is critical thinking.
Students must be able to manipulate the facts.
1. Memorize Memorize the facts, especially terms and definitions.
2. Interpret Translate the facts into your own words.
3. Apply Can you find an existing match?
4. Analyze Break down the facts (compare and contrast, cause and effect)
5. Synthesize Add up the facts and draw conclusions
6. Evaluate Using a high standard, how does this person or event measure up?
Performance in front of the class
In this book, the lessons give students practice in Bloom’s taxonomy.
Performance - in front of the class. Peer pressure can be wonderful.
Performance - on paper.
Maps, graphic organizers, all the tricks in the book.
Performance - on the practice test. Many students learn after the fact - by trial and error.
A fat Toolbook
To those non-teachers who say this is a long Toolbook, we say: “Why, yes. Did you not know?
This is what it takes for a student to learn your state’s standards for Social Studies.”
Your learning curve
There is no learning curve for you.
Reproducible lessons
There are several types of lessons:
1. Some are lectures.
2. Some should be turned into transparencies.
3. Some are student worksheets and must be copied.
The Tests
If your students can do well on these tests, the state test will be a breeze.
The Master Teacher
This book is based on two premises:
Every child can achieve success on the test.
Every teacher can become a master teacher.
page 12

The Great Depression

Icons
You will find these icons on the upper corner of each lesson.
They identify each lesson as a particular type of activity.
They will also alert you to lessons that need early preparation,
such as transparencies, films or hands-on projects.
Graphic Organizer
Transparency
Lecture
A Story
Timeline
Transparency
Chart
Group Analysis
Debate
Skits
Mapping
Films
Projects
Library Research
Writing Activities
Games
Documents
Speeches
Quotations
Internet

There are 185 lessons.
There are 761 questions on the test.
Table of Contents
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
What was the Great Depression? page 24
Lesson #1 Lecture What was the Great Depression?
Lesson #2 Powerpoints The Great Depression
Lesson #3 Graphic organizer How to analyze the Great Depression
The stock market crash, 1929 page 29
Lesson #4 Lecture The stock market during the 1920s
Lesson #5 Readings The Roaring Twenties
Lesson #6 Lecture The stock market crash
Lesson #7 Videos The stock market crash
Lesson #8 Photos The stock market crash
Lesson #9 Games The stock market crash
Causes of the Great Depression page 36
Lesson #10 Lecture What caused the stock market crash?
Lesson #11 Lecture What caused the Great Depression?
Lesson #12 Group analysis Three causes
Lesson #13 Student project Three causes
Herbert Hoover page 42
Lesson #14 Profile Herbert Hoover: From rags to riches
Five major problems
Lesson #15 Lecture Five major problems
Lesson #16 Student project Five major problems
Five wrong actions
Lesson #17 Profile Herbert Hoover: The Mining Engineer
Lesson #18 Lecture Five wrong actions
Lesson #19 Lecture The Federal Reserve made things worse
Lesson #20 Videos The Federal Reserve
Lesson #21 Group analysis The Federal Reserve
One right action
Lesson #22 Lecture The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
The most hated man in America
Lesson #23 Profile Herbert Hoover: The Scapegoat
Lesson #24 Videos The most hated man in America

The Suffering page 62
The unemployed and the homeless
Lesson #25 Photos The homeless
Lesson #26 Videos The unemployed
Lesson #27 Stories Tales of the average joe and jane
Lesson #28 Photos Cities & Countryside
Lesson #29 Films Feature films
Young people during the Depression
Lesson #30 Videos How young people made a living
Lesson #31 Research Riding the Rails
Lesson #32 Videos The Scottsboro Boys, 1931
African Americans during the Depression
Lesson #33 Videos African Americans during the Depression
Lesson #34 Timeline Life in Harlem during the Great Depression
The Dustbowl page 77
Lesson #35 Lecture The Dustbowl
Lesson #36 Profile Dorothea Lange - Photographer of the Dustbowl
Lesson #37 Research The Dustbowl
Lesson #38 Videos The Dustbowl
Lesson #39 Videos Woody Guthrie - Folksongs of the Dustbowl
Lesson #40 Group analysis The Dustbowl
Lesson #41 Group analysis The Grapes of Wrath
Lesson #42 Group analysis The United Farm Workers
By 1932, people were desperate
Lesson #43 Group analysis Top Ten Reasons why the Depression was traumatic
The Bonus March, 1932 page 90
Lesson #44 Lecture The Bonus March
Lesson #45 Research The Bonus march
The Election of 1932 page 93
Lesson #46 Lecture The Election of 1932
Lesson #47 Research The Election of 1932
Lesson #48 Maps & Charts The Election of 1932
Lesson #49 Game Two philosophies: Hoover vs FDR
Lesson #50 Game Two philosophies: Hoover vs FDR
Lesson #51 Lecture FDR won by a landslide
Lesson #52 Readings Why Hoover was defeated
Lesson #53 Group analysis Why Hoover was defeated
page 16

Review page 104
Lesson #54 Group analysis Famous quotations
Lesson #55 Graphic organizer The Great Depression
Lesson #56 Game The ABCs of the Great Depression
Lesson #57 Game Can you talk like Herbert Hoover?
Lesson #58 Game Mars / Venus
Lesson #59 Game Honk if you hate history
Lesson #60 Game Stump the teacher
Lesson #61 Game The Last Man Standing
The Test page 113
The test consists of 285 questions.
page 17

THE NEW DEAL
Websites page 155
What was the New Deal? page 158
Lesson #1 Lecture What was the New Deal?
Lesson #2 Timeline Timeline of the New Deal
Lesson #3 Graphic organizer How to analyze the New Deal
Franklin Delano Roosevelt page 163
Lesson #4 Profile FDR: His personal tragedy
Lesson #5 Videos The life story of FDR
Lesson #6 Character web FDR: His character
Lesson #7 Profile Eleanor Roosevelt
Lesson #8 Research Eleanor Roosevelt
Lesson #9 Political cartoons Waiting for FDR to take office
FDR took office page 173
Lesson #10 Speech First inaugural address, 1933
Lesson #11 Political cartoons FDR faced a lot of problems
Lesson #12 Research FDR’s cabinet
Lesson #13 Profile Frances Perkins
Lesson #14 Research Frances Perkins
Lesson #15 Lecture “The Brain Trust”
Lesson #16 Videos John Maynard Keynes
Lesson #17 Chart Deficit spending
Lesson #18 Letter From John Maynard Keynes to FDR
Lesson #19 Group analysis Deficit spending
The First 100 Days page 192
Lesson #20 Lecture The First 100 Days
Lesson #21 Videos The First 100 Days
Lesson #22 Political cartoons FDR ended Prohibition
FDR saved the banks
Lesson #23 Lecture The first crisis FDR tackled was the banking crisis
Lesson #24 Radio broadcasts The “Fireside Chats”
Lesson #25 Group analysis FDR’s “Bank Holiday”
Lesson #26 Political cartoons FDR saved the banks
How the New Deal regulated the banking industry
Lesson #27 Group analysis The Glass-Steagall Act, 1933
Lesson #28 Group analysis The FDIC
How the New Deal regulated Wall Street
Lesson #29 Group analysis The SEC
Lesson #30 Political cartoons FDR cleaned up Wall Street
Lesson #31 Game Crackdown on banks and Wall Street
Lesson #32 Game Crackdown on banks and Wall Street

Government regulation of Big Business
Lesson #33 Chart What was “new” about the New Deal?
Lesson #34 Political cartoons Big Business did not like government regulation
Lesson #35 Group analysis The FCC
Congress gave FDR a hard time
Lesson #36 Political cartoons Congress gave FDR a hard time
The Alphabet programs page 216
Lesson #37 Lecture The Alphabet programs
Lesson #38 Political cartoons The Alphabet programs
Lesson #39 Chart The Alphabet programs
Lesson #40 Game The Alphabet programs
Lesson #41 Photos The New Deal
Lesson #42 Chart The Alphabet programs
How the New Deal helped those who lost their jobs
Lesson #43 Lecture Welfare payments
Lesson #44 Group analysis The FERA
How the New Deal helped those who still had jobs
Lesson #45 Lecture The NRA
Lesson #46 Group analysis The NRA
How the New Deal helped young men
Lesson #47 Lecture The CCC
Lesson #48 Videos The CCC
Lesson #49 Group analysis The CCC
How the New Deal created jobs for construction workers
Lesson #50 Lecture The WPA
Lesson #51 Group analysis The WPA
Lesson #52 Political cartoons Public Works
Lesson #53 Internet The WPA: “Yes, we did!”
How the New Deal created jobs for “starving artists”
Lesson #54 Internet The WPA: Jobs for “starving artists”
How the New Deal created jobs for African Americans
Lesson #55 Profile Zora Neale Hurston
Lesson #56 Research African Americans during the New Deal
How the New Deal helped farmers
Lesson #57 Lecture How the New Deal helped farmers
Lesson #58 Group analysis The AAA
Lesson #59 Political cartoons The AAA
page 19

How the New Deal helped the South
Lesson #60 Lecture The TVA
Lesson #61 Group analysis The TVA
How the New Deal helped homeowners
Lesson #62 Group analysis The FHA
Lesson #63 Video The FHA
How the New Deal helped senior citizens
Lesson #64 Lecture Social Security
Lesson #65 Group analysis Social Security
Lesson #66 Political cartoon Social Security
Critics of the New Deal page 263
Lesson #67 Lecture Critics of the New Deal
Lesson #68 Videos Opposition to the New Deal
Lesson #69 Game Critics of the New Deal
Lesson #70 Game Critics of the New Deal
Was the New Deal socialism?
Lesson #71 Profile FDR: Prevented extremism
Packing the Supreme Court, 1936 page 271
Lesson #72 Profile FDR: Packing the Supreme Court
Lesson #73 Lecture Packing the Supreme Court
Lesson #74 Videos Packing the Supreme Court
Lesson #75 Political cartoons Packing the Supreme Court
The New Deal Continues
Lesson #76 Speech FDR’s second inaugural address, 1937
Lesson #77 Political cartoons FDR tried to balance the budget, 1937
Organized labor page 284
Lesson #78 Profile Florence Reece
Lesson #79 Lecture The Wagner Act and the CIO
Lesson #80 Videos History of organized labor
Lesson #81 Political cartoons The Wagner Act, 1935
Lesson #82 Group analysis The Wagner Act
Lesson #83 Lecture The Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938
Lesson #84 Group analysis The Fair Labor Standards Act
Lesson #85 Game Labor laws
Lesson #86 Game Labor laws
Lesson #87 Lecture The farmworkers
Lesson #88 Profile Cesar Chavez
page 20

Results of the New Deal page 301
Lesson #89 Chart Ten results
1. Only World War II pulled the U.S. out of the Great Depression
Lesson #90 Political cartoons The New Deal did not pull the U.S. out of the Depression
Lesson #91 Lecture World War II pulled the U.S. out of the Depression
2. Government intervention in the economy
Lesson #92 Group analysis The New Deal: What worked? What did not work?
3. Government regulation of Big Business
Lesson #93 Lecture What worked
4. The Welfare State
Lesson #94 Lecture The Welfare State
5. Preserved democracy
Lesson #95 Chart How the Democrats & Republicans saw the New Deal
Lesson #96 Political cartoon FDR preserved democracy
6. The President became much more powerful
Lesson #97 Political cartoons FDR was the first powerful president
7. The beginning of Big Government
Lesson #98 Profile FDR created Big Government
Lesson #99 Political cartoons FDR created Big Government
8. The beginning of Organized Labor
Lesson #100 Charts Union membership
9. The New Deal Coalition
Lesson #101 Profile Mary McLeod Bethune
Lesson #102 Game The New Deal Coalition
Lesson #103 Game The New Deal Coalition
Lesson #104 Lecture The Hatch Act
10. Changes to the Constitution
Lesson #105 Game Changes to the Constitution
page 21

Pop Culture in the 1930s page 332
Lesson #106 Internet What was life like during the 1930s?
Lesson #107 Videos Fashion
Lesson #108 Videos Hollywood films
Review page 340
Lesson #109 Group analysis Top Ten Reasons why the New Deal was great
Lesson #110 Group analysis Top Ten Reasons why the New Deal was not great
Lesson #111 Group analysis The New Deal
Lesson #112 Group analysis The New Deal
Lesson #113 Debate The New Deal
Lesson #114 Graphic organizer The New Deal
Lesson #115 Game The ABCs of the New Deal
Lesson #116 Game Can you talk like FDR?
Lesson #117 Game Who am I?
Lesson #118 Group analysis Rank!
Lesson #119 Group analysis Great quotations
Lesson #120 Game Mars / Venus
Lesson #122 Game Honk if you hate history
Lesson #123 Game Stump the teacher
Lesson #124 Game The Last Man Standing
The Test page 359
The test consists of 476 questions
page 22

1. The Great Depression
page 23

What was the Great Depression?
page 24

Lesson #1: Lecture
As you tell the story, students fill in the graphic organizer.
What was the Great Depression?
When
1929: It began with the stock market crash on Wall Street.
1942: It ended when the U.S. entered World War II.
Where
It began in the U.S and spread world wide.
The economic crisis posed a horrible challenge to democratic nations.
a. In Germany, the Depression caused the rise of Hitler.
b. In Italy, the Depression caused the rise of Mussolini.
c. The U.S., Britain, and France faced growing internal threats from both the Left and the Right.
d. The Left was communist. (The Soviet Union)
e. The Right was fascist. (Nazi Germany)
Who
Two Presidents
Hoover got all the blame.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected to solve the economic crisis.
What
For those who lived through it, the Great Depression as as traumatic as any war or revolution.
An economic crisis
“A depression is a deep, extended slump in total business activity. Buying and selling drop during a
depression, causing a decline in production, prices, income, and employment. Money becomes scarce.
Many businesses fail, and many workers lose their jobs.” - World Book Encyclopedia
What happened
1. People stopped buying in stores.
2. The stores ordered less from factories.
3. The factories laid off workers.
4. Unemployed workers stopped buying in stores.
5. This downward spiral continued until stores and companies went bankrupt.
The difference between a recession and a depression
A recession lasts only a year or so.
A depression lasts for years.
The federal government grew LARGE
As a result of the Depression, the federal government began managing the economy.
Why
What caused the Great Depression?
Three words: Drop in demand. (People stopped buying in stores.)
How
How did the U.S. government pull the nation out of the Depression?
Three words: World War Two. (Government spending on the military stimulated the U.S. economy.)
page 25

Graphic organizer
The Great Depression: Who, what, where, when, why and how?
When
Where
How
The
Great
Depression
Who
What
Why
page 26

Lesson #2: Powerpoints
The Great Depression
Powerpoints
http://www.slideshare.net/APClass/hoovers-great-depression
http://www.slideshare.net/Jackson/the-great-depression-39897
http://www.slideshare.net/udteacher/great-depression-188383
Websites
Definition: The Great Depression
http://www.bartleby.com/65/gr/GreatDep.html
Timeline of the Great Depression
http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/connections_n2/great_depression.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rails/timeline/index.html
http://www.cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/timeline.dep.html
Primary sources
http://www.enotes.com/great-depression-primary-sources
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/learn/community/cc_greatdepression.php
http://surfaquarium.com/NEWSLETTER/gd.htm
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/
http://www.gfalls.wednet.edu/staff/dlawrenc/The%20Great%20Depression/TheGreatDepressionWebQue
st.html
http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/history/Resources/The%20Great%20Depression%20and%20the%20New%20
Deal.htm
page 27

Lesson #3: Graphic organizer
How to analyze the Great Depression
The Depression can be broken down into 7 parts.
World War II
When FDR spent $ to
prepare for war
(ships, planes, tanks),
the Depression ended.
The economy soared.
World War
II was a
gigantic
jobs
program.
Downturn
1937-38
FDR stopped spending $.
He balanced the budget.
The GNP went down and
unemployment went up.
When the government stopped
spending money, the economy
took a nosedive.
Economy improves
1933-36
FDR spent govt $ like
crazy. The GNP went up
and unemployment went
down.
The federal government created
jobs. That put $ in the pocket
of the average joe and jane.
When they spent the money,
this helped businesses.
The New Deal
1933 FDR took office.
In his first 100 days,
he launched all of his
major programs. Alphabet
soup.
Election of 1932
In November, FDR was
elected by a landslide.
The New Deal marked the
beginning of Big Gov’t
and the Welfare State.
The Hoover years
1929-1932
President Hoover did too
little, too late. He was
opposed to government
intervention in the economy.
Wall Street crash
1929 The stock market
collapsed. Factories
closed. Massive unemployment.
The Great
Depression began.
page 28

The stock market crash on Wall Street, 1929
page 29

Lesson #4: Lecture
The Stock Market during the Roaring Twenties
During he 1920s, the stock market was roaring
It gave people a false sense of prosperity
The stock market had nothing to do with the rest of the economy.
It was an artificial boom.
Speculators pushed up the price of stocks far higher than the actual value of the company.
The Bull Market: The stock market soared. Bulls charge forward
There was a spectacular upward trend in the prices of corporate stocks.
From 1921 to 1927, stocks were rising on Wall Street.
In 1928, stocks started soaring threw the roof.
If you bought $10,000 worth of stock in 1924, it was worth $40,000 in 1929.
Speculation: People bought stocks with loaned money.
Investors borrowed from stockbrokers.
Stockbrokers borrowed from banks.
Stockbrokers borrowed $5 million in 1928, but $850 million in 1929.
Buying on margin
Joe Stockbroker sold shares of stock on margin:
John Investor bought $100 worth of stock.
a. He gave only $10 to the stockbroker.
b. The stockbroker borrowed the other $90 from a bank.
c. When the stock market crashed, the banks held worthless stock.
d. Eventually, the banks closed.
Banks made bad investments
Banks speculated on the stock market.
Banks loaned stockbrokers up to 75% of the price of stock purchases.
When the crash hit, stockbrokers could not repay the banks.
The banks went under.
Wide gap between rich and poor
In the 1920s, the rich made a killing.
Wages were low and profits were high.
But the average workers’ real wages increased only slightly.
The majority of people lived at or near poverty.
There was a wide gap between the rich and the poor.
Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/Allen/Contents.html
Ask a student to read this aloud
Chapter 12: “The Big Bull Market”
Wall Street during the Roaring Twenties
page 30

Lesson #5: Homework on the Internet
Readings: The Roaring Twenties
Speculation on the stock market
Buying on margin - investments were made with borrowed money.
http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/depression/section4.rhtml
Bank deposits were invested on the stock market
http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/estockmktcrash.htm
Reading: The Crash
http://stockbreakthroughs.com/articles/1929-stock-market-crash.htm
Powerpoints
http://www.slideshare.net/ccarter333/the-crash
http://www.slideshare.net/bmtoth/the-stock-market-crash-of-1929
http://www.slideshare.net/mwidjaja1/chapter-22-39301
Laissez-faire
Definition: Laissez-faire
http://www.bartleby.com/65/la/laissezf.html
Powerpoint: US. government policy of laissez-faire
http://www.slideshare.net/juliahornaday/1920s-lecture-2-harding-and-coolidge-presentation-963369
Definition: The Teapot Dome Scandal, 1921
http://www.bartleby.com/65/te/TeapotDo.html
Reading: The Teapot Dome scandal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teapot_Dome
“The business of America is business”
Speech: Calvin Coolidge on the Spirituality of Commerce, 1925
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4991/
Magazine article: “Business . . . the Salvation of the World”: Celebrating Big Business, 1921
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5049/
Speech: Herbert Hoover, “Rugged Individualism,” 1928
http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst203/documents/HOOVER.html
Herbert Hoover Predicts Prosperity, 1928
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5063/
Song: A Hymn to the God of Business
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4992/
page 31

Lesson #6: Lecture
Many names for the same thing:
Wall Street, the stock market, the Dow Jones, New York Stock Exchange.
The Stock Market crash
The stock market crashed on “Black Tuesday” - October 29, 1929.
This was the beginning of the Great Depression
The Bear Market: The stock market crashed Bears hide in a cave
There was a financial panic on Wall Street.
Since most Americans viewed the stock market as the chief indicator of the health of the
American economy, the crash shattered public confidence.
Everyone sold off their shares and the stock market collapsed.
Stocks on the New York Stock Exchange lost 50% of their value.
Industrial stocks lost 80% of their value.
Investors lost their money
Stock prices fell and banks called in their loans.
Within a month, $30 billion in stock values evaporated.
Total panic
a. Investors began to sell their stocks.
b. Stockbrokers called in their margins.
c. Banks called in their loans to stockbrokers.
d. Everybody panicked - everybody sold all their stocks.
e. Over the next 30 days, the price of stocks fell by 80%.
The stock market crash hurt the rich
In one day, a person went from rich to poor.
In New York City, stockbrokers were jumping out of windows.
In the suburbs, men jumped in front of commuter trains.
The stock market crash hurt everyone
Although less than 1% of the American people owned stocks and shares,
the Wall Street crash caused factories to close and massive unemployment.
Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/Allen/Contents.html
Ask a student to read this aloud
Chapter 13: “Crash!” The Wall Street Crash, 1929
page 32

Lesson #7: Homework on the Internet
Homework: Watch the videos on YouTube
Class discussion: “The stock market crashed.” What does that mean?
Videos:
The Stock Market crash, 1929
1% were rich They had money on the stock market.
15% were middle class They had money on the stock market.
84% were poor They did not.
1. The Wall Street Crash, 1929
The short version
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJpLMvgUXe8
Speculation: When Wall Street disconnected from the real economy.
Stocks rose $10 billion higher than their real value.
2. 1929 - The Great Crash
An explanation of the causes
Over six terrifying, desperate days in October 1929, shares crashed by a third on the New York Stock
Exchange. More than 25 billion dollars in individual wealth was lost. Later, three thousand banks failed,
taking people's savings with them. Surviving eyewitnesses describe the biggest financial catastrophe in
history.
There was no government regulation of the stock market.
The stock market was a big gambling casino that was rigged by insiders.
They got out of the market before the crash.
Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QnXiTVdiio
Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_26fxKdZu_4
Part 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xg1Cjz8cLA0
Part 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_52rbwPung
Part 5: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WiquaUcQ7c0
Part 6: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axiqk8rAGKo
page 33

Lesson #8: Homework on the Internet
Photos: The Stock Market Crash, 1929
Timeline
The Wall Street crash of 1929
http://marketplace.publicradio.org/features/crash_1929/timeline.html
Chart
The business cycle, 1890-1940
http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/1929photos/BusinessCycle.htm
Eyewitness Account
The Wall Street crash, 1929
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/crash.htm
Political cartoons
http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/goingup.html
http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/neveragain.html
Photos
The Wall Street crash, 1929
http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/voutes/voute3/crash_1929.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/1930-67B.gif
http://www.a2zcds.com/images/192902b.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Crowd_outside_nyse.jpg
http://forwardliberally.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/government-control-stock-market-crash-1.jpg
http://greatdepressionhistory.com/2008/11/1929-stock-market-crash-was-financial-crisis-for-the-ages/
A collection of photos
The Wall Street crash, 1929
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/tools/browser12.html
Powerpoint
The causes of the stock market crash
http://www.slideshare.net/multimedialearningllc/causes-of-great-depression
page 34

Lesson #9: Homework on the internet
Games: The Wall Street Crash, 1929
Wall Street Crash
This is a simulation of the actual crash.
http://www.activehistory.co.uk/GCSE/wallst/intro.htm
Wall Street Whiz
Become an investory in 1929 and play the stock market.
http://wallstreetwhiz.com/
page 35

The Causes of the Great Depression
page 36

Lesson #10: Lecture
Explain that two situations caused the Great Depression.
What caused the stock market crash?
There were 3 causes of the Great Depression
Speculation on Wall Street
During the 1920s, the Republicans believed in laissez-fair capitalism.
That is, no government regulation of Wall Street.
As a result, stockbrokers and banks went wild.
The stock market was based on fake value
a. Stockbrokers drove the price of stock way up - far beyond its value. (“Watering stock.”)
b. Customers bought stock on credit, paying just a fraction to stockbrokers. (“Buying on margin.”)
c. Stockbrokers borrowed the remainder from banks.
d. In this manner, banks invested in the stock market.
In 1928, stockbrokers borrowed $5 million from banks.
In 1929, stockbrokers borrowed $850 million from banks.
The stock market crash
When investors discovered that the value of their stock was worth far less than they had paid for it,
they began selling their stocks and the stock market crashed in 1929.
The banks that had invested in the stock market went bankrupt.
page 37

Lesson #11: Lecture
Low demand causes an economic depression.
Here’s a closer look.
What caused the Great Depression?
But the crisis was deeper than the stock market.
The U.S. economy had severe structural problems long before the stock market crash.
1. Low demand
The first signs of the impending depression were felt in agriculture.
Farmers
Using mechanized farm equipment, farmers were highly productive.
During World War I, U.S. farmers produced great amounts of food for our allies in Europe.
And great amounts of food for U.S. soldiers during the war.
When the war ended, Congress raised tariffs.
Europe stopped buying U.S. farm products.
The price of corn, cotton, wheat fell by 50%.
With the market flooded with farm goods, food prices fell.
By 1929, farm families could not afford to buy anything.
Factory workers
During the 1920s, wages were low and falling.
However, enticed by advertising, they bought on credit, using the “layaway plan.”
When they maxed out on that, they stopped buying altogether.
By 1929, the majority (60%) earned less than $2,000 a year – the minimum needed to survive.
A man who worked in a shoe factory could not afford to buy a pair of shoes.
By 1929, workers’ wages were so low they could not afford to buy what they produced.
2. Big supply
Farms were overstocked with food that nobody was buying.
Factories were overstocked with stuff that nobody was buying.
Rule of thumb
In normal times, supply equals demand.
During a depression, supply is greater than demand.
page 38

Low demand was the problem.
The Great Depression would not end until consumers started buying.
There are two ways to raise demand.
1. The Federal Reserve increases the money supply. The Monetarists (Milton Friedman)
2. The federal government spends money. Keynesian economics (John Maynard Keynes)
President Hoover did the wrong thing
1. The Federal Reserve decreased the money supply.
2. No federal government spending.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt did the right thing
1. The Federal Reserve increased the money supply.
2. The federal government spent money.
During the New Deal, the government put money in the pocket of the average joe:
a. Public works (CCC, WPA) Invented jobs. Put $ in workers’ pockets
b. Created the minimum wage Put $ in workers’ pockets
c. Created Social Security Put $ in seniors’ pockets.
d. Made unions legal Unions fought for higher wages.
To pay for all of this, FDR raised taxes on the wealthy.
When he ran out of tax dollars, he went into deficit spending = Keynesian economics.
How do you know you’re in a Depression?
1. Unemployment rises
2. The GNP falls.
The GNP is the way to measure a nation’s wealth.
In a normal year, GNP grows by 3%.
From 1929 to 1932, the GNP fell by an incredible 30%.
page 39

Lesson #12: Group analysis
Break into pairs and choose 3 causes.
THE ANSWERS ARE ON THE NEXT PAGE.
Three causes
Of all the things on this list, only 3 caused the economic depression.
That is, they happened BEFORE the stock market crashed in 1929.
List
1. Speculation on the stock market
2. Bank failures
3. Foreclosures
4. Factory closings
5. Massive unemployment
6. Homelessness
7. Big supply of goods
8. Soaring high school dropout rates
9. Massive despair
10. Population rate fell
11. Families fell apart
12. GNP falls
13. Trade falls
14. Low demand for goods
15. A shortage of money
16. Deflation - prices fall
17. Wages fall
18. Taxes rise
page 40

Lesson #13: Student project
Turn this into a mobile.
Hang it from the ceiling.
Three causes
1. Speculation
Caused the stock market crash
Watering stock
Buying on margin
Banks investing on the stock market
2. Low demand
Low purchasing power
Workers’ wages were too low.
Workers could not afford to buy what they produced.
3. Big supply
Supply was greater than demand.
There were more goods than consumers were able to buy.
page 41

President Herbert Hoover
page 42

Herbert Hoover
Republican
1929-1933
From rags to riches
Once upon a time, there was a boy named
Herbert who went from rags to riches.
Born in Iowa, his father was a blacksmith and his
mother a Quaker. When he was six, his father
died of a heart attack. Three years later, his mother
died of typhoid fever. At nine, Herbert was an
orphan.
Luckily, his family of uncles and aunts took care of
him. So Herbert had a happy childhood: fishing in
the pond, swimming in the stream, shooting off
firecrackers on the Fourth of July.
At 17, Herbert went to Stanford University in
California and became a mining engineer.
Summers he worked as a gold miner - a ten-hour
shift, seven days a week - for $2 a day. He married
a classmate, Lou, a woman brilliant in science,
art, literature, and foreign languages.
At 23, Herbert got a fabulous job managing British
gold mines in Australia. At 25, he became the
chief mining engineer for the government of
China. At 34, he established his own company
and travelled the world.
By 40, he was a self-made millionaire.
When World War I broke out, he organized relief
for the starving people of war-torn Europe. The
world loved Herbert Hoover - the once-orphan,
now millionaire.
Predict:
How did President Herbert Hoover respond to
the stock market crash and the Great
Depression?
Success did not
prepare him for failure!
The stock market crash
Herbert Hoover was elected President in 1928 and the
stock market crashed in 1929.
President Hoover was not prepared for this
While he had gone from rags to riches, investors and
stockbrokers were going from riches to rags. Millionaires
one day and paupers the next, stockbrokers and
investors were jumping off skyscrapers and throwing
themselves in front of commuter trains.
Families should take care of each other
Traumatized, defensive, and in despair, President Hoover
remembered his childhood. When his life came crashing
down (his parents dead; he an orphan), his family
stepped in to feed and shelter him. He figured other families
would do the same. But he missed the magnitude of
the crisis. When everybody in your family is unemployed,
there’s no one left to help you.
Success does not prepare you for failure
Hoover was prepared to lead the nation to prosperity,
but he was not prepared to lead the nation out of an
economic crisis.
All his lucky life, he had only experienced success - and
that did not prepare him for failure.
America needed a President who inspired confidence
Hoover was a fine man, but he lacked personal charisma.
The American people were scared stiff. But he was never
able to inspire their confidence.
page 43

Five major problems
page 44

Lesson #15: Lecture
President Hoover faced 5 major problems
Powerpoints
http://www.slideshare.net/mrjportman/effects-of-the-depression-in-the-usa
http://www.slideshare.net/guest0e466c/the-great-depression-369575
http://www.slideshare.net/bmtoth/impact-of-the-great-depression-1302413
http://www.slideshare.net/shells32/the-great-depression-138683
http://www.slideshare.net/knorman31/great-depression-how-bad-was-it-44975
http://www.slideshare.net/juliahornaday/1930s-the-great-depression-lecture-3
http://www.slideshare.net/ccarter333/the-crash-and-effectspart-1
http://www.slideshare.net/ccarter333/the-crash-and-effectspart-2
1. Bank failures
Banks speculated on the stock market
Banks loaned stockbrokers up to 75% of the price of stock purchases.
When the crash hit, stockbrokers could not repay the banks.
Banks ran out of money.
When people tried to withdraw their money, the banks shut their doors.
In 1930, there was the first bank panic.
What is a “run on the bank”?
When people hear that a bank is in trouble, they stampede the bank and withdraw all their money.
Bank failures decreased the money supply.
In 1931, there was a second public run on the banks.
When people hear that a bank is in trouble, they withdraw all of their money.
Bank failures decreased the money supply.
From 1929 to 1932, 10,000 banks failed.
Almost 50% of banks went under.
Citizens lost $2 billion in deposits.
People had lost confidence in the banking system!
Chart: Bank failures, 1929-1933
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martin_awl/medialib/download/MARTFIG242.gif
http://iws.ccccd.edu/kwilkison/Online1302home/20th%20Century/DepressionNewDeal.html
Photos: A bank panic
http://www2.austincc.edu/lpatrick/his2341/bankrun3.jpg
http://www.occ.treas.gov/graphics/run.gif
http://newdeal.feri.org/images/ab16.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_union_bank.gif
Song: “The Ballad of Bonnie & Clyde” Bankers were hated; bank robbers were glorified.
http://newdeal.feri.org/forests/af733.htm
page 45

2. Farm foreclosures
Between 1930 and 1935, about 750,000 farms were lost through foreclosure and bankruptcy sales.
Farmers, armed with guns and pitchforks, marched on the local banks to prevent foreclosures.
Chart: Farm prices fell
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Farm_Prices_(1928-1935).JPG
Magazine story: “Like a Thick Wall”: Blocking Farm Auctions in Iowa, 1933
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5060/
3. Factories closed
When the stock market crashed, factories began to close.
By 1932, U.S. manufacturing output had fallen to 50% percent of its 1929 level.
4. Massive unemployment
In normal times, unemployment is 5%.
At its peak (1933) 25% of the workforce was unemployed
Over 3 million people were unemployed.
President Hoover tried to reassure people that the worst was over.
In New York City, formerly wealthy men in business suits began selling apples on the street.
Unemployment during the Great Depression
1929 3%
1930 9%
1931 16%
1932 24%
1933* 25%
1934 22%
1935 20%
1936 17%
1937 14%
1938 19%
1939 17%
1940 15%
1941 10%
1942 5%
*1933 was the worst year. 37% unemployment among nonfarm workers.
In cities, unemployment was 60-80%.
Chart: Unemployment rate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Unemployment_1890-2008.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Unemployment_1910-1960.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Employment_Graph_-_1920_to_1940.svg
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martin_awl/medialib/download/MARTFIG241.gif
Photos: The unemployed
http://www.seykota.com/tribe/FAQ/2003_May/May_25-31/depression.jpg
http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blygd49.htm
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG00/3on1/radioshow/chicago_files/stock.jpe
http://newdeal.feri.org/images/ab20.gif
page 46

5. Homelessness
Families could not pay the mortgage.
People were evicted from houses and apartments.
Some lived in shacks in shanty towns.
When people were evicted, they lived in shacks down by the railroad.
Whenever men heard of a job, they hopped on the railroad and went there.
One million men (250,000 teenagers) rode in boxcars on the railroads. Looking for jobs.
Collection of photos
http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/depression/photoessay.htm
page 47

Lesson #16: Student project
Turn this into a mobile.
Hang it from the ceiling.
Five major problems
These are the five major problems President Hoover faced.
1. Bank failures
From 1929 to 1932, 10,000 banks failed.
Almost 50% of banks went under.
Citizens lost $2 billion in deposits.
2. Farm foreclosures
750,000 farmers lost their farms.
Farmers, armed with guns and pitchforks,
marched on the local banks to prevent foreclosures.
3. Factories closed
By 1932, U.S. manufacturing output had fallen to 50% percent of its 1929 level.
When no one could afford to buy goods, businesses closed down.
4. Massive unemployment
In 1933, 25% were unemployed
That was the worst year.
5. Homelessness
1,000 a day lost their homes
The unemployed could not pay the mortgage.
The banks evicted them.
They moved to shacks in shanty towns.
page 48

There were other problems, too:
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
Prices fell (deflation)
From 1929 to 1932, farm prices fell 50%.
A quart of milk cost 14 cents; a loaf bread cost 9 cents.
Wages fell
Average salary: $1,300 a year.
($100 a month; $25 a week; $5 a day)
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Families fell apart
One million roamed the country in railroad boxcars; they were searching for work.
Of these 250,000 were under 21.
Soaring high school dropout rates
Millions of teenagers could not afford to go to school (books and shoes).
The population rate fell
Young people could not afford to get married; families could not afford to feed another child.
Massive despair
People lost faith in themselves and in the future.
page 49

Five wrong actions
page 50

Herbert Hoover
Republican
How did President Hoover react to the
stock market crash on Wall Street?
Well, he was a mining engineer . . .
As every mining engineer knows, mining is a risky
business. It is inherently dangerous. Miners die in
roof falls, fires, explosions, and are asphyxiated by
methane gas.
And as every stockbroker knows, the stock market
is a risky business. It is inherently risky. It is a
form of gambling - and investors risk losing their
shirts everyday.
So President Hoover regarded the stock market
crash as the equivalent of a mine explosion.
Horrible, but inevitable.
1929-1933
A mining engineer
Predict:
What did President Hoover do for Wall Street?
What did he do for Main Street?
Too little. Too late.
Wall Street
Eventually, President Hoover launched the
Reconstruction Finance Corporation. The federal government
loans to save businesses from bankruptcy. But the
RFC was too little, too late.
Main Street
Herbert Hoover did nothing for those who were starving
and unemployed. He did not want government intervention
in the economy. As a businessman, he believed in
laissez-faire, meaning no government regulation of the
economy.
He did ask his fellow businessmen to help the needy, but
they refused. “The only trouble with capitalism,” he
explained,”is capitalists.”
He crushed the Bonus Army
Many of the unemployed were World War I veterans - and
the government had promised them a bonus. Desperate,
they marched on Washington and set up a campsite at
Anacostia Flats.
Present Hoover sent in General Douglas MacArthur.
MacArthur busted heads and torched their campsite.
After that, President Hoover’s political career was dead.
page 51

Lesson #18: Lecture
President Hoover took 5 wrong actions
1. The budget
Hoover balanced the budget
He cut government spending.
2. Taxes
Hoover raised taxes
To balance the budget, President Hoover raised taxes.
Back then, only the rich (1%) and the tiny middle class (15%) paid taxes.
The working class (84%) paid no income taxes at all.
In 1932, the Republicans raised taxes:
The top tax rate was raised from 25 to 63%.
In 1936, the Democrats raised taxes:
The top tax rate was raised to 79%.
3. Tariff
Hoover raised tariffs
In 1930, the Hawley-Smoot Tariff was the highest tax on imports in U.S. history.
This tariff helped spread the Great Depression to Europe.
The high protective tariff produced retaliatory tariffs in other countries, strangling world trade.
Europe stopped buying U.S. goods
From 1929 to 1932, international trade fell by 67%.
4. Gold standard
Hoover remained on the gold standard
Every dollar bill was backed by gold in the U.S. Treasury.
As a result, the federal government could not print more money than there was gold.
A shortage of money
From 1929 to 1932, the money supply contracted by 30%.
Businesses could not get bank loans, so they went bankrupt.
5. The interest rate
Hoover raised the interest rate
Under Hoover, the Fed raised the prime interest rate.
A shortage of money
From 1929 to 1932, the money supply contracted by 30%.
Businesses could not get bank loans, so they went bankrupt.
page 52

RESOURCES
Reading: The Federal Reserve
http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=59405
Powerpoint: High tariffs harmed international trade
http://www.slideshare.net/mrjportman/what-caused-the-wall-st-crash
Reading: The Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/10/business/10every.html
Powerpoint: The Federal Reserve should have provided money to the banks
http://www.slideshare.net/cliotech/what-caused-the-great-depression-three-theories
page 53

Lesson #19: Lecture
When the Depression hit, President Hoover did exactly the wrong thing.
The Fed raised interest rates.
The Federal Reserve made things worse
It is nicknamed “The Fed.”
1. The Problem
Low demand. People are saving their money, not spending it.
2. The Solution
The central bank (the Federal Reserve) must expand the money supply.
When banks loan money to farms and businesses, consumer confidence returns and people spend
money.
The Federal Reserve Board
The Fed is responsible for making monetary policy in the U.S.
It is the government agency that decides the money supply.
The Fed decides the prime rate - the interest rate that banks charge their customers.
During the Depression, the Fed was given greater power to regulate the economy.
The rule of thumb
High interest rates slow down the economy.
Low interest rates jump-start the economy.
1. If the economy is growing too fast, the Fed raises the interest rate.
Money is tight: Banks don’t want to loan money to businesses to grow bigger.
2. If the economy is slowing down, the Fed lowers the interest rate.
Money is available: Banks want to loan money to business so they can grow bigger.
When the Depression hit, the economy was slowing down.
The Fed should have lowered interest rates. Instead . . .
1929 bad policy by Hoover
The Fed raised interest rates
In 1928, it tried to discourage stock speculation
by
a. raising the interest rate.
b. contracting the money supply.
c. staying on the gold standard.
Businesses could not get bank loans, so they
went bankrupt. This helped bring on the
Depression.
Deflation - The price of everything fell.
1933 good policy by FDR
The Fed lowered interest rates
In 1933, it “primed the pump” by
a. lowering the interest rate.
b. expanding the money supply.
c. It went off the gold standard and printed
more money.
Farmers and businesses could get bank loans.
This helped improve the economy.
Inflation - The price of everything began to rise.
page 54

Lesson #20: Homework on the Internet
Class discussion: What is the Fed supposed to do? What did the Fed do wrong?
Videos:
The Federal Reserve Board
Video: History of the Federal Reserve
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYZM58dulPE
The Fed is a private bank
a. It controls the supply of money (by printing dollars.
b. It sets the interest rate.
It also does the following:
Sets bank reserves
A bank holds only 10% of your money - and invests the rest on the stock market.
The U.S. dollar is not backed by gold.
Controls the business cycle
By lowering interest rates, it can create an economic boom like the Roaring Twenties of the 1920s.
By raising interest rates, it can create an economic bust like the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Lends money to the federal government
For this, the Fed receives interest.
So it is in the interest of the Fed to have a large national debt.
It prints money
When the government needs money, it can
a. raise taxes.
b. print money.
It creates inflation
When the Fed prints lots of dollars, the individual dollar loses its value.
A dollar in 2009 is worth far less than a dollar in 1969.
It is supposed to create economic stability
Instead, it creates economic booms and busts.
Example
As head of the Fed, in the late 1990s Alan Greenspan lowered interest rates to 1%.
This created the housing bubble of the 2000s.
In September 2008, the housing bubble exploded, causing the stock market crash.
page 55

Lesson #21: Group analysis
Bloom!
The Federal Reserve
Analyze a concept using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Break into 6 groups.
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Federal_Reserve
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent
does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
The Answers
1. The Federal Reserve
Its main job is to stabilize the banking system in the U.S.
2. When the stock market crashed in 1929, the Fed contracted
the money supply and made things worse.
3. Today, if you go to the bank today to withdraw your
funds, the money will be there because the FDIC (federal
government) insures your deposits up to $250,000. If the
bank is bankrupt, the government bails you out.
4. It is the government agency that
a. makes monetary policy.
b. decides the the money supply.
c. decides the interest rate
that banks charge their customers.
When a bank is about to go under, the Fed is supposed to
bail it out.
When a bank is in trouble and cannot meet its
depositors’ demands for cash, the Fed must provide the
funds. Otherwise, a panic can spread throughout the banking
system.
5. The Fed is supposed to prevent another economic
Depression.
6. The Fed is supposed to be government regulation.
The Fed was born during the Progressive Era.
It is supposed to protect the public interest by regulating the
banking industry.
To what extent
does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect
the public and
regulate big business.)
page 56

One right action
There is one thing the President Hoover did right: The RFC.
That program constituted “government intervention in the economy.”
page 57

Lesson #22: Lecture
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
The RFC
In 1932, three years into the Depression, President Hoover finally did something that was right.
He launched the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC).
The only law
This was the only law that President Hoover and the Republican Congress ever passed
to deal with the Great Depression.
Federal spending
Under the RFC, President Hoover and the Republican Congress decided to bail out Big Business.
1. The federal government loaned $2 billion to banks, insurance companies, and railroads.
2. The federal government also loaned money to states overwhelmed with the needy.
But it was too little, too late . . .
By 1932, many businesses had already gone bankrupt.
page 58

The most hated man in America
page 59

Herbert Hoover
Republican
1929-1933
The Scapegoat
President Hoover was the scapegoat for the
Great Depression.
Right or wrong, the American people blamed him.
When the unemployed lived in makeshift communities
of cardboard shacks down by the railroad
tracks, they nicknamed them “Hoovervilles.”
Predict:
What happened to Herbert Hoover after he
left the White House?
He tried to restore his
reputation!
He became chairman of the Boys’ Clubs of America
Herbert Hoover had been an orphan.
During the Boxer Rebellion, he had helped orphans in
China. After World War I, he had helped orphans in
Europe.
After leaving the White House, he became chairman of
the board of Boys' Clubs of America.
To help orphans.
He criticized FDR’s New Deal
Former presidents never criticize a sitting President.
But Herbert Hoover did.
Throughout the 1930s, he criticized his successor, FDR.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt launched the “New
Deal.”
Two philosophies
1. The Republicans did not want government intervention
in the economy.
2. The Democrats did.
Who was right?
FDR was never able to solve the economic crisis -- only
World War II brought the U.S. out of the Great
Depression.
FDR did relieve suffering -- and inspired confidence in the
American people.
page 60

Lesson #24: Homework on the Internet
Class discussion: In 1932, President Hoover was not re-elected. Why not?
Videos: The most hated man in America
When the Depression began in 1929, people blamed President Herbert Hoover.
He became the most hated man in America.
When people lost their jobs, they moved into shantytowns named “Hoovervilles.”
For three years (1929 to 1932), Hoover did nothing to help the unemployed.
Andrew Mellon was Secretary of the Treasury
He did not care about the poor.
He expressed a “survival of the fittest” outlook:
"Liquidate labor, liquidate stocks, liquidate real estate . . .
values will be adjusted, and enterprising people will pick up
the wreck from less-competent people."
Voluntarism
Hoover did not believe it was the government’s role to help the needy.
Instead, he believed in voluntarism.
That is, private organizations (churches and private charities) should help the poor.
As a result, the government did not help those in need.
The Farmers
During the 1920s, farmers were in crisis, but the Republicans did nothing to help them.
a. Farmers were 20-30% of the U.S. population.
b. During the 1920s, the price of farm goods fell.
c. 25% of farmers lost their farms.
d. The federal government did nothing to help them.
A SONG
White House Blues
http://www.fortunecity.com/tinpan/parton/2/whitehou.html
VIDEOS
1. The life story of Herbert Hoover
Hoover was an orphan who became a millionaire
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WohOmdv8cec&feature=related
2. Hoovervilles
The homeless named their shantytowns after President Hoover
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISniZI_H7mE
3. President Hoover was not re-elected in 1932
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bd7Ap9WsNwQ
page 61

The Suffering
page 62

Lesson #25: Homework on the Internet
Photos: The Homeless
Families lived in shacks in communities known as “Hoovervilles.”
Photos
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/fsaall:@filereq(@field(NUMBER+@band(fsa+8a18471))
http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/themed_collections/subtopic4b.html
http://www.isd77.k12.mn.us/schools/dakota/hooverville.gif
http://www.metrokc.gov/recelec/archives/kcarch/slhoover1.htm
http://www.isd77.k12.mn.us/schools/dakota/hooverville.gif
http://www.cyesis.org/webinstruction/grapesofwrath/images/shack4.gif
http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/27-0623a.gif
http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/depwwii/depress/hoovers.html
Children who lived in the Hoovervilles
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg
http://www.picturehistory.com/product/id/879
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/tools/browser12.html
http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/fsa/8a18000/8a18400/8a18458r.jpg
Videos
For comparison to today
The Homeless: similarities to today
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEJR48F9cWw&feature=PlayList&p=2590E034EA306681&playnext=1
&index=5
The Homeless: similarities to today
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmeHiFZUWtE&feature=related
page 63

Lesson #26: Homework on the Internet
Videos:
The unemployed
1. How life changed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfHDICQx8Os
2. The Unemployed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ig5Qg-_jvaw
3. The Unemployed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eih67rlGNhU
4. Faces of the Great Depression
Statistics explain why people are so sad
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEYKoOWCteA
5. Everyday life in the Great Depression
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoptH8TqasE
6. Growing up in the Great Depression
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbEVeKIghCk
7. No relief for the unemployed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yr4wzrOpn6I
8. Hunger march against Henry Ford in Detroit, 1932
When Henry Ford began shutting down his auto plants, the unemployed held a protest
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5J2zW7mvyM
page 64

Lesson #27: Homework on the Internet
Stories: Tales of the average joe and jane
For the average person, the Great Depression was a human catastrophe.
1. Music of the Depression era
Hear the songs
http://www.authentichistory.com/1930s/music/01.html
a. "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?" Yip Harburg
b. "Dusty Old Dust" Woody Guthrie
c. "I Don't Want Your Millions, Mister" Jim Garland
d. "Beans, Bacon, and Gravy" unknown artist
e. "Songs from the Depression" New Lost City Ramblers.
f. Anything by Leadbelly, a noted African American singer of the day.
Draw conclusions
How does 1930s music reflect the mood of the times?
What was the mood of the times?
What were people feeling? (frustration, despair)
What kind of music is this? (folk music, music from regular folks)
What kind of things were folks worried about? (food, shelter, job)
2. Reading aloud
Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression
Let students tell the class about the man or woman’s story.
Robert Cohen, Dear Mrs. Roosevelt
During the Great Depression, thousands of children wrote to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt for help.
Predict: What could be done to relieve peoples’ suffering?
3. Radio shows of the 1930s
Hear the radio shows
http://www.authentichistory.com/1930s/otr/index.html
page 65

Lesson #28: Homework on the Internet.
Break into groups, cut these out and assign them for homework.
Explain what is happening in each photo.
Photos: Cities and countryside
IN THE CITIES
1. The Bonus March, 1932
http://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/bonusm.htm
2. Hoovervilles
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/features/timeline/depwwii/depress/hoovers.html
3. Children in the Depression
http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blyindexdepression.htm
4. New York City by Walker Evans
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fachap04.html
5. Charwoman in D.C. by Gordon Parks
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fachap07.html
6. Signs of racial discrimination
http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/list/085_disc.html
7. Why unions were needed
http://school.phippy.com/uniongrowth/
OUT IN THE COUNTRY
8. Coal miners
http://patheoldminer.rootsweb.com/calumet3.html
9. Cotton pickers by Ben Shahn
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fachap01.html
10. Tenant farmers by Arthur Rothstein
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fachap05.html
11. Omaha by John Vachon
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fachap02.html
12. The Dust Bowl
http://www.usd.edu/anth/epa/dust.html
13. The Migrant Mother by Dorothea Lange
http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/list/128_migm.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_mother
14. Migrant workers by Dorothea Lange
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fachap03.html
page 66

Possible answers
1. Hoover called out the U.S. Army to crush the WW1 veterans. After World War II, a grateful nation awarded its veterans the G.I.
Bill.
2. The unemployed lived in shacks. They blamed Hoover for causing the Depression - or at least doing nothing to relieve the suffering.
3. The children were hungry and they had to become adults way too early.
4. City life is normally exciting. During the Depression, life in New York City was bleak. Dad was unemployed and most people sat
on the front stoop, waiting for life to get better.
5. Being an African American woman in the 1930s often meant working as a maid. There was a heap of racial discrimination and
bigotry in our nation’s capital, Washington, D.C.
6. In the South, segregation was everywhere. If you were African American, signs told you where you could and could not go.
7. The Great Depression was caused by low demand.
Wages were so LOW that workers could not afford to buy what they made!
The beauty of a union is that it raises wages.
Then a woman who makes shoes can afford to buy a pair of shoes.
This is why FDR supported organized labor.
8. If the miner’s family did not have a garden, they would have starved.
9. Picking cotton in the Deep South was hot, back-breaking work. All for low pay.
10. Tenant farmers rented their farms. One man was using a horse to plow his fields.
Note: During the New Deal, the AAA put tenant farmers and sharecroppers out of work.
11. Omaha was a railroad center. The men who rode the rails could sleep in a flophouse for 15 cents.
12. Good grief, whole farms were covered by dust. You could grow nothing.
13. This is the most famous photo of the Great Depression. The woman looks totally in despair. She has many children and lives
in a tent.
14. Migrant labor meant hard labor in the fields for the men. For the women: How would you like to drink water from a ditch?
page 67

Lesson #29: Films
Students can watch one over the weekend.
Great films
Feature films
Bound for Glory
Award-winning biography of Woody Guthrie, the folksinger.
Sounder
Black sharecropper family in Louisiana. Cicely Tyson.
Grapes of Wrath
Steinbeck, Dustbowl, migrant workers in California. Henry Fonda.
Eleanor and Franklin
FDR and Eleanor Roosevelt, his politically-active wife.
They Shoot Horses, Don’t They? How desperate people were during the Depression. Jane Fonda.
Paper Moon
Ryan and Tatum O’Neal as con artists in Kansas.
Places in the Heart
Sally Field, a widow, is stuck on a farm in Texas.
Bonnie & Clyde
Famous bank robbers during the Depression.
Brother, can you spare a dime? Documentary (1975).
Great novels
John Steinbeck, Grapes of Wrath
Irene Hunt, The Great Depression: No Promise in the Wind
Arvella Whitmore, The Bread Winner
Nonfiction
Abraham Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression
Carey McWilliams, “Getting Rid of the Mexican,” in American Mercury, March 1933.
page 68

Young people during the Great Depression
page 69

Lesson #30: Homework on the Internet
Class discussion: What risks did young people take to survive in the 1930s?
Videos: How young people made a living
in the Great Depression
Videos
Young men built the Empire State Building - a dangerous job
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdPd1hlWe0k
Young women got jobs in the big city - $13 a week
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzSg8hGtEb4
Joan Crawford in “Our Blushing Brides” - Shopgirls in New York City
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4XrCaUoId8
page 70

Lesson #31: Homework on the Internet
Research: Riding the Rails
The unemployed - especially teenagers - rode from city to city hunting for a job.
Map
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rails/maps/index.html
Photos
http://data2.archives.ca/ap/c/c029399.jpg
Songs
Songs of the Great Depression
http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/cherries.html
http://www.rhapsody.com/tom-rush/blues-songs-and-ballads/i-dont-want-your-millions-mister/lyrics.html
Song: “I’d rather not be on relief” (1938)
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/todd:@field(DOCID+st045)
Website
Riding the Rails
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rails/
In search of the American hobo
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA01/white/hobo/firstpage.html
Hobo signs
http://www.worldpath.net/~minstrel/hobosign.htm
Readings
Riding the Rails
http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/water_07.html
The Bum as Con Artist: An Undercover Account of the Great Depression
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/25/
Video
Riding the Rails
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOjQFyvqGTg
page 71

Lesson #32: Homework on the Internet
Class discussion: Why was the Scottsboro case so controversial?
Videos: The Scottsboro Boys, 1931
During hard times, people looked for scapegoats.
The Scottsboro case was one of the most important civil rights cases.
Nine African American youths were riding the rails in Alabama.
They were accused of raping two white women on a train.
Without being able to hire a defense lawyer, eight were convicted by an all-white jury.
And sentenced to death.
The case attracted national attention.
One young man got a new trial and the rape victims took back her testimony.
He was convicted anyway!
Three of the cases were taken to the Supreme Court.
In 1935, the Supreme Court overturned the convictions - because in Alabama African Americans were
not allowed to sit on juries. (You are supposed to be tried by your peers.)
Photos
Scottsboro boys in jail
http://members.aol.com/Wdwylie4/Scottsboro-Boys-1931.jpg
Political Cartoon
http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/scottsboro.gif
New York Times
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/at0107.3.jpg
Reading
Famous American Trials
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scottsboro/scottsb.htm
Website
The Scottsboro Boys
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/scottsb.htm
Videos
The young men were innocent
Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZBY2_IiqWw&feature=related
Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyexMWcPJ_s&feature=related
This video is only for high school students
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_524l6VHW4E
page 72

African Americans during the Great Depression
page 73

Lesson #33: Videos
Watch the videos on YouTube
Class discussion: What was it like to be African American in the 1930s?
Videos:
African Americans in the Great Depression
In good times, African Americans were having a hard time.
In bad times, African Americans were in deep trouble.
During the Depression, unemployment in Harlem was 50%.
Videos
Outstanding video made by high school students
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRD6IYPBX6k
Only for high school students
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gl-QVWvylxw
Readings
The Great Depression: An African American perspective
http://mtungsten.freeservers.com/
page 74

Lesson #34: Timeline
Class discussion: How did the Depression change life in Harlem?
Timeline: Life in Harlem during the Depression
For African Americans, the unemployment rate in Harlem was 50%.
1929 The Stock Market Crash
AUTHORS
THEATER
Countee Cullen, The Black Christ and Other Poems
Claude McKay, Banjo
Nella Larsen, Passing
Wallace Thurman, The Blacker the Berry
The Negro Experimental Theatre was founded.
Wallace Thurman's play Harlem opened at the Apollo Theater.
1930
THEATER
AUTHORS
The Green Pastures, a musical with an all-black cast
The Nation of Islam opened a temple in Detroit.
James Weldon Johnson, Black Manhattan
Langston Hughes, Not Without Laughter
1931 Trial of the Scottsboro Boys in Alabama
AUTHORS Arna Bontemps, God Sends Sunday
Jessie Fauset, The Chinaberry Tree
Langston Hughes, Dear Lovely Death
Vernon Loggins, The Negro Author
George S. Schuyler, Black No More
Jean Toomer, Essentials
1932 African Americans began leaving the Republican party.
In 1932, people voted Democratic in record numbers. This was NEW!
AUTHORS
Sterling Brown, Southern Road
Countee Cullen, One Way to Heaven
Rudolph Fisher, The Conjure Man Dies
Langston Hughes, The Dream Keeper
Claude McKay, Ginger Town
George Schuyler, Slaves Today
Wallace Thurman, Infants of the Spring
1933 The National Negro Business League shut down.
BOOKS Jessie Fauset, Comedy, American Style
James Weldon Johnson, Along This Way
Claude McKay, Banana Bottom
1934 W.E.B. Du Bois resigned from the NAACP
AUTHORS Langston Hughes, The Ways of White Folks.
Zora Neale Hurston, Jonah's Gourd Vine
Arna Bontemps, You Can't Pet a Possum
Randolph Edmonds, Six Plays for the Negro Theatre
James Weldon Johnson, Negro Americans: What Now?
George Lee, Beale Street: Where the Blues Began
page 75

1935 Harlem Race Riot 50% of Harlem families were unemployed
FDR issues an Executive Order:
In WPA projects, the federal government had to hire African Americans.
THEATER
AUTHORS
1937
AUTHORS
Porgy and Bess opened on Broadway.
Langston Hughes, Mulatto
Countee Cullen, The Medea and Other Poems
Zora Neale Hurston, Mules and Men
Willis Richardson and May Sullivan, Negro History in Thirteen Plays
Claude McKay, Long Way From Home
Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God
1939 Wold War II begins in Europe
AUTHORS Zora Neale Hurston, Moses: Man of the Mountain
1940
AUTHORS
Langston Hughes, The Big Sea
Claude McKay, Harlem: Negro Metropolis
Richard Wright, Native Son
page 76

The Dustbowl
page 77

Lesson #35: Lecture
The Dustbowl
Great dust storms hit the Great Plains!
During the 1930s, dust storms hit the Great Plains.
High winds blew tons of topsoil into the air.
The soil covered up farms.
Winds swept the dust all over, especially around Oklahoma.
Photos
Dust storms
Truck
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowl
http://www.sanford-artedventures.com/study/images/rothstein_duststorm_l.jpg
http://www.a2zcds.com/images/gd20.gif
http://www.nps.gov/elro/images/fdrl_27-0682a.jpg
Where was the Dustbowl?
The Dustbowl was a region of 150,000 square miles
Including Oklahoma, the Texas panhandle, and parts of Colorado, New Mexico, and Kansas.
Maps
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/dustbowl/maps/index.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAdust.htm
What caused the Dustbowl?
Until then, the grasslands had held the soil in place.
Drought
From 1932 to 1936, there was a drought on the Great Plains.
Violent wind and dust storms ravaged the southern Great Plains from 1935 to 1938.
Crops were destroyed, so was farm equipment.
Since farmers could not raise anything, the banks took over their farms.
Poor farming methods caused soil erosion
Thanks to overfarming, high winds blew tons of topsoil into the air.
The soil covered up farms.
The Results
When the good topsoil blew away, the ground was infertile and barren.
Farmers could not grow anything on it.
page 78

Where did the farmers go?
Photo: Migrant farmworkers in California
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_mother
http://www.a2zcds.com/images/8c17643r.jpg
Depopulation
Migration caused depopulation of rural areas.
California
Almost one million people (called "Okies”) left Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Most headed west to California.
Three million people had to abandon their farms.
Many packed up and drove to California.
In California, people became migrant farmers.
They picked crops at incredibly low wages.
Farmworkers worked for pennies.
They moved up and down the west coast, following the crops.
At harvest time, they picked lettuce, oranges, apples.
Vigilantes and Vagrancy Laws
California towns did not welcome the migrant workers.
The local sheriff arrested vagrants.
Vigilantes ran them out of town.
page 79

Dorothea Lange
1935
New Jersey
Photographer of the Dust Bowl
Dorothea Lange was born during the Gilded
Age (1895) in Hoboken, New Jersey.
Her parents were German immigrants and she
grew up on the Lower East Side of New York City.
In 1902, at 7, Dorothea Lange contracted polio.
Because she was lame and limped, the other children
made fun of her. Even her mother seemed
ashamed of her crippled daughter.
In 1907, at 12, she lost her father. When he abandoned
the family, they moved in with their grandmother
and her mother got a job as a librarian.
In 1914, at 19, she attended Teachers College at
Columbia University. But she never became a
teacher.
In 1915, at 20, she took a photography class.
Afterward, she became an apprentice to Arnold
Genthe, a photographer who made his career in
San Francisco but was now living in New York
City.
While working for him, Dorothea Lange studied
the photos on the wall of his studio. He shot three
types in San Francisco:
1. Candid shots of life in Chinatown - especially
parents and children.
3. Photos of a disaster - the 1906 San Francisco
earthquake.
2. Portraits of famous people - Jack London,
Teddy Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and John D.
Rockefeller.
In 1918, at 23, Dorothea Lange moved to San
Francisco. There, she opened a portrait studio.
Predict:
In 1929, Dorothea Lange abandoned her studio
and began photographing life in the
streets. What photos made her famous?
The Dust Bowl!
Suffering in San Francisco
During the Great Depression, Dorothea Lange began
photographing the unemployed and homeless. At the
time, President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) and the New
Deal were creating jobs for starving artists, including photographers.
As a result, the Farm Security Administration
(FSA) hired her to photograph rural poverty.
Victims of the Dust Bowl
Lange began documenting the plight of migrant laborers.
They had once owned farms in Oklahoma. A drought covered
their farms with blowing soil. They fled to California.
They were paid pennies picking fruits and vegetables.
Her most famous photograph
Lange's best-known photo is "Migrant Mother."
“I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother,
as if drawn by a magnet. I do not remember how I
explained my presence or my camera to her, but I do
remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures,
working closer and closer from the same direction.
I did not ask her name or her history. She told me her
age, that she was thirty-two. She said that they had been
living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields,
and birds that the children killed. She had just sold the
tires from her car to buy food. There she sat in that leanto
tent with her children huddled around her, and seemed
to know that my pictures might help her, and so she
helped me. There was a sort of equality about it.
Shaped the development of documentary photography
Because her photos were distributed free to newspapers,
Americans became aware of the Dust Bowl disaster. Her
photos humanized the victims and displayed their
strength.
page 80

Lesson #37: Homework on the internet
Research: The Dust Bowl
Websites: The Dustbowl
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/dustbowl/peopleevents/index.html
http://www.ccccok.org/museum/dustbowl.html
http://drought.unl.edu/whatis/dustbowl.htm
http://environmentalism.suite101.com/article.cfm/environmental_disaster
Timeline
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/dustbowl/timeline/index.html
Photos
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsowhome.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dust_Bowl
Click on the word “photographs.”
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tshome.html
Readings
Special Features, Timeline, Maps, People & Events
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/dustbowl/
The 1930s Dustbowl
http://www.ccccok.org/museum/dustbowl.html
California in the 1930s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation
Video
Surviving the Dustbowl
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/dustbowl/
page 81

Dorothea Lange
Photographer
Thanks to the WPA, she was one of the most famous photographers of the Depression.
She photographed migrant workers in California. The photos are heart rendering.
Famous photo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_mother
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG97/fsa/lang.html
Eyewitness account: Migrant Mother, 1936
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/migrantmother.htm
Slideshow
http://museumca.org/global/art/collections_dorothea_lange.html
Readings
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/wcf/wcf0013.html
Her life and art
http://www.ibiblio.org/channel/Lange.html
John Steinbeck
Author
John Steinbeck wrote his novel, The Grapes of Wrath, to describe the plight of the migrants.
Photos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steinbeck
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath
After you have watched the film, “The Grapes of Wrath”
http://newdeal.feri.org/nchs/lesson03.htm
page 82

Lesson #38: Homework on the Internet
Class discussion: What were the causes and results of the Dustbowl?
Videos: The Dustbowl
1. Dustbowl of the 1930s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2CiDaUYr90
2. Dustbowl
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFBKKMUtbrM&feature=related
3. The Great Dust Storms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEYb9xjAhHI&feature=related
4. Dust Bowl Blues
Narrated by Henry Fonda
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOY_Wqhg8ow
5. Dust Bowl
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAQsGdcLl4c
6. So long, it’s been good to know ya
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqiblXFlZuk&feature=related
Just for comparison
7. Big dust storm in Iraq, 2006
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xD1oo_JIPk&feature=related
page 83

Lesson #39: Homework on the Internet
Class discussion: Which is your favorite song - and why?
Videos: Woody Guthrie
During the Great Depression, Woody Guthrie wrote songs about the Dustbowl.
The first video tells about his life story.
The rest are about the songs he wrote and sang during the Great Depression.
If you recognize the songs, it’s because Bob Dylan has sung them.
1. Woody Guthrie’s life story
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkRCBz-PAYE
2. This land is your land
The average joe and jane built America
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaI5IRuS2aE
3. Talkin’ Dustbowl Blues
About the Dustbowl
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkAxuqrVNBM
4. So long, it’s been good to know ya
About the Dustbowl
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqiblXFlZuk
5. I’m a Dustbowl refugee
http://www.fortunecity.com/tinpan/parton/2/refugee.html
6. Pastures of Plenty
In California, migrant workers picked fruit
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDKYkvuRXik
7. Hard Travelin’
Manual labor jobs across the country
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fYiOjxCB5U
8. Roll on, Columbia
The federal government built the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River, Washington State
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUoh2QSjXAw
9. Housing of the Rising Sun
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0FwBUY-yP0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CogpRE-MyoE
10. Pretty Boy Floyd (sung by Bob Dylan)
About the bank robber
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUxKKl1aPq8
11. Union Maid
The right of a worker to join a union
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEZ2neLTSSw
page 84

Lesson #40: Group analysis
Break into 6 groups.
Bloom!
The Dustbowl
Analyze one concept using Bloom’s taxonomy.
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent
does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent
does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
Here’s what we came up with . . .
1. The Dustbowl
The term given to the area of the Great Plains including
Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico that
was most greatly affected during the Great Drought of the
1930s. The drought caused soil erosion and dust storms.
One million people left the region and became migrant
farmworkers in California.
2. It was a natural disaster (drought) and a man-made disaster
(over farming leading to soil erosion).
3. If a disaster destroyed your livelihood, would you move?
4. The Dustbowl was caused by a drought.
It resulted in a mass migration to California.
5. The rural areas were depopulated.
6. Those who believed in laissez-faire economics thought
the Dust Bowl refugees should move to California.
Progressives and New Dealers wanted to help rebuild the
Dust Bowl, so people could farm there again.
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government regulation.
The government must protect
the public by regulating big business.)
page 85

Lesson #41: Group analysis
Break into 6 groups.
Bloom!
Grapes of Wrath
Analyze one concept using Bloom’s taxonomy.
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent
does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
Here’s what we came up with . . .
1. The Grapes of Wrath
Written by John Steinbeck, this novel describes the life of
one family. They lived on a farm which was destroyed by
the Dust Bowl. They moved to California and became
migrant farmworkers.
2. It is a sad story, an American tragedy.
3. Are you your brother’s keeper?
4. At first, the family suffered because of a natural disaster.
When they got to California, their suffering was man-made.
Nobody wanted them.
5. Misfortune can hit anyone, including you.
For this reason, you should be your brother’s keeper.
6. Someone who believes in laissez-faire economics would
not do anything about the Joad family.
A Progressive or New Dealer would urge the government
to help the needy.
To what extent
does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government regulation.
The government must protect
the public by regulating big business.)
page 86

Lesson #42: Group analysis
Break into 6 groups.
Repatriation
When people were unemployed, they became angry at the
foreign-born who were employed.
In Los Angeles, 6000 Mexican Americans were deported to
Mexico.
Bloom!
The United Farmworkers
Analyze a concept using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Farmworkers
http://www.ufw.org/
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent
does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent
does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government regulation.
The government must protect
the public by regulating big business.)
Here’s what we came up with . . .
1. The United Farmworkers
Farmworkers were not part of the New Deal.
A union formed in 1962 by Cesar Chavez to improve the
lives of farmworkers.
By 1970, the farmworkers had a major contract with grape
growers.
The goal was collective bargaining.
With a union contract, wages, hours, and working
conditions would improve.
The Problem
The New Deal never covered farmworkers!
All of the federal laws did not apply to farmworkers:
a. Wagner Act
b. NLRB
c. Social Security
d. Fair Labor Standards Act - minimum wage
No Solution
Under federal laws . . .
Farmworkers had no legal right to strike.
Farmworkers had no right to collective bargaining.
2. Farmworkers were left out of the New Deal.
3. I would be bummed out.
4. From the 1960s onward, Cesar Chavez, his
movement, and his nonviolent tactics (boycotts, pickets,
strikes, and marches) won national attention.
The farmworkers held marches in California.
They carried banners with the black eagle with
HUELGA (strike) and VIVA LA CAUSA
(Long live our cause).
The marchers wanted the California state government to
pass laws which would permit farm workers to organize
into a union and allow collective bargaining.
5. The New Deal did not care about farmworkers, most of
whom were “Okies” or Mexican Americans.
6. If you believe in laissez-faire economics, then you do
not believe in the New Deal.
If you are a Progressive or New Dealer, you should not
have left the farmworkers out in the cold.
page 87

By 1932, people were desperate
page 88

Lesson #43: Group analysis
Break into groups: Come up with ten reasons.
Read them with gusto! Starting with #10. You know the drill.
Top Ten Reasons
why the Great Depression was traumatic
To those who lived through it, the Depression was as traumatic as any war or revolution.
Why?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
page 89

The Bonus March, 1932
page 90

Lesson #44: Lecture
If you can, show the photos and video in class.
The Bonus March, 1932
The Problem
There was no federal welfare system.
Each community took care of its own poor and needy.
During the Depression, cities were overwhelmed.
In New York City, nearly one million people were on the city dole.
They received $8 a month from the city.
When the city ran out of money, people starved.
The Promise
In 1918, American men joined the U.S. Army and fought in World War I.
After the war, the soldiers did not get a pension.
Instead, the federal government promised them a “bonus” at some vague time in the future.
In 1932, World War I veterans - hungry and unemployed - traveled to Washington, D.C.
They wanted to collect the bonus that the federal government had promised them.
Instead of helping the veterans, President Hoover sent the U.S. Army to crush the protest.
World War I veterans converged on Washington, D.C.
They wanted Congress to give them their bonus early. (Instead of in 1945.)
20,000 veterans camped in tents in the nation’s capital.
Their tent city was right in front of the White House!
While the House voted yes, the Senate voted no.
President Hoover was also against it.
Instead of going home to unemployment and starvation, the veterans remained encamped.
President Hoover offered to pay $100,000 to send them home by train, but they refused.
The Battle of Anacostia Flats
President Hoover sent in federal troops to evict the veterans.
General Douglas MacArthur (a hero in World War II) got the nasty job of evicting them.
The veterans were driven forcibly from their camps.
MacArthur used tanks, cavalry with drawn sabers, and infantry with fixed bayonets.
People concluded that President Hoover did not give a hoot for the common man.
page 91

Lesson #45: Homework on the Internet
Research: The Bonus March, 1932
Eyewitness accounts
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/bonusarmy.htm
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/snprelief4.htm
Readings
http://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/bonusm.htm
http://marchand.ucdavis.edu/lessons/HS/Bonus_ArmyHS.htm
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm203.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_March
Photos
On the road
Tent city
In DC
Shacks on fire
The police
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1129.html
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/assets/photos/1127.jpg
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1128.html
http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/images/bonusmarch.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evictbonusarmy.jpg
http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst203/images2/anacostia.jpg
Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkmo4ygPTjc
page 92

The Election of 1932
page 93

Lesson #46: Lecture
The Election of 1932
Two different candidates
How Hoover saw the election
“This campaign is more than a contest between two men.
It is more than a contest between two parties.
It is a contest between two philosophies of government."
How FDR saw the election
“I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people."
FDR’s campaign song was “Happy days are here again.”
Two different philosophies
The 1932 election was a watershed in American history.
There were two philosophies in this competition.
Each man had a different solution for the Great Depression.
Hoover
He wanted small government, laissez-faire economics, and rugged individualism.
FDR
He wanted Big Government, government intervention in the economy, and the Welfare State.
That is, a social safety net to prevent people from starving.
page 94

Lesson #47: Homework on the Internet
Class discussion: The two men were very different - how different?
Research: The Election of 1932
In 1929, the Depression hit.
In 1932, Hoover was the Republican incumbent running for re-election.
FDR was the Democratic challenger.
The two men were very different. How different?
Videos
Herbert Hoover
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8VDSqxRfM0
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3n1LgesVSYA
Photos
Newspapers and newsreels never showed FDR in a wheelchair
FDR in wheelchair http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rooseveltinwheelchair.jpg
FDR on crutches http://newdeal.feri.org/images/w29.gif
FDR in car
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Roosevelt_inauguration_1932.jpg
FDR swimming http://www.kidsnewsroom.org/elmer/infocentral/frameset/decade/fdr.jpg
Voters in Harlem http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/polisci/americangov/photo/pat0705.jpg
Hoover and FDR http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/polisci/americangov/photo/pat0804.jpg
Newspaper stories
Hoover Charges Roosevelt 'New Deal' Would Destroy Foundation of Nation, 1932
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/elections/1932/featured_article1.html
“Roosevelt wins in a landslide”
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/elections/1932/1932pageone.html
page 95

Lesson #48: Maps, charts, and photos
Maps & Charts: The Election of 1932
This was a watershed in American history.
The main issue was:
What is the proper role of the federal government?
Election map http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1932.svg
During the 1920s, everybody voted Republican.
During the 1930s, everybody voted Democrat.
Photos
Hoover
FDR
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/07/images/hoover134.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg
The Republicans
During the 1920s, the Republicans
ruled the federal government.
The Democrats
During the 1930s, the Democrats
ruled the federal government.
1. Herbert Hoover
2. Conservative
3. Small government
Hoover believed in small government.
4. Rugged Individualism
It was up to each individual to take care of himself.
Not the government.
Helping people was not the proper role of the
federal government.
If people are suffering, they should get help from
a. their church.
b. a local charity.
c. the local government.
d. the state government.
5. Laissez-faire
Government should leave Big Business alone.
Government cannot intervene in the economy.
Let the free market rule.
1. FDR
2. Liberal
3. Big Government
1933 marked the beginning of big government.
4. The Welfare State
FDR believed in welfare and welfare programs.
FDR believed the federal government should
provide help to needy individuals.
The federal government created jobs.
The government should be the employer of last
resort.
During the 1930s, FDR set up the Welfare
State.
We have had it ever since.
5. The government must run the economy
a. Deficit spending: Government spends $.
b. The Federal Reserve sets interest rates low.
page 96

Lesson #49:
Game
Two
Philosophies
Break into pairs.
Examine each fact.
Using the chart,
categorize each fact.
When you are finished,
play the Gong Show.
1. Herbert Hoover 1928-1932 Republican
In 1928, Hoover was elected because the economy was booming.
In 1929, the stock market crashed and the Depression began.
Everybody lost their jobs. Everybody blamed Hoover. because the federal
government refused to help people who were suffering.
He did not do it because he was mean.
He did not believe that it was the proper role of the federal government.
A conservative
Small government.
Rugged individualism.
Laissez-faire economics.
2. Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933-1945 Democrat
FDR took office in 1933, during the worst year of the Depression.
In the first 100 days, he set up all of his federal programs.
A liberal
Big government.
The welfare state.
Government interference in the economy.
1. He was a Republican.
2. He was a Democrat.
3. He was a conservative.
4. He was a liberal.
5. He believed in small government.
6. He believed in Big Government.
7. He believed in government regulation of the economy.
8. He believed in laissez-faire economics.
9. He continued and extended the reforms made during the Progressive Era.
10. He ignored the reforms made during the Progressive era.
11. He believed Big Business should run the economy.
12. He believed that the government should run the economy.
13. He was president when the stock market crashed on Wall Street.
14. He regulated the stock market on Wall Street.
15. He was president when the Great Depression began.
16. He was blamed for the Great Depression.
17. He was born poor and became an orphan.
18. He was born rich, with a silver spoon in his mouth.
19. At 39, he was paralyzed and lived in a wheelchair.
20. He believed in rugged individualism.
21. He created the Welfare State.
22. If you were unemployed, you should ask your church, local charity, or local government for help.
23. If you were unemployed, he would give you a job.
24. He believed in deficit spending.
25. He wanted to balance the budget.
26. If he took in $100 in taxes, he spent $200 on government programs for the poor.
27. He got the Federal Reserve Board to raise interest rates.
28. He got the Federal Reserve Board to lower interest rates.
29. He cared about the poor.
30. He did not seem to care about the poor.
31. He was not re-elected.
32. He was elected four times as president.
33. He got the U.S. out of the Depression.
34. He led the U.S. to victory in World War II.
35. There is a big monument to him in Washington, D.C.
36. Historians regard him as one of the Top Five presidents.
37. Ever since his presidency, the President has been extremely powerful.
The Answers
1. Hoover
2. FDR
3. Hoover
4. FDR
5. Hoover
6. FDR
7. FDR
8. Hoover
9. FDR
10. Hoover
11. Hoover
12. FDR
13. Hoover
14. FDR
15. Hoover
16. Hoover
17. Hoover
18. FDR
19. FDR
20. Hoover
21. FDR
22. Hoover
23. FDR
24. FDR
25. Hoover
26. FDR
27. Hoover
28. FDR
29. FDR
30. Hoover
31. Hoover
32. FDR
33. FDR
34. FDR
35. FDR
36. FDR
37. FDR
page 97

A game to learn how to categorize.
A game for those students who learn best by doing.
A game to assess learning.
The Gong Show
The week before
Go to Office Depot or Office Max and buy 2 bells. You know:
You bop it to call for service.
Make 2 signs: Hoover, FDR
Ask the school custodian for a wide table and 5 chairs.
A panel of “experts”
In the front of the classroom, place the table and chairs.
In front of each, place a sign and bell.
Ask for volunteers to sit as a panel of experts.
"You are responsible only for responding to facts which relate to your category."
The Reader
Choose a student to read the facts.
Explain: "When the reader read a fact which deals with your particular category, ring your bell."
The Answer Guy
Choose a student to play this role. We suggest a guy or gal who has been absent.
Give the student the answer sheet.
Explain: "When a student gives a wrong answer, you must bellow GONG.”
Encourage the class to join in on the GONG.
(p.s. Your music department probably has a gong.)
How to find a cheap gong on the internet:
We typed in “buy gong” and came up with a neat one for $19.95:
www.grothmusic.com/cgi-local/SoftCart.exe/online-store/scstore/p-
WH510.html?L+scstore+tczh8042ffea74ea+1045614491
How to begin
Ask students to test their bells.
"Do not ring your bell until the full statement has been read."
“If you engage in frivolous bell-ringing, another student will take your place.”
The Reader reads the facts, one by one.
The Answer Man states whether the answer is correct or incorrect.
What if several students ring their bells?
All the better!
Ask the class whether or not the incorrect answer is possible, based upon the student's explanation.
Keep in mind that when you enter higher levels of thinking, certain answers are going to be "in the ballpark"
and, therefore, acceptable.
More advanced
Using the same topic, read from the encyclopedia.
Ask students to explain their answers.
That is, exactly why does this fact relate to your category?
page 98

Lesson #50: Game
The Great Race
Break into two teams. Choose a scorekeeper.
On the chalkboard, write
Hoover
FDR
1. Break into two teams: Team A and Team B. Try guys vs gals.
2. Line up, single file - at least 15 feet from the board.
3. The teacher reads the power.
4. Two students race to the board and put a check under the correct answer.
5. Teacher gives correct answer. Students erase their check marks and go to the back of the lines.
Do it over and over again, until every student has mastered the material.
The Answers
1. He was a Republican.
2. He was a Democrat.
3. He was a conservative.
4. He was a liberal.
5. He believed in small government.
6. He believed in Big Government.
7. He believed in government regulation of the economy.
8. He believed in laissez-faire economics.
9. He continued and extended the reforms made during the Progressive Era.
10. He ignored the reforms made during the Progressive era.
11. He believed Big Business should run the economy.
12. He believed that the government should run the economy.
13. He was president when the stock market crashed on Wall Street.
14. He regulated the stock market on Wall Street.
15. He was president when the Great Depression began.
16. He was blamed for the Great Depression.
17. He was born poor and became an orphan.
18. He was born rich, with a silver spoon in his mouth.
19. At 39, he was paralyzed and lived in a wheelchair.
20. He believed in rugged individualism.
21. He created the Welfare State.
22. If you were unemployed, you should ask your church, local charity, or local government for help.
23. If you were unemployed, he would give you a job.
24. He believed in deficit spending.
25. He wanted to balance the budget.
26. If he took in $100 in taxes, he spent $200 on government programs for the poor.
27. He got the Federal Reserve Board to raise interest rates.
28. He got the Federal Reserve Board to lower interest rates.
29. He cared about the poor.
30. He did not seem to care about the poor.
31. He was not re-elected.
32. He was elected four times as president.
33. He got the U.S. out of the Depression.
34. He led the U.S. to victory in World War II.
35. There is a big monument to him in Washington, D.C.
36. Historians regard him as one of the Top Five presidents.
37. Ever since his presidency, the President has been extremely powerful.
1. Hoover
2. FDR
3. Hoover
4. FDR
5. Hoover
6. FDR
7. FDR
8. Hoover
9. FDR
10. Hoover
11. Hoover
12. FDR
13. Hoover
14. FDR
15. Hoover
16. Hoover
17. Hoover
18. FDR
19. FDR
20. Hoover
21. FDR
22. Hoover
23. FDR
24. FDR
25. Hoover
26. FDR
27. Hoover
28. FDR
29. FDR
30. Hoover
31. Hoover
32. FDR
33. FDR
34. FDR
35. FDR
36. FDR
37. FDR
page 99

Lesson #51: Lecture
FDR won by a landslide
In November 1932, President Herbert Hoover was defeated by Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
Upon leaving office, Hoover revealed that he had lost all confidence:
“We are at the end of our rope. There is nothing more we can do.”
Congress is controlled by the Democrats
In November 1932, Democrats controlled both houses of Congress.
Hoover left office in disgrace
Photo: FDR wins 1932 election http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/09-1752a.gif
Cartoon: FDR replaces Hoover http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARnew2.jpg
In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a Democrat, was elected President.
The Rise of Hitler in Germany
Photo http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/history20/unit2/images/u2s2_7_1.gif
Third bank panic
From 1929 to 1932, 10,000 banks failed
Of all the banks, 40% went under.
FDR won in November, but he did not take office until March.
During that time, the nation’s banking system collapsed.
When one bank closed its doors, everybody ran down to their bank to withdraw all of their $.
When that happened, all the banks in that town ran out of money and shut their doors.
By the time FDR was sworn in as president, a major banking crisis had developed .
page 100

Lesson #52: Homework on the internet
Readings: Why Hoover was defeated
The election of 1932 was a watershed in American history.
Two philosophies of government were in competition.
One won out.
1. Why FDR was elected
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARnewdeal.htm
2. Why Hoover was not re-elected
He predicted prosperity
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5063
Anacostia Flats
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6694
Farm foreclosures
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5060
Things are getting better
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5062
Keep a stiff upper lip
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6787
It’s your own fault
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6788
Why charity alone won’t work
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/features/timeline/depwwii/depress/begging.html
A family in Asheville, North Carolina simply could not make it on charity alone.
page 101

Lesson #53: Group analysis
Break into groups of 3 or 4.
Add up the facts.
Why Herbert Hoover was defeated
What did he do wrong?
Think of general reasons.
Think of specific reasons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
page 102

The Answers
Why Herbert Hoover was not re-elected
What did he do wrong?
1. Small government
Herbert Hoover believed in small government.
Helping individuals was not the proper role of the federal government.
2. Laissez-faire
Government should leave Big Business alone.
Government cannot intervene in the economy.
Let the free market rule.
3. Rugged Individualism
It was up to each individual to take care of himself.
He did not want people to become dependent on the federal government.
4. Voluntarism
If people are suffering, they should get help from
a. their church.
b. a local charity.
c. the local government.
d. the state government.
5. Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930
This was a high tax on European imports.
In retaliation, Europe stopped buying U.S. goods.
6. Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1932
At the end of his administration, President Hoover did let the government intervene in the economy.
The U.S. government gave $2 billion to state and local governments.
It loaned money to banks, railroads, and other businesses.
But it was too little, too late.
7. The Bonus March, 1932
World War I veterans held a gigantic protest in Washington, D.C.
Instead of helping them, President Hoover sent the U.S. Army to crush the Army veterans.
8. Balance the budget
President Hoover tried to balance the budget, which made things worse.
9. Three years of suffering
In 1929 the Great Depression began.
By 1932, an astounding 25% were unemployed.
The people blamed Hoover and his party for the Wall Street crash of 1929.
10. No confidence
After three years of the Great Depression, voters had no confidence in President Hoover.
Desperate, the people wanted a leader with unbounding courage.
page 103

Review
page 104

Lesson #54: Group analysis
Break into pairs.
Translate it into your own words.
Famous Quotations
1928
1. “The American system of rugged individualism.”
2. “A car in every garage and a chicken in every pot.”
1929
3. "Recovery is just around the corner."
4. "Billions of dollars' of profits - and paper profits - had disappeared. The grocer, the window-cleaner,
and the seamstress had lost their capital. In every town there were families which had suddenly dropped
from showy affluence into debt. Investors who had dreamed of retiring to live on their fortunes now
found themselves back once more at the very beginning of the long road to riches. Day by day the
newspapers printed the grim reports of suicides."
5. “The economy is about to turn the corner.”
6. "We're the first nation in the history of the world to go to the poorhouse in an automobile."
1931
7. "Liquidate labor, liquidate stocks, liquidate real estate . . . values will be adjusted, and enterprising
people will pick up the wreck from less-competent people."
8. "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
1932
9. “Too little and too late.”
10. “This campaign is more than a contest between two men. It is more than a contest between two
parties. It is a contest between two philosophies of government."
11. “The grass will grow in the streets of a hundred cities.”
12. “We are at the end of our rope. There is nothing more we can do.”
13. “These unhappy times call for the building of plans . . . that build from the bottom up and not from
the top down, that put their faith once more in the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid.”
14. “The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands bold, persistent experimentation.
It is common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But
above all, try something.”
15. “I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people."
16. “Happy days are here again.”
17. "So long, it's been good to know yuh;
So long, it's been good to know yuh;
So long, it's been good to know yuh.
This dusty old dust is a-gettin' my home,
And I got to be driftin' along."

The Answers
1. Herbert Hoover
Each individual must look out for himself or herself.
2. Herbert Hoover
This was his campaign slogan in 1928. He stressed continued economic prosperity.
3. Herbert Hoover
When the stock market crashed in 1929, Hoover and the federal government took no action.
4. Frederick Lewis Allen
In his book, Only Yesterday, he described
the crash on Wall Street.
5. Herbert Hoover
From 1929 to 1932, he tried to raise optimism about the economy.
He never convinced the people. It was comparable to President Lyndon Johnson’s phrase during the Vietnam War: “There is light
at the end of the tunnel.”
6. Will Rogers
The humorist was trying to explain how prosperous things seemed to be before the Depression hit.
7. Andrew Mellon
He was Hoover’s Secretary of the Treasury. He advised businessmen to lay off workers.
8. A popular song during the Depression.
People were so broke they had no money in their pockets. The New Deal invented jobs to put money in their pockets.
9. What people said about President Hoover’s action in 1932, a campaign year.
(He wanted to be re-elected.)
Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). In that, the federal government tried to bail out Big Business. It also
gave money to the states to help the needy.
10. Herbert Hoover
During the 1932 election campaign, Hoover explained that he believed in laissez-faire economics and FDR believed in Keynesian
economics.
11. Herbert Hoover
During the 1932 election campaign, President Hoover tried to make people fear the Democratic candidate, FDR.
12. Herbert Hoover
Upon leaving office in 1932, President Hoover revealed that he had lost all confidence.
13. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
President Hoover cared about the wealthy. FDR cared about the poor.
During the 1932 election campaign, FDR made a famous radio address to “The Forgotten Man.” He made it clear that he would
take action to help relieve the suffering of the average joe.
14. FDR
FDR made it clear that he was going to experiment.
15. FDR
His administration was nicknamed “The New Deal.” Teddy Roosevelt’s was “The Square Deal.” Meaning fairness for the average
joe.
16. FDR
His campaign slogan in 1932.
17. Woody Guthrie
A song about the Dustbowl.
page 106

Lesson #55: Graphic organizer
The Great Depression
1. October 1929
What happened in
on Wall Street on
October 24, 1929?
3. Emergency
Why didn’t people
save money for a
rainy day?
2. The Biggest
Problem
The average person
did not own
stock. What did he
lose?
4. President
When the Great
Depression hit, he
did not know what
to do.
5. President
President who got
us through the
Great Depression.
6. Personal Crisis
Why was this man
ideally suited to get
us through a
national crisis?
Problems
7. The Homeless
Jobless, homeless
people living in
cardboard shacks
at the city dump.
10. First woman
cabinet member
Secretary of Labor.
9. His Advisors
A group of people
who solved problems
by thinking
“out of the box.”
8. His Slogan
What was his slogan?
11. Bank Holiday
First off, the
President closed all
the banks. Why?
12. Calming
Fears
How the President
kept people from
panicking.
13. His Plan
Who would hire the
unemployed?
14. A Radical
Plan
Who would pay for
the job programs?
page 107

Answers
1. The Stock Market Crash
2. His job
3. They did. The banks closed and they lost their life savings.
4. Herbert Hoover
5. FDR = Franklin Delano Roosevelt
6. At 39, FDR was paralyzed by polio. Suddenly, he had to live the rest of his life he lived in a wheelchair. He conquered his own
fears. Rather than give up, he decided to run for Governor of New York. And the President!
7. Hoovervilles. Named after President Hoover.
8. “The New Deal”
9. “The Brain Trust”
10. Frances Perkins
11. People panicked. They ran to the bank and withdrew all their money. Then the bank failed. FDR wanted to prevent more bank
failures.
12. Fireside chats. FDR went on the radio and talked to the American people.
13. The U.S. Government! Uncle Sam would be “the employer of last resort.”
14. The government would borrow money and create jobs for the unemployed.
What general statements can be made?
1. It was an economic crisis.
2. It required a radical solution.
3. For the first time, government became a big part of the average person’s life.
page 108

Lesson #56: Game
Study this worksheet.
Go around the room, one by one.
Can you remember one term, from A to Z?
The ABCs of the Great Depression
If there is no term, dream one up!
Anacostia Flats, American Liberty League
Black Tuesday, bank failures, bank foreclosure, bread lines, buying on margin, Bull Market, Bear
Market
Conservative, charitable organizations, chain gang
Deflation, depression, Dust Bowl, depopulation of rural areas, drought, Dow Jones
Economic crisis, economic paralysis, escapism, Election of 1932
Federal Reserve Board, farm foreclosures
Great Depression,Grapes of Wrath, Gross National Product (GNP)
Hoovervilles, the human toll, hobo
Internal migration
K
Laissez faire economics
Margin buying, money supply, monetary policy
New York Stock Exchange
O
Purchasing power
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), rugged individualism, riding the rails, repatriation
Speculation, stock market crash, soup kitchens, Scottsboro case, soap operas, Smoot-Hawley Tariff
Tenant farmers and sharecroppers
Unemployment, United Autoworkers (UAW), United Farm Workers (UFW)
Vagrant, vagrancy law, voluntarism, vigilante
Wall Street
W
X
Y
Z
page 109

Lesson #57: Game
To define terms.
To become familiar with a multiple-choice test.
Can you talk like Herbert Hoover?
The goal: To learn terms and understand the logic of a multiple-choice test.
The day before: Go to the school library. Break into teams of five. Use the dictionary/encyclopedia.
Student A writes the correct definition straight from the dictionary.
Student B dreams up the exact opposite of the real definition.
Student C dreams up a plausible wrong answer.
Student D dreams up a really plausible wrong answer.
Student E invents a truly stupid answer. (Hey, this is what makes the kids pay attention.)
Each team does this for all the terms checked below.
How to play: Back in class, place one table with 5 chairs and 5 stand-up cards that read A B C D or E.
Each student stands up and reads his/her “definition” with a straight face.
The class guesses: Write A B C D or E on a slip of paper, sign your name, pass it to “the counter” who
was absent yesterday.
The teacher then asks: "Will the person with the real definition please stand up."
The winner: The student with the most correct answers. His or her team goes next.
Define these terms
Anacostia Flats, American Liberty League
Black Tuesday, bank failures, bank foreclosure, bread lines,
buying on margin, Bull Market, Bear Market
Conservative, charitable organizations, chain gang
Deflation, depression, Dust Bowl, depopulation of rural
areas, drought, Dow Jones
Economic crisis, economic paralysis, escapism, Election of
1932
Federal Reserve Board, farm foreclosures
Great Depression,Grapes of Wrath, Gross National Product
(GNP)
Hoovervilles, the human toll, hobo
Internal migration
K
Laissez faire economics
Margin buying, money supply, monetary policy
New York Stock Exchange
O
Purchasing power
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), rugged individualism,
riding the rails, repatriation
Speculation, stock market crash, soup kitchens, Scottsboro
case, soap operas, Smoot-Hawley Tariff
Tenant farmers and sharecroppers
Unemployment, United Autoworkers (UAW), United Farm
Workers (UFW)
Vagrant, vagrancy law, voluntarism, vigilante
Wall Street
a. Bull Market
An upward trend in the prices of corporate
stocks on the stock market. (Bingo! This is the
correct definition. Stocks go charging upward,
like a bull.)
b. Bull Market
An upward trend in the prices of corporate
stocks on the stock market. Bears sell off stocks
and then retreat into their caves. (Nope. That is
the definition of a Bear Market.)
c. Bull Market
An assumption of unusual business risk in
hopes of obtaining commensurate gain. (Close,
but no cigar. This is the definition of speculation.)
d. Bull Market
the compensation accruing to entrepreneurs for
the assumption of risk. (Close, but no cigar. This
is the definition of profit.)
e. Bull Market
When corporations do not reveal the truth about
the true value of their corporation. (Bogus.)
page 110

Lesson #58: Game
Face off between a gal and a guy.
Lesson 59: Game
Read the test aloud.
Mars / Venus
How much do you know about this topic?
One concept, a cluster of facts
1. Two chairs at the front of the room.
2. A guy and a gal sit knee to knee.
3. Teacher provides one concept.
4. Guy responds with a related fact.
5. Gal responds with a related fact.
Pair keeps going until they stall.
6. Move on to the next pair.
Example: New Deal
Mars
FDR
end of laissez-faire
1930s
liberals
a continuation of ...
Social Security
CCC
FERA
NLRB
Schecter case
Less Advanced
The two students use the textbook.
Venus
Democrats
govt intervention eco
Depression
The Welfare State
Progressive Movement
WPA
FDIC
SEC
The Wagner Act
NRA unconstitutional
More advanced
Teacher provides other stimuli that appear on
the test:
1. Map
2. Photo
3. Illustration
4. Cartoon
5. Quotation
Explain the game to the class
1. One Concept
If you really know this topic, you can go on forever.
2. Cluster of facts
You must recall a cluster of facts
that surround that big concept.
3. Relaxed on test day
Puts a student on the spot in class.
Puts him/her at ease when taking the test.
When the guy reads a test question,
he actually hears the gal talking.
And vice versa.
Honk if you hate history!
The honker is a bulb horn*, invented by Harpo
Marx. If you get the answers wrong, you are not
dumb. You only sound dumb.
Read the test aloud!
1. Put a table and two chairs at the front.
2. Put two honkers* on the table and put two
students in the chairs.
3. Read a test question. Silence in the room.
4. Read the question a second time.
Honk when you hear the right answer.
5. Allow this pair ten questions.
6. Move on to the next pair.
7. Try Teams: guys vs gals.
“All of the following statements about blahblah
are true, except . . .” is a typical question
on the test. It is the type of question that makes
students freeze up. Honk when you hear the
answer.
Explain the game to the class
Just another zany way to review for a test?
Nope . . .
1. Reasoning skills
Right or wrong, you can ask a student why he
honked. “What were you thinking?”
2. Listening skills
Allows you to listen for the answer that
DOES NOT FIT.
3. Relaxed on test day
Puts a student on the spot in class.
Puts him/her at ease when taking the test.
When you read a test question, you can hear
the horn honk in your ear.
*On the internet, simply type in “clown horn.”
We found honkers at:
www.bubbasikes.com/novelties.html
#IN-21 Bulb horn cost: $6.50
www.magicmakers.com/retail/clown%20stuff/horn.html
#03128 Bulb horn cost: $7.20
page 111

Lesson #60: Game
Read the test aloud!
Lesson #61: Game
Read the test aloud!
Stump the Teacher!
The Goal
The state test is tough
Some students hit one tough question and
freeze up for the rest of the exam.
Show students how to make an error and
bounce back. Demonstrate your human-ness by
joining the gang . . .
The set-up
Table in front of the class.
Five chairs.
Five signs: a, b, c, d, e
Five bells, one for each student to ring.
You are the 5th student!
Choose four students and become the fifth!
The Reader
Give the test to one student to read aloud.
If a is the answer, Student a must ring his/her
bell.
The Last Man Standing
Do you remember Bruce Willis in the film,
“The Last Man Standing”?
It was a great shoot-out.
Read the test aloud
1. Everyone stands up.
2. Go up and down the rows, asking questions.
3. When a student is wrong (or silent), he or
she must sit down.
4. The next student tries it.
5. The winner is the last man standing.
Create a poster: “The Bad Guys of History.”
This week’s winner: ___________________.
Run this game only once a week.
Get a polaroid camera.
(This is more important than you can imagine.)
Each week, take the winner’s picture.
Put the photo on the poster.
Put the poster on your classroom door.
The Scorekeeper
Five students keeps score.
(Each scorekeeper keeps track of one person at
the table.) The number of questions you
answered correctly.
When you get an answer wrong
When get an answer wrong, tell the class you
missed breakfast.
Accept the challenge
Nothing surprises students more than role reversal.
It says, “Yep, I am human too.”
It says, “What the heck, I’ll give it my best shot.”
It says, “If you can do it, so can I.”
page 112

The Test
page 113

The Depression
If you answer them in order, you will score well. They are in logical order.
If you jumble them up, you will score less well. That’s how it’s done on the real test.
Test Questions
The Definition
When
1. When did the Great Depression begin?
a. 1914
b. 1919
c. 1929
d. 1932
e. 1947
2. The Great Depression began with a ____ and ended with a ____.
a. crash; war
b. war; crash
3. The Great Depression began with the ____ and ended during ____.
a. World War I; stock market crash
b. World War II; stock market crash
c. stock market crash; World War I
d. stock market crash; World War II
Where
4. The Depression ____ world wide.
a. was
b. was not
5. The Depression hit what countries?
a. The U.S.
b. Europe
c. Asia
d. Africa
e. nearly every country around the world.
6. Which statement is not true?
a. The Depression posed a challenge to democratic nations.
b. In Germany, it caused the rise of Hitler.
c. In Italy, it caused the rise of Mussolini.
d. Britain and France faced internal threats from communists and fascists.
e. The U.S. never faced an internal threat from the left or the right.
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Who
7. Which President was in office during the Depression?
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
c. both
d. neither
What
8. The Great Depression began as a(n) ____ crisis.
a. political c. religious e. cultural
b. economic d. social
9. The Great Depression required a series of ____ reforms.
a. political c. religious e. cultural
b. economic d. social
10. For those who lived through it, the Great Depression ____ as traumatic as a war or revolution.
a. was
b. was not
11. A depression is a deep, extended slump in ____ business activity.
a. certain sectors
b. total
12. Buying and selling ____ during the Depression, causing a(n) ____ in production, prices, income,
and employment.
a. rose; increase
b. fell; decline
13. During the Depression, money
a. expands.
b. contracts.
14. What happens when government prints a lot of money?
a. inflation
b. deflation
15. During the Depression, unemployment
a. rose.
b. fell.
16. Which did not happen at the beginning of the Depression?
a. People stopped buying in stores.
b. The stores ordered less from factories.
c. The factories laid off workers.
d. Unemployed workers stopped buying in stores.
e. The economy was in an upward spiral.
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17. How long did the Depression last?
a. only a year or so.
b. a decade
18. During the Depression, the federal government grew
a. larger, because of new government agencies.
b. smaller, because no one could afford to pay taxes.
19. As a result of the Depression, the people came to rely on ____ to solve the economic crisis.
a. Wall Street
b. Washington, D.C.
Why
20. What caused the Great Depression? It was a drop in
a. demand.
b. supply.
How
21. The U.S. finally pulled out the Great Depression when the government spent money on
a. creating jobs.
b. the military during wartime.
page 116

Chronological Order
22. Put these events in chronological order:
A. Stock market crash
B. The Great Depression
C. Progressive Era
D. World War I
E. Return to “normalcy”
a. A, B, C, D, E
b. B, C, D, E, A
c. C, D, E, A, B
d. D, E, A, B, C
e. E, A, B, C, D
23. Put these events in chronological order:
A. FDR was elected.
B. Herbert Hoover was elected.
C. The stock market crashed.
D. The Bonus March
E. The banks began to close.
a. A, B, C, D, E
b. B, C, D, E, A
c. C, D, E, A, B
d. D, E, A, B, C
e. E, A, B, C, D
24. Put these events in chronological order:
A. FDR was elected
B. Bank holiday
C. CCC and WPA
D. Social Security
E. minimum wage
a. A, B, C, D, E
b. B, C, D, E, A
c. C, D, E, A, B
d. D, E, A, B, C
e. E, A, B, C, D
25. Put these events in chronological order:
A. American Federation of Labor was founded.
B. Congress of Industrial Unions was founded.
C. The Wagner Act was passed.
D. The UAW led the sit-down strike at General Motors.
E. United Farm Workers was founded.
a. A, B, C, D, E
b. B, C, D, E, A
c. C, D, E, A, B
d. D, E, A, B, C
e. A, C, B, D, E
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26. Which happened first?
a. stock market crash
b. Great Depression
27. Which happened first?
a. The Roaring Twenties
b. Herbert Hoover was elected
28. Which happened first?
a. Herbert Hoover was elected.
b. The Great Depression began.
c. The stock market crashed on Wall Street.
d. The Republican Party supports laissez-faire capitalism.
29. Which happened first?
a. factory closings
b. buying on margin
c. stock market crash
d. the Great Depression
30. Which came first?
a. The Great Depression
b. The government policy of laissez-fair
31. Which came first?
a. bank regulation
b. bank failures
32. Which came first
a. government regulation of the stock market
b. stock market crash
33. Which came first?
a. the stock market crash
b. bank failures
34. Which came first?
a. The Great Depression
b. government intervention in the economy
35. Which came first?
a. The Great Depression
b. government regulation of Big Business
36. Which came first?
a. buying on margin
b. stock market crash
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37. Which came first?
a. the bull market
b. the bear market
38. Which came first?
a. banks made investments on the stock market
b. stock market crash
39. Which came first?
a. Harlem race riot
b. massive unemployment
40. Which came first?
a. government regulation of Wall Street
b. stock market crash
41. Which happened last?
a. banks made investments on the stock market
b. banks failed
42. Which happened last?
a. bank failures
b. riding the rails
c. Hoovervilles
d. FDR was elected
e. Bonus March
43. Which came last?
a. stock market crash
b. bank failures
c. factory closings
d. massive unemployment
44. Which came last?
a. the tariff was raised
b. Herbert Hoover was elected
45. Which came last?
a. Herbert Hoover was elected
b. stock market crash
46. Which came last?
a. the Great Depression
b. World War II
page 119

Amendments
47. Prohibition was repealed.
a. 18th Amendment
b. 19th Amendment
c. 20th Amendment
d. 21st Amendment
e. 22nd Amendment
48. Prohibition ended.
a. 18th Amendment
b. 19th Amendment
c. 20th Amendment
d. 21st Amendment
e. 22nd Amendment
49. The only constitutional amendment that was ever repealed.
a. 18th Amendment
b. 19th Amendment
c. 20th Amendment
d. 21st Amendment
e. 22nd Amendment
50. Legalized the sale of liquor.
a. 18th Amendment
b. 19th Amendment
c. 20th Amendment
d. 21st Amendment
e. 22nd Amendment
page 120

The Presidents
51. When the Great Depression hit, who was held responsible?
a. the Republicans b. the Democrats
52. Which political party won every presidential election of the 1920s?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
53. Thanks to the Great Depression, which political party won every presidential election of the 1930s?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
54. Which party followed laissez-faire economics?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
55. Which party opposed government regulation of Big Business?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
56. The election of 1932 was memorable because it was unusual for a ___ to win.
a. Republican b. Democrat
57. During the 1920s, who controlled Congress?
a. the Republicans b. the Democrats
58. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. The Republicans controlled the White House.
b. The Republicans controlled Congress.
c. both
d. neither
59. Which party was responsible for the Great Depression?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
60. He was a humanitarian. After World War I, he took shiploads of relief to the starving people of
Europe.
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
61. At nine years old, he was an orphan. He was a self-made man. He became an engineer and made
millions. He was Secretary of Commerce under Coolidge.
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
62. Who was president when the stock market crashed on Wall Street?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
63. Who was president when the Great Depression began?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
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64. Which man was not president during the 1920s?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
65. Which president was in a wheelchair?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
66. Which president’s campaign slogan was “Happy days are here again”?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
67. Which president wanted a “new deal” for America?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
68. When the Great Depression hit, he refused to use the power of the federal government to help the
needy.
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
69. In 1932, he was not re-elected.
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Woodrow Wilson
70. Who was elected in 1932?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
71. What were “Hoovervilles”?
a. communities built for GIs returning from World War I.
b. communities built for GIs returning from World War II.
c. homemade shacks built during the Great Depression.
d. federal housing for the poor during the Great Depression.
page 122

1. The Hoover Years
The stock market crash
72. During the 1920s, Wall Street experienced a spectacular
a. Bull Market.
b. Bear Market.
73. On Wall Street, a steady downward trend in the prices of corporate stocks is known as a
a. Bull Market.
b. Bear Market.
74. On Wall Street, a steady upward trend in the prices of corporate stocks is known as a
a. Bull Market.
b. Bear Market.
75. During the 1920s, investors borrowed money from their stockbrokers.
When the price of their stock went up, they made a profit, and paid their stockbrokers.
This was known as
a. a panic.
b. the layaway plan.
c. buying on margin.
76. In 1929, investors borrowed money from their stockbrokers.
When the price of their stock fell, they lost money and could not pay back their stockbrokers.
This created
a. a panic.
b. the layaway plan.
c. buying on margin.
77. All of the following statements about the stock market in the 1920s are true, except:
a. An investor in the stock market had to put up a big investment.
b. Prices of stocks and shares constantly went up until 1929.
c. Investors kept stocks for a short period and then sold them at a profit.
d. As with consumer goods, it was possible to buy stocks on credit.
e. Speculators sold their shares at a profit before paying the stockbrokers.
78. All of the following statements about the stock market in 1929 are true, except:
a. less than 1% of Americans owned stocks and shares.
b. The Wall Street crash had an impact on the whole population.
c. The fall in stock prices made it difficult for businessmen to raise the money needed to run
their companies.
d. Within a short time, 100,000 companies were forced to close.
e. When workers lost their jobs, they had to rely on unemployment insurance.
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79. During the 1920s, who invested in the stock market?
a. the rich
b. the middle class
c. banks
d. speculators
e. all of the above
80. What happened in 1929?
a. Everyone wanted to sell their stocks.
b. No one wanted to buy stocks.
c. both
d. neither
81. Buying stocks on margin ____ was a “get-rich-quick” scheme.
a. was
b. was not
82. All of the following contributed to speculation on the stock market, except:
a. Communication revolution via telephone and wireless telegraph
b. Radio delivered news of stocks quickly.
c. Farmers and workers invested on the stock market.
d. Rise of disposable income among upper-middle class
e. Absence of any government regulation of Wall Street.
83. Which agency was supposed to regulate the stock market during the 1920s?
a. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
b. The Wall Street Journal (WSJ)
c. World Trade Organization (WTO)
d. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
e. the Dow Jones
84. Before the 1929 crash,
a. there was little support for federal regulation of the stock exchange.
b. the federal government prevented the fraudulent sale of stock.
c. both
d. neither
85. During the 1920s, what was not happening on Wall Street?
a. Investors were tempted by promises of "rags to riches."
b. Stock brokers offered easy credit to investors.
c. Stock brokers informed the public of the risks involved in investing.
d. Twenty million investors tried to make their fortunes in the stock market.
e. Half of the $50 billion in new stocks became worthless.
86. Engagement in risky business transactions on the chance of quick or considerable profit.
a. speculation
b. defamation
c. deportation
d. laissez-faire
e. evolution
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87. Which statement is not true?
a. The investor bought $100 worth of stock.
b. He gave $10 to the stockbroker.
c. The stockbroker borrowed the other $90 from a bank.
d. When the stock market crashed, the banks held worthless stock.
e. The banks never went bankrupt.
88. Which statement is true?
a. From 1921 to 1927, stocks were rising on Wall Street.
b. In 1928, stocks started soaring threw the roof.
c. By the end of 1929, most stocks were worthless.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
89. During the 1920s, which federal agency took successful action to prevent the stock market boom
from getting out of control?
a. The Federal Reserve
b. The Federal Trade Commission
c. The Securities & Exchange Commission
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
90. What happened on Black Tuesday?
a. Investors began to sell their stocks.
b. Stockbrokers called in their margins.
c. Banks called in their loans to stockbrokers.
d. Nearly everyone panicked and sold their stocks.
e. all of the above
91. Which statement about the stock market crash is true?
a. In New York City, stockbrokers were jumping out of windows.
b. In the suburbs, men jumped in front of commuter trains.
c. both
d. neither
92. Which statement is true?
a. At first, the stock market crash hit only the wealthy.
b. When the stock market crashed, factories began to close.
c. both
d. neither
93. During the 1920s, what gave people a false sense of prosperity?
a. rising farm income
b. falling unemployment
c. the stock market
94. Which statement about margin-buying is true?
a. Banks loaned stockbrokers up to 75% of the price of stock purchases.
b. When the crash hit, stockbrokers could not repay the banks.
c. both
d. neither
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95. Which statement is true?
a. The stock market had nothing to do with the rest of the economy.
b. It was an artificial boom.
c. Speculators pushed up the price of stocks far higher than the actual value of the company.
d. all of the above
e. only A and B
96. Which statement about the 1920s is not true?
a. There was a spectacular upward trend in the prices of corporate stocks.
b. From 1921 to 1927, stocks were rising on Wall Street.
c. In 1928, stocks started soaring threw the roof.
d. If you bought $10,000 worth of stock in 1924, it could be worth $40,000 in 1929.
e. In late 1929, the stock market turned bullish.
97. Which statement about the stock market is not true?
a. People bought stocks with loaned money.
b. Investors borrowed from stockbrokers.
c. Stockbrokers borrowed from banks.
d. Banks with bad investments eventually went under.
e. Banks never went bankrupt.
98. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. Wages were low and profits were high.
b. The average workers’ real wages increased only slightly.
c. The majority of people lived at or near poverty.
d. There was a wide gap between the rich and the poor.
e. all of the above
99. What happened on Black Tuesday?
a. There was a financial panic on Wall Street.
b. Everyone sold off their shares and the stock market collapsed.
c. Stocks on the New York Stock Exchange lost 50% of their value.
d. Industrial stocks lost 80% of their value.
e. all of the above
100. Since most Americans viewed the stock market as the chief indicator of the health of the American
economy, the crash shattered
a. public support.
b. consumer confidence.
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101. Which statement about 1929 was true?
a. The rich were 1% of the population.
b. The middle class were 15%.
c. The remaining people were poor.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
102. Which name does not fit?
a. Wall Street
b. the stock market
c. the Dow Jones
d. Chicago stockyards
e. New York Stock Exchange
103. Which statement is true?
a. The stock market crash hit everyone.
b. The stock market turned rich men into poor men in one day.
c. both
d. neither
104. In 1929, what % of the American people owned stocks and shares on the stock market?
a. 1%
b. 5%
c. 25%
d. 33%
e. 50%
page 127

Hoover’s response to the Depression
105. How did President Herbert Hoover first respond to the stock market crisis?
a. He resigned in disgrace.
b. He began a jobs program in public works.
c. He began deficit spending to stimulate the economy.
d. He ordered the Federal Reserve Board to stabilize the market.
e. He expressed confidence that the stock market would rebound naturally.
106. For three years (1929 to 1932), the U.S. government did ____ to help people who were suffering.
a. nothing
b. everything it could
107. Which was Hoover's response to the Depression?
a. Local governments and private charities could help the needy
b. The federal government would provide a social safety net.
c. Companies should not cut wages or lay off workers.
d. all of the above
e. only B and C
108. President Hoover believed in voluntarism. By voluntary action, he meant that
a. government and business should cooperate.
b. the federal government should take steps to end the Depression.
c. churches, charities, and state governments should help the needy.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
109. According to President Hoover, what was rugged individualism?
a. It was up to each individual to take care of himself.
b. Helping people was not the proper role of the federal government.
c. both
d. neither
110. When the Depression hit, there ____ federal welfare system.
a. was a
b. was no
111. Which statement about 1932 is true?
a. Each community took care of its own poor and needy.
b. During the Depression, cities were overwhelmed.
c. both
d. neither
112. Which statement about the Depression is true?
a. In New York City, nearly one million people were on the city dole.
b. They received $8 a month from the city.
c. When the city ran out of money, people starved.
d. all of the above
e. only A and B
page 128

113. During the Depression, what was President Hoover’s policy?
a. balanced the budget
b. raised taxes
c. raised the tariff
d. remained on the gold standard
e. all of the above
114. Which statement about the 1930s is true?
a. The poor paid taxes.
b. 80% of the people did not pay taxes
c. both
d. neither
115. Which statement about the 1930s is true?
a. In the U.S., the richest 1% owned 40% of the nation's wealth.
b. 200 corporations controlled 50% of all American industry.
c. both
d. neither
116. The Smoot-Hawley tariff spread the Depression from
a. Europe to the United States.
b. the United States to Europe.
117. The Smoot-Hawley tariff was the ____ tax on imports in U.S. history.
a. highest
b. lowest
118. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff did what?
a. lowered tariffs
b. brought international trade to a halt
c. both
d. neither
119. Under the gold standard, every dollar bill ____ backed by gold in the U.S. Treasury.
a. was
b. was not
120. Which President took the U.S. off the gold standard?
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
121. When the stock market crashed, Andrew Mellon was Secretary of the Treasury. What did he suggest
that businessmen do?
a. start hiring workers
b. lay off workers
page 129

122. According to President Hoover, people should not ask for help from
a. their church.
b. a local charity.
c. the local government.
d. the state government.
e. the federal government.
123. This was the only law that President Hoover and the Republican Congress passed to deal with the
Great Depression.
a. Reconstruction Finance Corporation
b. Federal Emergency Relief Administration
c. National Recovery Administration
d. Farm Credit Administration
e. Securities & Exchange Commission
124. Which statement is true?
a. Hoover and the Republican Congress decided to bail out Big Business.
b. The federal government loaned $2 billion to banks, insurance companies, and railroads.
c. both
d. neither
125. Three years into the Depression, what did Hoover do?
a. He tried to bail out Big Business.
b. He loaned money to states overwhelmed with the needy.
c. both
d. neither
126. President Hoover believed that the proper role of government was to
a. make loans to banks.
b. provide direct relief to individuals.
c. both
d. neither
127. Under President Hoover, which government agency made loans to large businesses and banks in
an effort to prevent their collapse and promote recovery?
a. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
b. Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
c. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
d. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
e. National Recovery Administration (NRA)
128. When President Hoover did begin relief programs, how did people respond?
a. “A stitch in time saves nine.”
b. “Too little, too late.”
b. “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”
c. “All’s well that ends well.”
d. “A chicken in every pot.”
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How people first responded to the Depression
129. When was the first bank panic?
a. Under President Herbert Hoover
b. Under President Franklin Roosevelt
130. Bank failures ____ the money supply.
a. increased
b. decreased
131. From 1929 to 1932, people ____ confidence in the banking system.
a. lost
b. gained
132. What is a “run on the bank”?
a. People hear that a bank is in trouble.
b. They stampede the bank.
c. They withdraw all their money.
d. all of the above
e. only A and B
133. During the Depression, there ____ food riots.
a. were
b. were not
134. Which statement about the Depression is true?
a. The unemployed became angry at the foreign-born who were employed.
b. Mexican Americans were deported to Mexico.
c. both
d. neither
135. Which statement about the Great Depression is true?
a. People were evicted from their homes.
b. They lived in shacks down by the railroad.
c. When men heard of a job, they hopped on the railroad and went there.
d. The shack communities were nicknamed “Hoovervilles.”
e. all of the above
136. Hoovervilles confirmed the widespread belief that the unemployed were
a. victims of the Depression.
b. personally responsible for their suffering.
c. Dust Bowl refugees.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
137. The name "Hoovervilles" meant that
a. people blamed Hoover for the Depression.
b. FDR had to build public housing.
c. Hoover decided to hand out cash welfare payments.
d. the New Deal was not working.
e. all of the above
page 131

The Bonus Army
138. The Bonus army
a. tried to overthrow the government in Washington, D.C.
b. demanded pay to which they were not entitled.
c. made President Hoover look bad in the public’s mind.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
139. Which event convinced the public that President Hoover did not sympathize with the suffering of
the unemployed?
a. Black Tuesday
b. Bank Holiday
c. Anacostia Flats
d. the Scottsboro trial
e. GM sit-down strike
140. Which statement about the Bonus March is not true?
a. World War I veterans converged on Washington, D.C.
b. They wanted Congress to give them their bonus early.
c. Thousands of veterans camped in tents in the nation’s capital.
d. Their tent city was right in front of the White House.
e. President Hoover approved of giving them the bonus early.
141. Which statement about the Bonus March is not true?
a. President Hoover sent in federal troops to evict the veterans.
b. The veterans voluntarily left the camps and returned home.
c. General Douglas MacArthur used tanks, cavalry with drawn sabers, and infantry with fixed
bayonets.
d. People concluded that President Hoover did not give a hoot for the suffering of the common
man.
e. It was called the Battle of Anacostia Flats.
page 132

The 1932 election
142. What happened in 1932?
a. Hoover and the Republicans were in disgrace.
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a Democrat, was elected President.
c. both
d. neither
143. FDR won the election of 1932 because
a. FDR offered a clear economic program.
b. FDR exuded optimism and confidence.
c. both
d. neither
144. In 1932, President Hoover said:
“This campaign is more than a contest between two men.
It is more than a contest between two parties.
It is a contest between two philosophies of government."
Which philosophy of government did President Hoover stand for?
a. government intervention in the economy
b. no government intervention in the economy
145. “I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people."
Whose campaign slogan was this?
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
146. “Happy days are here again.”
Whose campaign song was this?
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
147. Which statement is true?
a. FDR spent 99% of his time in a wheelchair.
b. The American people never saw FDR in a wheelchair, because photographers never showed
him in a wheelchair.
c. both
d. neither
148. In 1932, who won?
a. Herbert Hoover was re-elected for a second term.
b. FDR won by a landslide.
149. “We are at the end of our rope. There is nothing more we can do.”
Who said this at the end of his term?
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
page 133

2. What caused the Depression?
150. The stock market crash ____ mark the beginning of the Great Depression.
a. did
b. did not
151. The economic crisis ____ deeper than the stock market crash.
a. was
b. was not
The problem was structural
152. Which statement describes life in the 1920s?
a. All groups benefitted from economic prosperity.
b. There was a widening gap between the rich and the poor.
c. both
d. neither
153. Which did not cause economic prosperity in the 1920s?
a. mass production
b. scientific management
c. increased productivity
d. decreased demand
e. buying on credit
154. During the 1920s, there was a spectacular increase in workers’
a. productivity.
b. wages.
c. both
d. neither
The single biggest cause
155. What caused the Great Depression?
a. low demand
b. high demand
156. In normal times, supply ____ demand.
a. equals
b. is larger than
c. is smaller than
157. During the Depression,
a. supply was greater than demand.
b. demand was greater than supply.
c. both
d. neither
158. What caused the Great Depression?
a. low production
b. low demand
c. both
d. neither
page 134

159. During the Depression, what happened?
a. Consumers stopped buying.
b. People began hoarding their money.
c. both
d. neither
160. During the Depression, there was ____ between supply and demand.
a. a balance
b. an imbalance
The Results
161. During the Depression, what happened?
a. Factories were overstocked with stuff that nobody was buying.
b. Factories laid off workers.
c. both
d. neither
162. During the Depression, what happened?
a. unemployment was falling.
b. the GNP was falling.
c. both
d. neither
163. What is GNP?
a. The way to measure the wealth of a country.
b. The total value of all the goods produced by a country.
c. both
d. neither
164. When factory production is down, the GNP
a. falls.
b. rises.
165. Which causes the other?
a. People stopped buying cars.
b. Workers were laid off.
166. When Ford slowed down production and laid off workers, what other industry was hurt?
a. tires
b. glass
c. motels
d. restaurants
e. all of the above
page 135

The first signs
167. During the 1920s, the first signs of the impending depression were felt in the ____ industry.
a. manufacturing
b. agricultural
168. Which statement is not true about U.S. farms in the 1920s?
a. Using mechanized equipment, farmers were highly productive.
b. Thanks to the Hawley-Smoot tariff, Europe stopped buying U.S. farm goods.
c. With the market flooded with farm goods, farm prices rose.
d. Farm families began losing their farms.
169. By 1929, what happened to factories?
a. Using machines, American workers were highly productive.
b. Factories produced more than Americans could afford to buy.
c. both
d. neither
170. By 1929, what happened to consumers?
a. Only the wealthy (1%) could afford to buy goods
b. The middle class (15%) stopped buying.
c. Everyone who could afford to buy already bought.
d. all of the above
171. By 1929, what happened to the majority of Americans?
a. Most earned the minimum needed to survive.
b. Workers’ wages were too low.
c. Workers could not afford to buy what they produced.
d. all of the above
page 136

Distinguish between the causes and results
172. Which was a cause of the Depression?
a. bank failures
b. farm foreclosures
c. factory closings
d. people stop buying
e. massive despair
173. Which was a cause of the Depression?
a. trade falls
b. unemployment falls
c. stock market falls
d. GNP falls
174. Which was not a cause of the Depression?
a. stock market collapse
b. low demand for farm goods
c. low demand for factory goods
d. taxes rise
e. tight monetary policy
175. Which was not a result of the Depression?
a. low unemployment
b. low GNP
c. Democratic victory in 1932
d. The New Deal
page 137

The Federal Reserve Board
176. The main job of the Federal Reserve is to stabilize the
a. stock market
b. banking system.
177. The Federal Reserve Board controls the economy by making ____ policy.
a. monetary
b. fiscal
c. trade
d. commercial
e. interstate
178. The Federal Reserve Board
a. controls the money supply.
b. sets the interest rate.
c. both
d. neither
179. Who decides the the money supply?
a. the banks
b. a government agency
180. The U.S. government ____ keep gold in 12 Federal Reserve banks in the U.S.
a. does
b. does not
181. Under Hoover, the Federal Reserve
a. raised the prime interest rate.
b. contracted the money supply.
c. both
d. neither
182. Whenever you raise the prime interest rate, you ____ the money supply.
a. expand
b. contract
183. When the money supply is contracted, the Depression gets
a. better.
b. worse.
184. How can government improve the economy?
a. The Federal Reserve Board increases the money supply.
b. The federal government spends money.
c. both
d. neither
page 138

185. What problem did the federal government face in 1933?
a. Low demand for goods.
b. People were saving their money, not spending it.
c. both
d. neither
186. What does the Federal Reserve do today to prevent depressions?
a. It expands the money supply.
b. Banks loan money to farms and businesses.
c. Consumer confidence returns.
d. People spend money.
e. all of the above
187. During the Depression, the Federal Reserve Board was given ____ power to regulate the economy.
a. more
b. less
188. High interest rates ____ the economy.
Low interest rates ____ to the economy.
a. jump-start; slow down
b. slow down; jump-start
189. If the economy is growing too fast, the Fed ____ the interest rate.
a. lowers
b. raises
190. If the economy is slowing down, the Fed ____ the interest rate.
a. lowers
b. raises
191. When the Depression began, the economy was
a. heating up.
b. slowing down.
192. When the Depression began, the Federal Reserve Board should have ____ interest rates.
a. raised
b. lowered
193. When the stock market crashed in 1929, the Federal Reserve Board contracted the money supply
and made things
a. better.
b. worse.
194. When FDR took office, what did his Federal Reserve Board do?
It ____ interest rates.
a. raised
b. lowered
page 139

Laissez-faire vs Keynes
195. Laissez-faire economics believes in government
a. competition with private industry.
b. planning of agriculture.
c. setting wages and hours for industrial workers.
d. protection of small business against Big Business.
e. not interfering in business or the economy.
196. Which group promoted laissez-faire economics?
a. United Nations
b. League of Nations
c. The Invisible Empire
d. National Association of Manufacturers
e. Universal Negro Improvement Association
197. Which was U.S. economic policy in the 1920s?
a. crushing trade unions
b. government regulation of business
c. government projects to create jobs
d. all of the above
198. What was U.S. economic policy in the 1920s?
a. laissez-faire economics
b. Keynesian economics
199. During the 1920s, which political party de-regulated business?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
200. During the 1920s, the government helped
a. farmers. c. businessmen.
b. labor unions. d. immigrants.
201. During which era was business not regulated by the federal government?
a. the Progressive Era of Theodore Roosevelt
b. the administrations of Harding, Coolidge, Hoover
c. the New Deal of Franklin Roosevelt
202. An economic doctrine that opposes government regulation of or interference in commerce beyond
the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws.
a. laissez-faire
b. isolationism
c. interventionism
d. nativism
e. protectionism
page 140

203. Which economic doctrine believes in government intervention in the economy?
a. laissez-faire economics
b. Keynesian economics
c. both
d. neither
204. Which statement is true?
a. During the Progressive era, reformers set up government agencies to regulate business.
b. During the 1920s, government regulated business.
c. both
d. neither
205. The Great Depression that began in 1929 ____ America's faith in laissez-faire capitalism.
a. shook
b. restored
206. During the Hoover administration, the federal government ____ the employer of last resort.
a. was
b. was not
page 141

Deficit Spending
207. The Hoover administration ___ believe in deficit spending.
a. did
b. did not
208. The Republicans ____ believe that government spending could pull the U.S. out of the
Depression.
a. did
b. did not
209. The Republicans believed which of the following?
a. If people do not spend money, then the federal government must spend money.
b. Under no circumstance should the federal government go into debt.
c. both
d. neither
210. What action did President Hoover take during the Depression?
a. Government spending to create jobs.
b. He balanced the budget.
c. both
d. neither
211. What is deficit spending? It is when the federal government
a. balances the budget.
b. spends more money that it takes in taxes.
212. What did President Hoover do to help the economy?
a. government spending
b. deficit spending
c. both
d. neither
213. When federal spending goes up, what happens?
a. the GNP goes up and unemployment goes down
b. the GNP goes down and unemployment goes up
c. both
d. neither
page 142

214. What happens when government spending exceeds its income?
a. balanced budget
b. budget deficit.
c. budget surplus
215. Deficit spending was the main idea of the
a. Republican party.
b. Democratic party.
216. Who likes deficit spending?
a. laissez-faire economists
b. Keynesian economists
page 143

The election of 1932 was a watershed in American history
217. The election of 1932 marked the end of
a. small government.
b. laissez-faire economics.
c. rugged individualism.
d. all of the above
218. The election of 1932 marked the beginning of
a. big government.
b. government intervention in the economy.
c. the Welfare State.
d. all of the above
219. The election of 1932 marked the ____ of Keynesian economics in the U.S.
a. beginning
b. end
220. Who was conservative?
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
221. Who was liberal?
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
222. Who was conservative?
a. Republicans
b. Democrats
223. Who was liberal?
a. Republicans
b. Democrats
224. Who ruled the federal government before 1933?
a. the Republican Party
b. the Democratic Party
225. Who ruled the federal government after 1933?
a. the Republican Party
b. the Democratic Party
226. Which believed in laissez-faire economics?
a. the Republican Party
b. the Democratic Party
227. Which believed in Keynesian economics?
a. the Republican Party
b. the Democratic Party
page 144

228. Which president believed in government intervention in the economy?
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
229. He believed in small government.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
230. He believed in Big Government.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
231. He believed in government regulation of the economy.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
232. He believed in laissez-faire economics.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
233. He continued and extended the reforms made during the Progressive Era.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
234. He ignored the reforms made during the Progressive era.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
235. He believed Big Business should run the economy.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
236. He believed that the government should help run the economy.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
237. He was president when the stock market crashed on Wall Street.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
238. He regulated the stock market on Wall Street.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
239. He was born poor and became an orphan.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
240. He was born rich, with a silver spoon in his mouth.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
page 145

241. He believed in rugged individualism.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
242. He created the Welfare State.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
243. If you were unemployed, you should ask your church, local charity, or local government for help.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
244. If you were unemployed, he would give you a job.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
245. He believed in deficit spending.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
246. He wanted to balance the budget.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
247. If he took in $100 in taxes, he spent $200 on government programs for the needy.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
248. He was elected four times as president.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
249. He got the U.S. out of the Depression and led the U.S. to victory in World War II.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
250. There is a big monument to him in Washington, D.C.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
251. Historians regard him as one of the Top Five presidents.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
252. Ever since his presidency, the President has been extremely powerful.
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
page 146

4. The Suffering
253. When was unemployment at its highest point?
a. 1929
b. 1933
254. What was unemployment at its highest point?
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 25%
Where and when the suffering began
255. During the 1920s, which industry was plagued by overproduction?
a. automobile
b. agriculture
c. steel
d. oil
256. During the 1920s, the price of wheat ____ by 60% and the price of cotton by 70%.
a. rose
b. fell
257. During the 1920s, who was struggling to make a living?
a. farmers
b. workers
c. the middle class
d. all of the above
258. During the 1930s, who was struggling to make a living?
a. farmers
b. workers
c. the middle class
d. all of the above
259. The economic prosperity of the 1920s helped every group, except:
a. farmers
b. the wealthy
c. corporations
d. the middle class
260. Which statement best describes the 1920s?
a. Economic prosperity was spread evenly across all classes.
b. There was an ever widening gap between rich and poor.
c. both
d. neither
page 147

261. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. Farmers were 30% of the U.S. population.
b. The price for farm goods fell.
c. Farmers were in an economic depression.
d. 20% of farmers went bankrupt.
e. all of the above
262. What was the main cause of the farm depression?
a. the price for farm goods fell
b. speculation on the stock market
c. government intervention in the economy
d. the demand for food fell
e. the U.S. imported food from overseas
263. During the 1920s, U.S. farmers ____ receive federal government subsidies and price supports.
a. did
b. did not
page 148

The Dustbowl
264. What caused the Dustbowl?
a. drought
b. over farming
c. both
d. neither
265. What was the main result of the Dustbowl?
a. Farmers formed the Populist Party.
b. Dust Bowl refugees migrated to California.
c. both
d. neither
266. The Dust Bowl was a region of 150,000 square miles.
Which state was not part of the Dustbowl?
a. Oklahoma
b. Texas
c. New Mexico
d. California
e. Kansas
267. The Dustbowl hit which region?
a. the Southeast
b. the Great Plains
c. the Great Lakes
d. the Pacific Northwest
e. New England
268. What was the result of the Dustbowl?
a. Crops were destroyed.
b. Banks took over the farms.
c. Farmers headed west.
d. all of the above
e. only A and B
269. Which statement about the Dustbowl is true?
a. Poor farming methods caused soil erosion.
b. The good topsoil blew away.
c. The ground was infertile and barren.
d. all of the above
e. only B and C
270. In California in the 1930s, most of the farmworkers were
a. Okies.
b. Mexican Americans.
c. both
d. neither
page 149

271. What was the result of the Dust bowl?
a. depopulation of rural areas
b. mass out-migration
c. both
d. neither
272. As a result of the Dustbowl, how many people left the region?
a. thousands
b. millions
273. Which statement about the Dustbowl refugees is true?
a. They became migrant farm workers in California.
b. They picked crops at incredibly low wages.
c. both
d. neither
274. What did the Dustbowl refugees encounter in California?
a. vigilantes
b. vagrancy laws
c. both
d. neither
275. Thanks to the WPA, she photographed migrant workers in California.
a. Dorothea Lange
b. Frances Perkins
c. Marian Anderson
d. Mary McLeod Bethune
e. Margaret Mitchell
276. He wrote a famous novel about the Dustbowl refugees.
a. Ernest Hemingway
b. John Steinbeck
c. Woody Guthrie
d. Sinclair Lewis
e. Orson Welles
277. During the 1930s, he wrote folksongs about the Dustbowl refugees.
a. Woody Guthrie
b. Bob Dylan
c. Leadbelly
d. Benny Goodman
278. Which statement about the Dustbowl is true?
a. It was the worst drought in U.S. history.
b. It caused one of the largest migrations in U.S. history.
c. both
d. neither
page 150

279. During the Depression, farmworkers were covered by the
a. Wagner Act.
b. NLRB.
c. Fair Labor Standards Act.
d. Social Security Act.
e. none of the above
280. During the Depression, what rights did farmworkers have?
a. the right to a union
b. the right to collective bargaining
c. both
d. neither
281. During the Depression, what rights did farmworkers have?
a. minimum wage
b. maximum hours
c. overtime pay
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
282. During the Depression, child labor was ____ among farmworkers.
a. legal
b. illegal
283. During the Depression, were farmworkers entitled to a Social Security pension?
a. yes
b. no
284. Who organized the farmworkers in California?
a. Walter Reuther
b. John L. Lewis
c. A. Philip Randolph
d. Cesar Chavez
285. When did migrant workers in California get a union?
a. 1930s
b. 1940s
c. 1950s
d. 1960s
page 151

The Great Depression
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. a
5. e
6. e
7. c
8. b
9. b
10. a
11. b
12. b
13. b
14. a
15. a
16. e
17. b
18. a
19. b
20. a
21. a
22. c
23. b
24. a
25. a
26. a
27. a
28. d
29. b
30. b
31. b
32. b
33. a
34. a
35. a
36. a
37. a
38. a
39. b
40. b
41. b
42. d
43. d
44. a
45. b
46. b
47. d
48. d
49. d
50. d
51. a
52. a
53. b
54. a
55. a
56. b
57. a
58. c
59. a
60. c
61. c
62. c
63. c
64. d
65. d
66. d
67. d
68. c
69. c
70. d
71. c
72. a
73. b
74. a
75. c
76. a
77. a
78. e
79. e
80. c
81. a
82. c
83. a
84. a
85. c
86. a
87. e
88. d
89. e
90. e
91. c
92. c
93. c
94. c
95. d
96. e
97. e
98. e
99. e
100. b
101. d
102. d
103. c
104. a
105. e
106. a
107. a
108. c
109. c
110. b
111. c
112. d
113. e
114. b
115. c
116. b
117. a
118. b
119. a
120. b
121. b
122. e
123. a
124. c
125. c
126. a
127. a
128. b
129. a
130. b
131. a
132. d
133. a
134. c
135. e
136. b
137. a
138. c
139. c
140. e
141. b
142. c
143. b
144. b
145. b
146. b
147. c
148. b
149. a
150. a
151. a
152. b
153. d
154. a
155. a
156. a
157. a
158. b
159. c
160. b
161. c
162. b
163. c
164. a
165. a
166. e
167. b
168. c
169. c
170. d
171. d
172. d
173. c
174. d
175. a
176. b
177. a
178. c
179. a
180. a
181. c
182. b
183. b
184. c
185. c
186. e
187. a
188. b
189. b
190. a
191. b
192. b
193. b
194. b
195. e
196. d
197. a
198. a
199. a
200. c
201. b
202. a
203. b
204. a
205. a
206. b
207. b
208. b
209. b
210. b
211. b
212. d
213. a
214. b
215. b
216. b
217. d
218. d
219. a
220. a
221. b
222. a
223. b
224. a
225. b
226. a
227. b
228. b
229. a
230. b
231. b
232. a
233. b
234. a
235. a
236. b
237. a
238. b
239. a
240. b
241. a
242. b
244. b
245. b
246. a
247. b
248. b
249. b
250. b
251. b
252. b
253. b
page 152

254. c
255. b
256. b
257. a
258. d
259. a
260. b
261. e
262. a
263. b
264. c
265. b
266. d
267. b
268. d
269. d
270. a
271. c
272. b
273. c
274. c
275. a
276. b
277. a
278. c
279. e
280. d
281. d
282. a
283. b
284. d
285. d
page 153

2. The New Deal
page 154

Websites
page 155

These websites are incorporated into the lessons in this workbook.
Websites: The New Deal
Powerpoint
What was the New Deal?
http://www.slideshare.net/bhsorrow/new-deal-presentation
Definitions
The New Deal
http://www.bartleby.com/65/ne/NewDeal.html
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0835397.html
The Alphabet programs
http://money.howstuffworks.com/14-of-the-new-deals-alphabet-agencies.htm
http://www.fdrheritage.org/new_deal.htm
Timelines
The First 100 Days
http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/20th/1930s/newdeal.html
The New Deal
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/timeline_text.html
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/great_depression/index.cfm
Charts
The Great Depression
http://ingrimayne.com/econ/EconomicCatastrophe/GreatDepression.html
Photos
Newsweek: “Yes we did” - The projects built by the New Deal
http://www.newsweek.com/id/179874
The New Deal - a photo gallery
http://newdeal.feri.org/library/index.htm#5
Photos & Stories
http://iws.ccccd.edu/kwilkison/Online1302home/20th%20Century/DepressionNewDeal.html
Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/wpaintro/intro01.html
About.com
http://history1900s.about.com/od/photographs/tp/greatdepressionpictures.htm
page 156

Lectures
Digital History
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=459
University of Wisconsin
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture18.html
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture19.html
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture20.html
Yale University
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1998/4/98.04.04.x.html
New Deal projects in individual states
Alaska
http://explorenorth.com/library/yafeatures/bl-matanuska.htm
California
http://livingnewdeal.berkeley.edu/
http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/The_New_Deal_helped_build_The_City.html
Florida
http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/NewDealGuide/
Georgia
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2733
North Carolina
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/wpaintro/nccat.html
Virginia
http://www.vahistory.org/index1.html
http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/newdeal/
Slave Narratives
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/wpa/wpahome.html
Websites
New Deal Network
FDR Memorial
Library of Congress
Library of Congress
The Times
Wikipedia
Spartacus Educational
U.S. History
http://newdeal.feri.org/
http://www.nps.gov/fdrm/home.htm
http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/newdeal/index.html
http://memory.loc.gov/learn//features/timeline/depwwii/newdeal/newdeal.html
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/The_new_deal/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Deal
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAnewdeal.htm
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1851.html
Primary sources
FDR Library
http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/
page 157

What was the New Deal?
page 158

Lesson #1: Lecture
As you tell the story, students fill in the graphic organizer.
What was the New Deal?
When
The 1930s
1933: It began with the election of FDR.
1942: World War II pulled the U.S. out of the Great Depression.
Where
In the U.S.
Who
One President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt = FDR. He was elected four times. He served for 12 years, 1933-45.
What
What was the New Deal?
It was FDR’s program to pull the U.S. out of the Depression.
a. Relief - To provided relief to the needy.
b. Recovery - To make the GNP rise and unemployment fall.
c. Reform - To prevent a future Depression.
It restored people’s faith in democracy and the free enterprise system.
At a time when countries like Nazi Germany were headed into dictatorship.
What the New Deal did not do
It did not end the Depression.
Only World War II ended the Great Depression.
That is, the U.S. government spent money on a jobs program (soldiers) to defeat Hitler, 1941-1945.
Why
The Great Depression shook the economic foundations of the U.S.
1. The stock market crashed.
2. The banking system collapsed.
3. Massive factory closings and farm foreclosures.
4. Massive unemployment.
5. Homeless families.
There were no federal welfare programs
1. Welfare payments
2. Unemployment insurance
3. Social Security for the elderly
4. SSI for widows and orphans
5. Minimum wage
All of these programs were begun by the New Deal.
How
How did the New Deal provide relief to the needy?
The alphabet programs: CCC, WPA, etc.
page 159

Graphic organizer
The New Deal: Who, what, where, when, why and how?
When
Where
How
The
New Deal
Who
What
Why
page 160

Lesson #2: Chart
Timeline of the New Deal
The First New Deal: 1933-35 The goal was RELIEF Help people right away.
FDR saved the banks.
The federal government began creating jobs.
“The First 100 Days”:
FDR got Congress to pass 15 major pieces of legislation.
This had never happened before.
This has never happened since.
The President proposed and Congress passed these programs:
AAA, CCC, NRA, TVA, FDIC, SEC
1934: The economy began to recover
How can you tell when the economy is improving?
a. The GNP rose. In 1934, it rose by 8%.
b. Unemployment fell. In 1934, it fell to 22%.
1935: The economy continued to recover
How can you tell when the economy is improving?
a. The GNP rises. In 1934, it rose by 8%.
b. Unemployment falls. In 1934, it fell to 20%.
The Second New Deal: 1935-36 The goal was REFORM Prevent a future Depression
The President proposed and Congress passed these programs:
Wagner Act, Social Security, minimum wage.
1936: The New Deal improves the economy
By 1936, New Deal relief programs had reduced unemployment from 25% to 11%.
How can you tell when the economy is improving?
a. The GNP rose.
b. Unemployment fell.
The big mistake: 1937-1938
Balancing the budget
In 1937-38, the economy took a nosedive.
In 1938, FDR returned to deficit spending.
So the economy began to pull out of the Depression:
a. The GNP rose by 8%.
b. Unemployment fell to 17%.
Getting ready for World War II, 1939-1940
In 1941, the U.S. entered the war.
By 1942, the U.S. was out of the Great Depression.
page 161

Lesson #3: Graphic organizer
How to analyze the Great Depression
The Depression can be broken down into 7 parts.
World War II
When FDR spent $ to
prepare for war
(ships, planes, tanks),
the Depression ended.
The economy soared.
Downturn
1937-38
FDR stopped spending $.
He balanced the budget.
The GNP went down and
unemployment went up.
Economy improves
1933-36
FDR spent govt $ like
crazy. The GNP went up
and unemployment went
down.
The New Deal
1933 FDR took office.
In his first 100 days,
he launched all of his
major programs. Alphabet
soup.
Election of 1932
In November, FDR was
elected by a landslide.
The New Deal marked the
beginning of Big Gov’t
and the Welfare State.
Wall Street crash
1929 The stock market
collapsed. Factories
closed. Massive unemployment.
The Great
Depression began.
The Hoover years
1929-1932
President Hoover did too
little, too late. He was
opposed to government
intervention in the economy.
page

Franklin Delano Roosevelt
page 163

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democrat
1933-1945
His personal tragedy
At 28, Franklin Roosevelt went into politics.
A Democrat, he became Governor of New York
and then prepared to run for President.
At 39, disaster struck. Being rich, Franklin and
Eleanor had a summer home on an island in eastern
Canada. That summer he went sailing, fell into
the stagnant water of a lake, and caught a chill.
The next day, he could barely walk. Within a
week, he had polio, a viral disease that affects the
brainstem and spinal cord. From then on, he was
totally and permanently paralyzed from the waist
down.
FDR did not accept his fate. He had no intention
of living the rest of his life as an invalid. Eager to
regain control of his life, his domineering mother
insisted: “Abandon your political career.” His wife
Eleanor, equally adamant, insisted: “You must fight
back.”
Despite being an invalid confined to a wheelchair,
FDR worked out at the gym. He would never walk
again and could not even stand without braces -
ten pounds of steel attached to his legs.
Eventually, FDR was able to lean on crutches and
throw his crippled legs forward. Aided by his sons,
he could take a few steps and grip a nailed-down
podium to make a speech.
That was all he needed to make a political comeback.
Twelve years later he was elected President.
Predict:
In 1932, during the depths of the Great
Depression, why did voters elect FDR?
FDR inspired
confidence in the
American people!
FDR was the underdog
Polio turned the aristocratic Roosevelt into an underdog.
He once explained: “If you have spent two years in bed
trying to wiggle your big toe, then anything else seems
easy.”
How voters saw him
Voters took a long, hard look at FDR.
If he had the courage to solve a personal tragedy --
maybe he could solve the national tragedy.
FDR inspired confidence - and optimism
His campaign song said it all: “Happy Days are here
again.”
FDR was fearless
Facing polio, he had conquered his own fear.
Which is why in his inaugural address, he said:
“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
And urged Americans not to become “paralyzed” by fear.
What the public never knew
FDR lived in a wheelchair and hated it. So he asked photographers
not to photograph him in it. Surprisingly they
complied. Photos and newsreels showed him sitting or
riding in his car. But they NEVER showed him in his
wheelchair - or being lifted into and out of his car.
page 164

Lesson #5: Homework on the Internet
After you have watched the videos, fill in the graphic organizer (next page).
Videos: The life story of FDR
His campaign song, 1932
“Happy days are here again”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFUabzkAjBQ
Videos
The life story of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHpRzc2IZwQ&feature=related
Tribute to FDR
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3n1LgesVSYA&feature=related
page 165

Lesson #6: Group analysis
Briefly describe President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR).
A Character Web
“We have nothing to fear but fear itself.”
- How Franklin Delano Roosevelt described the Great Depression.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt spent his adult life in a wheelchair.
He became President when Americans were deep in despair.
Adjectives
As you read about his achievements, fill in adjectives that describe his character.
FDR
Write a brief sketch of his character
page 166

Eleanor Roosevelt
page 167

Eleanor Roosevelt
New York
Eleanor Roosevelt was born during the
Gilded Age (1884) in New York City. As
Roosevelts, her family was born to wealth and
privilege in Manhattan’s “high society.”
As a child, however, Eleanor became sensitive to
those who were less fortunate. First, she had a
half brother (her father had an affair with one of
the servant girls). Second, she had to wear a back
brace to straighten her crooked spine.
In 1892, at 8, Eleanor’s mother died of diphtheria.
In 1894, at 10, Eleanor’s father died of alcoholism.
Despite her glittering heritage, she was an orphan.
So she and her brothers were sent to live with her
grandmother. A domineering woman, she had
nothing good to say about Eleanor’s dead parents.
Eleanor was painfully unhappy and starved for
affection. Insecure, she regarded herself as ugly.
In 1899, at 15, Eleanor was sent to a “finishing
school” in England. The headmistress was a feminist
who helped develop young women’s minds.
As a result, Eleanor gained self-confidence.
In 1902, at 17, she returned to the U.S., but there
would be no college for her.* Instead, she became
a social worker. By then, her uncle Teddy
Roosevelt was president. In 1903, at 18, she
attended a dinner at the White House where she
became reacquainted with her fifth cousin,
Franklin Roosevelt, a student at Harvard. In 1905,
they were married.
Her wedding was a dream: President Teddy gave
her away at the White House. But her marriage
was a nightmare: Franklin’s domineering mother
moved in with them. Eleanor had six children.
More than a wife, Eleanor was her husband’s best
friend. She was devoted to him and he admired
her brilliance. In 1921, when he was struck by
polio, she stepped in, elbowed her mother-in-law
aside, and encouraged him to fight back.
Predict:
1933
The First Lady
In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) was
elected president and Eleanor Roosevelt
became First Lady. How did that turn out?
The most active First
Lady in U.S. history!
Eleanor served as the President’s eyes and ears
FDR traveled only during election campaigns. The rest of
the time, he depended on his wife to visit everybody from
farmers to coal miners. Serving as his “eyes and ears,”
the First Lady reported back what she saw - mostly hungry,
unemployed, desperate people.
Eleanor crisscrossed the USA
While on her “inspection tours,” the First Lady filed daily
reports to her husband, wrote a daily newspaper column
and held her own press conferences. The press nicknamed
her “Public Energy No. 1.”
Eleanor was his conscience
Eleanor Roosevelt was the “conscience” of the New Deal.
She truly cared about the average factory worker. And
she was particularly sensitive to the issue of race. At
every turn, she pushed FDR to do more for the common
man, especially African Americans.
Eleanor was outspoken
An Ohio man once asked in a sarcastic voice: “Do you
think your husband’s illness has affected his mentality?”
Dignified, the First Lady replied with a straight face:
“The answer is Yes. Anyone who has gone through great
suffering is bound to have a greater sympathy and understanding
of the problems of mankind.”
The United Nations
When her husband died in 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt
served as a delegate to the United Nations. There, she
chaired the committee that drafted the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.

Lesson #8: Homework on the Internet
Research: Eleanor Roosevelt
Profiles
The White House
Wikipedia
http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt
Quotations
On race
http://newdeal.feri.org/er/er09.htm
Websites
PBS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/
Readings
Time magazine
http://www.yachtingnet.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/eleanor.html
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
http://www.udhr.org/history/Biographies/bioer.htm
page 169

FDR was elected, 1932
page 170

Lesson #9: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
Waiting for FDR to take office
The Crash
1. Even bankers are broke
http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/images/s03389u.jpg
2. After three years of Depression, FDR takes over
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARnew2.jpg
3. Hunger
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USACfitzpatrick.htm
4. The threat of revolution
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33030803.GIF
Waiting . . .
5. Hoover was a “lame duck”
(FDR was elected in November 1932, but did not take office until March 1933)
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33012401.gif
6. FDR had to wait four months until taking office
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33020601.gif
7. FDR had to wait four months before taking office
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33020901.gif
The New Dealers will continue the Progressive Era
8. FDR was a distant relative of President Teddy Roosevelt
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33031401.gif
9. FDR was a distant relative of President Teddy Roosevelt
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33012301.gif
10. FDR was a distant relative of President Teddy Roosevelt
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33042201.GIF
11. FDR was a distant relative of President Teddy Roosevelt
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33031002.GIF
page 171

Here’s what we came up with . . .
1. The banker is selling apples. He is hungry, so he eats them.
2. FDR was elected in 1932, so he tells the outgoing Hoover what to do.
3. 10% are starving
4. During the Depression, the threat of a revolution in the U.S. was very real.
5. Everything is on hold until FDR is inaugurated in March 1933.
6. When FDR takes over, he is going to tangle with some pretty big problems.
7. Every Democrat is going to ask FDR for a job.
8. Teddy Roosevelt was very popular; so was his big stick.
9. People expected FDR to attack the financial crisis (the Depression) with gusto.
10. FDR shows his trophies. He has already defeated the Republicans (elephant), the banking crisis (bear), and is
currently going after Big Business and its sacred cows. Teddy Roosevelt, the Trustbuster, would have been pleased.
11. Taming the economic crisis is like taming a wild bronco.
Teddy Roosevelt, the Rough Rider during the Spanish American War of 1898, would have been pleased.
page 172

FDR took office, 1933
page 173

FDR’s inaugural address, 1933
“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
Radio: You can listen to all the major speeches by FDR
http://www.authentichistory.com/1930s/history/01.html
Video: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oblTN1ojsAA&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMgGbI-hZvU&feature=related
page 174

Lesson #10: Document
FDR’s first inaugural address, 1933
I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the
Presidency I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present
situation of our Nation impels. This is preeminently the time to speak
the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly
facing conditions in our country today. This great Nation will endure as it
has endured, will revive and will prosper. So, first of all, let me assert my firm
belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself -nameless,unreasoning,
unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into
advance. In every dark hour of our national life a leadership of frankness and
vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves
which is essential to victory. I am convinced that you will again give that support
to leadership in these critical days.
Translation
FDR is speaking about
the economic crisis
known as the Great
Depression.
FDR’s most famous quotation.
In such a spirit on my part and on yours we face our common difficulties.
They concern, thank God, only material things. Values have shrunken to fantastic
levels; taxes have risen; our ability to pay has fallen; government of all
kinds is faced by serious curtailment of income; the means of exchange are
frozen in the currents of trade; the withered leaves of industrial enterprise lie
on every side; farmers find no markets for their produce; the savings of many
years in thousands of families are gone.
More important, a host of unemployed citizens face the grim problem of existence,
and an equally great number toil with little return. Only a foolish optimist
can deny the dark realities of the moment.
Yet our distress comes from no failure of substance. We are stricken by no
plague of locusts. Compared with the perils which our forefathers conquered
because they believed and were not afraid, we have still much to be thankful
for. Nature still offers her bounty and human efforts have multiplied it. Plenty
is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes in the very sight of the
supply. Primarily this is because the rulers of the exchange of mankind's
goods have failed, through their own stubbornness and their own
incompetence, have admitted their failure, and abdicated. Practices of
the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion,
rejected by the hearts and minds of men.
The most important problem
is unemployment.
This was not a natural
disaster.
Hoover, Big Business,
and the men on Wall
Street have admitted their
failure.
True they have tried, but their efforts have been cast in the pattern of an outworn
tradition. Faced by failure of credit they have proposed only the lending
of more money. Stripped of the lure of profit by which to induce our people to
follow their false leadership, they have resorted to exhortations, pleading
tearfully for restored confidence. They know only the rules of a generation of
self-seekers. They have no vision, and when there is no vision the people
perish.
The money changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization.
We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths. The measure
of the restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social values more
noble than mere monetary profit.
The New Deal is going to
take care of people, not
worry about profits.

Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of
achievement, in the thrill of creative effort. The joy and moral stimulation of
work no longer must be forgotten in the mad chase of evanescent profits.
These dark days will be worth all they cost us if they teach us that our true
destiny is not to be ministered unto but to minister to ourselves and to our fellow
men.
Recognition of the falsity of material wealth as the standard of success goes
hand in hand with the abandonment of the false belief that public office and
high political position are to be valued only by the standards of pride of place
and personal profit; and there must be an end to a conduct in banking and in
business which too often has given to a sacred trust the likeness of callous
and selfish wrongdoing. Small wonder that confidence languishes, for it
thrives only on honesty, on honor, on the sacredness of obligations, on faithful
protection, on unselfish performance; without them it cannot live.
Hoover focused on the
needs of Big Business.
The New Deal is going to
focus on the public
interest.
Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. This Nation asks
for action, and action now.
Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable
problem if we face it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part
by direct recruiting by the Government itself, treating the task as we would
treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment,
accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the
use of our natural resources.
Our biggest problem is
unemployment.
As President, I am going
to treat the Depression
as if it were a war-time
emergency.
Hand in hand with this we must frankly recognize the overbalance of population
in our industrial centers and, by engaging on a national scale in a redistribution,
endeavor to provide a better use of the land for those best fitted for
the land. The task can be helped by definite efforts to raise the values of agricultural
products and with this the power to purchase the output of our cities.
It can be helped by preventing realistically the tragedy of the growing loss
through foreclosure of our small homes and our farms. It can be helped by
insistence that the Federal, State, and local governments act forthwith on the
demand that their cost be drastically reduced. It can be helped by the unifying
of relief activities which today are often scattered, uneconomical, and
unequal. It can be helped by national planning for and supervision of all
forms of transportation and of communications and other utilities which have
a definitely public character. There are many ways in which it can be helped,
but it can never be helped merely by talking about it. We must act and act
quickly.
Finally, in our progress toward a resumption of work we require two safeguards
against a return of the evils of the old order; there must be a strict
supervision of all banking and credits and investments; there must be an end
to speculation with other people's money, and there must be provision for an
adequate but sound currency.
These are the lines of attack. I shall presently urge upon a new Congress in
special session detailed measures for their fulfillment, and I shall seek the
immediate assistance of the several States.
page 176

Through this program of action we address ourselves to putting our own
national house in order and making income balance outgo. Our international
trade relations, though vastly important, are in point of time and necessity
secondary to the establishment of a sound national economy. I favor as a
practical policy the putting of first things first. I shall spare no effort to restore
world trade by international economic readjustment, but the emergency at
home cannot wait on that accomplishment.
The basic thought that guides these specific means of national recovery is
not narrowly nationalistic. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon
the interdependence of the various elements in all parts of the United States -
a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the
American spirit of the pioneer. It is the way to recovery. It is the immediate
way. It is the strongest assurance that the recovery will endure.
In the field of world policy I would dedicate this Nation to the policy of the
good neighbor - the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because
he does so, respects the rights of others - the neighbor who respects his
obligations and respects the sanctity of his agreements in and with a world of
neighbors.
FDR followed the
“Good Neighbor” policy
in Latin America.
If I read the temper of our people correctly, we now realize as we have never
realized before our interdependence on each other; that we can not merely
take but we must give as well; that if we are to go forward, we must move as
a trained and loyal army willing to sacrifice for the good of a common discipline,
because without such discipline no progress is made, no leadership
becomes effective. We are, I know, ready and willing to submit our lives and
property to such discipline, because it makes possible a leadership which
aims at a larger good. This I propose to offer, pledging that the larger purposes
will bind upon us all as a sacred obligation with a unity of duty hitherto
evoked only in time of armed strife.
With this pledge taken, I assume unhesitatingly the leadership of this great
army of our people dedicated to a disciplined attack upon our common problems.
Action in this image and to this end is feasible under the form of government
which we have inherited from our ancestors. Our Constitution is so simple
and practical that it is possible always to meet extraordinary needs by
changes in emphasis and arrangement without loss of essential form. That is
why our constitutional system has proved itself the most superbly enduring
political mechanism the modern world has produced. It has met every stress
of vast expansion of territory, of foreign wars, of bitter internal strife, of world
relations.
It is to be hoped that the normal balance of executive and legislative authority
may be wholly adequate to meet the unprecedented task before us. But it
may be that an unprecedented demand and need for undelayed action may
call for temporary departure from that normal balance of public procedure.
Since FDR intends
government intervention
in the economy,
the New Deal programs
will raise constitutional
questions before the
Supreme Court.
I am going to ask
Congress for extraordinary
executive power.
page 177

I am prepared under my constitutional duty to recommend the measures that
a stricken nation in the midst of a stricken world may require. These measures,
or such other measures as the Congress may build out of its experience
and wisdom, I shall seek, within my constitutional authority, to bring to
speedy adoption.
But in the event that the Congress shall fail to take one of these two
courses, and in the event that the national emergency is still critical, I shall
not evade the clear course of duty that will then confront me. I shall ask the
Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis - broad
Executive power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the
power that would be given to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe.
WARNING: If Congress
refuses to give me the
power to take action to
solve the economic crisis,
I am going to take
wartime measures as
Commander-in-chief.
For the trust reposed in me I will return the courage and the devotion that
befit the time. I can do no less.
We face the arduous days that lie before us in the warm courage of the
national unity; with the clear consciousness of seeking old and precious
moral values; with the clean satisfaction that comes from the stern performance
of duty by old and young alike. We aim at the assurance of a rounded
and permanent national life.
We do not distrust the future of essential democracy. The people of the
United States have not failed. In their need they have registered a mandate
that they want direct, vigorous action. They have asked for discipline and
direction under leadership. They have made me the present instrument of
their wishes. In the spirit of the gift I take it.
In this dedication of a Nation we humbly ask the blessing of God. May He
protect each and every one of us. May He guide me in the days to come.
page 178

Lesson #11: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
FDR faced a lot of problems
1. FDR faced lots of problems
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33011001.gif
2. FDR faced lots of problems
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33031901.GIF
3. FDR rejected the policies of President Hoover and the Republicans
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARpwa.htm
4. FDR as a lion tamer
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33031003.GIF
5. FDR as riding a bucking bronco
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33010501.gif
FDR took charge!
He gives people confidence
6. FDR finally takes office
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33030401.gif
7. FDR is now in charge
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33030501.gif
8. FDR is now in charge
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33030503.gif
9. FDR exudes hope and Confidence
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARwpa.htm
10. FDR gives people confidence
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33031402.gif
11. FDR gives people confidence
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33031403.gif
12. FDR gives people confidence
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33031001.GIF
13. FDR sweeps clean
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33031301.GIF
14. FDR sweeps away the Depression
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33041903.GIF
page 179

The Answers
1. FDR was finally inaugurated on March 4, 1933. The most important problems were unemployment and farm relief.
2. The first problem FDR faced was the banking crisis.
3. FDR rejected Hoover’s rugged individualism. Unemployment was not the individual’s fault.
4. The first problem FDR tackled was the banking crisis.
5. Congress thought it would watch as FDR struggled.
6. When Hoover left office, he left a pile of problems for FDR. FDR came in with his New Deal.
7. Under Hoover, the economy crashed. It was up to FDR to fix the economy.
8. FDR took office in the middle of the worst economic storm in U.S. history.
9. FDR gave the American people hope and confidence.
10. In his first 100 Days, FDR roared 15 major programs through Congress.
11. People were looking for a hero.
12. When people have confidence in the economy, they spend money. (Low demand, after all, caused the Depression.)
13. FDR threw out all the
economic “experts.” He hired his own Brain Trust to solve the economic crisis.
The biggest change:
The federal government would intervene in the economy.
No more laissez-faire economics.
14. Note: FDR did not solve the Depression - only WW2 solved that.
page 180

FDR’s Cabinet
page 181

Lesson #12: Homework on the Internet
Research: FDR’s Cabinet
Political cartoons
1. FDR chooses Frances Perkins
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33030602.gif
2. FDR’s cabinet includes John Q. Public
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33032803.GIF
Readings
Harold Ickes
Secretary of the Interior
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes
Henry Wallace Secretary of Agriculture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace
Frances Perkins Secretary of Labor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Perkins
page 182

Frances Perkins
Massachusetts
Frances Perkins was born during the Gilded
Age (1882) in Boston. She grew up in Worcester,
Massachusetts. Her father was a businessman
and her family was upper middle class.
In 1902, at 20, she graduated from Mount Holyoke
College.* She volunteered as a social worker at
Jane Addams’ Hull House in Chicago.
Safety conditions
In 1910, at 28, Frances Perkins graduated in sociology
from Columbia University.** That year, she
became head of the New York Consumers
League. To protect workers, she issued a “white
label” designating products made under fair working
conditions.
In 1911, she witnessed the fire at the Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory. Since the manager had locked
the exit doors, the girls could not escape, and 100
were burned alive. Desperate, some girls died
jumping from the ninth floor window.
In 1918, the Governor of New York (Al Smith)
chose Frances Perkins as a member of the New
York State Industrial Commission. By 1926, she
was its chairperson and an authority on workplace
hazards.
Maximum hours, minimum wage
In 1929, the Governor of New York (Franklin D.
Roosevelt) appointed Frances Perkins as the
state's industrial commissioner to enforce factory
laws. She fought for and won a minimum wage
and maximum hours (48 hours a week for
women). And she established unemployment
insurance.
Predict:
1933
Secretary of Labor
In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) appointed
Frances Perkins to a position in his
Cabinet. What job did she hold?
Secretary of Labor!
First woman in the Cabinet
In 1933, President Roosevelt appointed Frances Perkins
as Secretary of Labor. She served for twelve years (1933-
1945). She was the first woman in the Cabinet.
The New Deal
As Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins wrote new laws to
improve the lives of workers:
1. Child labor - It was abolished.
2. Minimum wage - In 1938, it was 25 cents an hour.
3. Maximum hours - A 40-hour workweek.
4. Social Security - Perkins was the main architect.
Organized labor
Under the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, workers
were guaranteed the right to organize and bargain collectively.
From then on, workers could join a union. As a
result, unions led organizing drives in every major industry.
The 1930s was the heyday of organized labor.
The New Deal Coalition
FDR brought together six groups that voted Democratic:
1. big cities
2. labor unions - Frances Perkins won them over.
3. minorities (racial, ethnic and religious)
4. liberal farm groups
5. intellectuals
6. the South
They voted Democratic from 1932 to 1966.
And the Democratic Party became the majority party.
*Mt. Holyoke is a women's college in South Hadley,
Massachusetts. Founded in 1837 by Mary Lyon, it was the first
women’s college in the U.S. It is one of the Seven Sisters, the
women’s equivalent of the Ivy League. Famous alumni include
Lucy Stone (activist), Emily Dickinson (poet), and Ella Grasso
(first woman elected governor).
page 183

Lesson #14: Homework on the Internet
Research: Frances Perkins
The first woman member of the Cabinet.
FDR’s Secretary of Labor.
The chief architect of Social Security.
Fought for unemployment insurance, minimum wage, and the abolition of child labor.
Believed in collective bargaining.
Quotation
"I came to Washington to work for God, FDR, and the millions of forgotten, plain common workingmen."
Profile
U.S. Department of Labor http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/perkins.htm
Columbia University http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/nny/perkinsf/index.html
GW University http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/perkins-frances.cfm
National Women’s Hall of Fame http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=119
Websites
Frances Perkins Center
http://www.francesperkinscenter.org/
Photos
http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/mountholyoke/mshm139.html
http://www.ssa.gov/history/pics/perkins.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Perkins
Book
The Woman behind the New Deal
http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385513654
http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/reviews/2009-04-20-frances-perkins-bio_N.htm
Video
The Woman behind the New Deal
http://www.pdxjustice.org/node/64
Film
You may call her Madam Secretary
http://www.vineyardvideo.org/francesperkins.shtml
page 184

FDR’s “Brain Trust”
page 185

Lesson #15: Lecture
“The Brain Trust”
When FDR took office, he brought in experts in economics, sociology, and social work.
They were Ivy League professors and theorists who taught at Harvard and other universities.
FDR told them to think outside of the box and come up with solutions to the economic crisis.
To prevent a revolution
FDR seemed radical, but his reforms were meant to preserve democracy and free enterprise.
The role of the Federal Government
The Depression was a national emergency.
It justified the expansion of power by the federal government.
A transfer of wealth
Using tax dollars, the New Deal redistributed wealth from the rich to the poor.
The rich pay taxes. The government gave that money to the poor.
Deficit spending
At first, FDR wanted to balance the budget.
An economist, John Maynard Keynes, convinced FDR that the federal government had to go into debt.
FDR’s government spent more money than it took in taxes.
John Maynard Keynes
Photo: http://i.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1965/1101651231_400.jpg
Forget balancing the budget!
Government spending is the key!
What is Keynesian economics?
Cartoon: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARfera.htm
a. The government spends money to “prime the pump.”
b. Government gives jobs to people and pays them wages.
c. People have money to spend.
d. Demand goes up.
e. Low demand is what caused the Depression.
Who followed Keynesian economics?
In 1934, Sweden was the first country to pull out of the Depression. Govt spending on welfare.
In 1936, Germany recovered fully from the Depression.
Govt spending on warfare.
In 1938, Britain began recovering.
Govt preparation for war.
The Welfare State
In the 1930s, FDR and the New Deal created the modern social safety net for individuals.
In the 1960s, President Johnson began the welfare system (as we know it) in the Great Society.
In the 1980s, President Reagan was critical of Big Government and the welfare system.
In the 1990s, Bill Clinton ended the welfare system “as we know it.”
page 186

FDR’s economic philosophy
Government intervention in the economy
The New Deal was based upon the economic philosophy of John Keynes.
page 187

Lesson #16: Homework on the Internet
Videos: John Maynard Keynes
During the Great Depression, FDR followed Keynesian economics.
The problem
The main problem of an economic depression is low demand.
When the average joe does not have the money to buy goods,
the government must give him a job.
The solution
The U.S. government spends money.
Even deficit spending - that is, the U.S. government goes into debt.
With the money, the federal government creates jobs.
VIDEOS
1. John Maynard Keynes, a British economist (1930s)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8Hq4RS9EE0&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45tfSoixyKs
John Maynard Keynes
He was a British economist during the 1930s.
He gave advice to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1930s).
The Great Depression
To pull out of the Great Depression, Keynes advocated government spending.
Including deficit spending, which put the U.S. government deep in debt.
The U.S. government was the “employer of last resort”
As a result, the U.S. government created jobs so the average joe had money to spend.
This increased demand.
That is, the average joe went to the store and bought goods.
2. Paul Krugman, winner of the Nobel Prize for Economics (2009)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vc-F-XmMyTc
Today, he supports Keynesian economics
Today, President Obama follows Keynesian economics.
Under his economic stimulus plan, the federal government will spend money on infrastructure.
That is, the government will spends money to build roads and bridges.
So the average joe (construction worker) can go to the store and buy goods.
3. Deficit Spending - A Necessary Evil
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yw1tCiwrB8o
Today, the world’s leading economists support Keynesian economics
Government spending will save the U.S. economy which is in deep trouble.
page 188

Lesson #17: Chart
Deficit Spending
John Maynard Keynes
Photo http://i.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1965/1101651231_400.jpg
John Maynard Keynes was the father of modern Economics.
He explained the causes of the Depression to FDR.
If people still do not spend money, then the federal government must spend money.
Lots of money, up to and including deficit spending. It is called “priming the pump.”
How did FDR pull the U.S. out of the Depression?
Government spending, even deficit spending.
John Maynard Keynes believed deficit spending could pull the U.S. out of the Depression. And it did.
What is deficit spending?
When the federal government spends more money that it takes in taxes!
Taxes Federal GNP % of people
Spending
who are unemployed
1929 -- -- + 3 Depression begins (President Hoover)
1930 4 3 - 9 9 %
1931 4 4 - 9 16 %
1932 3 7 -13 24 %
1933 4 8 - 2 25 % New Deal begins (President FDR)
1934 5 11 + 8 22 %
1935 5 9 + 8 20 %
1936 5 11 +14 17 %
1937 6 9 + 5 14 % The Federal Reserve raised interest rates.
1938 8 8 - 5 19 %
1939 7 10 + 8 17 %
1940 7 10
1941 8 12
1942 10 25
1943 14 45
1944 22 45
1945 21 44
Class Discussion
Compare taxes and federal spending
The Impact
In 1930, Hoover took in 4 and spent 3. He balanced the budget. GNP down Unemployment up
In 1931, Hoover took in 4 and spent 4. He balanced the budget. GNP down Unemployment up
In 1932, Hoover took in 3 and spent 7. Deficit spending. GNP down Unemployment up
In 1933, FDR took in 4 and spent 8. Deficit spending. GNP down Unemployment up
In 1934, FDR took in 5 and spent 11. Deficit spending. GNP up! Unemployment down!
In 1935, FDR took in 5 and spent 9. Deficit spending. GNP up! Unemployment down!
In 1936, FDR took in 5 and spent 11. Deficit spending. GNP up! Unemployment down!
In 1937, FDR took in 6 and spent 9. Deficit spending. GNP up! Unemployment down!
In 1938, FDR took in 8 and spent 8. He balanced the budget. GNP down Unemployment up
In 1939, FDR took in 7 and spent 10. Deficit spending. GNP up! Unemployment down!
During World War II (1941-45), the government spent way more than it took in.
a. What do you suppose happened to GNP? (It went way up.)
b. What do you suppose happened to unemployment? (It went way down.)

Lesson #18: Homework on the Internet
A letter: John Maynard Keynes to FDR
Government intervention in the economy.
The government had to spend money - to create jobs - so the average joe had money to spend.
Letter: From John Maynard Keynes to FDR
http://newdeal.feri.org/misc/keynes2.htm
page 190

Lesson #19: Group analysis
Break into 6 groups.
Bloom!
Deficit spending
Analyze one concept using Bloom’s taxonomy.
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent
does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent
does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
The Answers
1. Deficit spending
The amount by which government spending exceeds its
income over a particular period of time.
It is also called a budget deficit.
It is the opposite of budget surplus.
It is when the government does not balance the
budget.
2. It is when government goes into the red.
It is when government goes into debt.
3. If you spend more than you make, you are in debt.
If you run up your credit card and don’t pay it off.
4. During the New Deal, FDR spent more money than he
took it.
This was known as Keynesian economics.
Named after the economist John Maynard Keynes.
5. FDR followed Keynesian economics.
6. Laissez-faire economics is opposed to deficit spending.
Progressives are like New Dealers.
FDR wanted the government to intervene in the
economy - to help the public.
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect
the public and
regulate big business.)
page 191

The First 100 Days
FDR got Congress to pass 15 major pieces of legislation.
This had never happened before.
This has never happened since.
page 192

Lesson #20: Lecture with graphics
The First 100 Days
1933 FDR took office
In March, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was inaugurated.
The American people were paralyzed with fear.
FDR had already been there and done that.
When he was 39, he got polio and was paralyzed.
He spent the rest of his life in a wheelchair - even though the American people did not know it.
The Democrats now had control of Congress
For three years, the Republicans had a chance to solve the Great Depression (1929-1932).
Voters ousted them and filled Congress with Democrats.
The New Deal had 3 goals
On the campaign trail, President Roosevelt had promised voters “a new deal.”
The New Deal had three goals:
1. Relief Provide immediate jobs so people would not starve.
2. Recovery To help the shattered economy survive.
3. Reform To provide long-range solutions that to what caused the Depression.
The Progressive Era
Cartoon
Teddy Roosevelt
http://www.walldrawn.com/portraits/fdr.jpg
Teddy Roosevelt and Franklin Roosevelt were distant relatives.
The New Deal was a continuation and expansion of the Progressive Era.
The New Deal was the realization of Progressive dreams.
The first 100 Days
Read aloud
http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/bl100bush.htm
The American people were in despair; they had lost confidence in the economy.
FDR moved quickly into action.
In his first three months in office, he persuaded Congress to pass 15 major laws.
This had never happened before.
This has never happened since.
Whenever FDR asked Congress for broad executive power, they gave it to him.
He became the most powerful president in U.S. history.
Big Business eventually called him a dictator.
Why FDR moved so quickly
In 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party took power in Germany.
During the Depression, many democracies in Europe fell to fascism.
Thanks to the New Deal, the U.S. preserved democracy and did not go to either extreme.
We did not go far left (communism) and we did not go far right (fascism).
page 193

Lesson #21: Homework on the Internet
Videos: The First Hundred Days
During “The First 100 Days”,” FDR got Congress to pass 15 major pieces of legislation.
This had never happened before.
This has never happened since.
Lecture
President Roosevelt brought hope and confidence to America
http://www.learner.org/biographyofamerica/prog21/transcript/page02.html
Videos
The first 100 days of the New Deal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76nq7w-i3IA&feature=related
FDR cared about public opinion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRw-OQYDe2M
page 194

Lesson #22: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
FDR ended Prohibition
For the average Joe, this was a big deal.
POLITICAL CARTOONS
1. FDR ends Prohibition
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33031802.GIF
2. FDR ends Prohibition
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33032405.GIF
3. FDR ends Prohibition
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33031404.gif
4. A tax on alcohol
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33033104.GIF
The Answers
1. FDR chose Frances Perkins. She was the first woman member of the Cabinet.
2. FDR consulted the public in nearly everything he did.
Example: When millions liked the Townsend plan, FDR invented Social Security.
3. FDR legalized beer.
Later, the 21st Amendment officially ended Prohibition.
4. If you didn’t have a job, at least you could have a glass of beer.
5. People were surprised at how fast FDR took action.
6. Alcohol was now legal and taxed.
page 195

FDR saved the banks
The first crisis FDR tackled was in banking.
His first major act was to close all of the banks.
Then he reopened only the sound ones.
page 196

Lesson #23: Lecture
The first crisis FDR tackled
was the banking crisis.
FDR called a “Bank Holiday”
While he closed the banks, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act.
Photo
Run on a bank
Run on a bank
Panic inside of a bank
FDR signs the banking bill
http://www2.austincc.edu/lpatrick/his2341/bankrun3.jpg
http://www.occ.treas.gov/graphics/run.gif
http://newdeal.feri.org/images/ab16.gif
http://www.fdic.gov/about/learn/learning/images/fdr.gif
The first thing FDR did was close all the banks!
FDR did this to stop another run on the banks.
In the meantime, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act of 1933.
It saved the banking industry
Only the sound banks reopened. (75%)
The unsound banks never reopened. (25%)
FDR took the U.S. off the gold standard
FDR let the Federal Reserve Board print lots of money.
The federal government then loaned money to the sound banks.
Since there was not enough gold to cover the printed dollar bills, the U.S. went off the gold standard.
Gold bars no longer stood behind every dollar bill.
It is still that way today.
The “fireside chats”
Photo
FDR on radio
http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/polisci/americangov/photo/pat1104.jpg
The first modern media President
First of all, FDR had to restore people’s confidence.
People were in a panic, so FDR spoke to them on the radio and tried to calm their fears.
In his first inaugural address, he said: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
During his fireside chats, he calmed people’s fears over the radio.
page 197

Lesson #24: Homework on the Internet
The Fireside chats
In 1933, FDR closed all of the banks in the U.S.
He only reopened the banks that were sound - that is, they had money.
Half of the banks were broke (bankrupt), so they were never reopened.
People lost all of their savings.
Radio broadcasts
FDR explains the bank holiday
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFvrL_nqx2c
FDR outlines the New Deal, 1933
http://www.mhrcc.org/fdr/chat2.html
FDR talks about economic recovery, 1933
http://www.mhrcc.org/fdr/chat3.html
FDR explains progress made, 1933
http://www.mhrcc.org/fdr/chat4.html
FDR explains the National Recovery Administration (NRA), 1934
http://www.mhrcc.org/fdr/chat6.html
FDR explains the WPA, 1935
http://www.mhrcc.org/fdr/chat7.html
Reading
You can read all of FDR’s “Fireside Chats”
http://www.mhric.org/fdr/fdr.html
Video
Fireside Chat
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jt9f-MZX-58&feature=related
page 198

Lesson #25: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
FDR’s “Bank Holiday”
Research
http://newdeal.feri.org/timeline/1933f.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Banking_A
ct
http://regentsprep.org/Regents/ushisgov/themes/pr
esidentialactions/executive.cfm
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
1. The “Bank Holiday”
The banking crisis was the first problem FDR tackled.
Between 1929 and 1933, there were 10,000 bank failures.
In 1933, FDR submitted his Emergency Banking Act to
Congress.
FDR issued an executive order:
He single-handedly closed all of the banks in the U.S.!
His goal was to end bank failures and restore people’s
confidence in the banking system.
Only the sound banks reopened.
Insolvent banks went under.
A bank is insolvent when its liabilities exceed its assets.
2. FDR took drastic action.
He stopped the bank failures.
He prevented another panic.
He stopped people from making a run on the bank.
3. Has a rumor ever started a stampede at your school?
Who calmed people down, told the truth, and restored people’s
confidence?
4.
The run on banks
a. People were making a stampede on the banks.
b. The banks ran out of money.
c. The banks did not have enough cash.
d. FDR closed all the banks.
e. Federal examiners permanently shut down banks that
had made bad investments on the stock market.
f. Meanwhile, Congress was working on a law to reform
the banks.
g. People believed FDR when he said the banking system
was sound.
h. Confidence in the banking system was restored.
5. If FDR had been President during the stock market
crash of 1929, could he have averted a panic?
6. Nope. If you believe in laissez-faire economics, you
would NEVER let the government mess with the banking
system.
Yep. The Progressives and New Dealers both believed
government should look out for the public welfare. Having
a sound banking system is in the public welfare.
page 199

Lesson #26: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
FDR saved the banks
POLITICAL CARTOONS
1. FDR orders a bank holiday
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33030804.GIF
2. FDR makes it illegal to export gold
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33031702.GIF
3. The banks reopen
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33031202.GIF
4. FDR restores faith in the banking system
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33031101.gif
5. FDR restores confidence in the banking system
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33031803.GIF
6. FDR’s “Fireside chats”
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33031501.GIF
7. The U.S. goes off the gold standard
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33030802.GIF
8. The U.S. goes off the gold standard
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33030701.gif
THE ANSWERS
1. The world did not come to an end when FDR temporarily closed the banks.
2. When FDR went off the gold standard, he made it illegal for speculators to carry gold out of the U.S.
3. “Happy days are here again,” was FDR’s campaign song. He restored people’s faith in the banking system.
4. It was a New Deal. FDR restored faith in the banking system.
5. When FDR solved the banking crisis, farmers thought he could solve their problems.
6. In his “fireside chats,” FDR spoke to people on the radio and explained what he was doing with the banks. They felt calmed by
his voice.
7. FDR wanted to expand the money supply. To do that, he had to go off the gold standard.
8. FDR prevented the rich from taking their gold to Europe.
page 200

How the New Deal regulated the banks
page 201

Lesson #27: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The Glass-Steagall Act
Supplementary reading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_Steagall_Act
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/wa
llstreet/weill/demise.html
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
Whatever happened to this law?
1. The Glass-Steagall Act
A law passed by Congress in 1933.
It did two things to stabilize banks:
a. It established the FDIC to protect your bank account.
b. It regulated the banks - that is, commercial banks could
no longer invest in the stock market.
2. It protected your money in your bank.
It stopped banks from going bankrupt.
3. It would stop me from being risky with other peoples’
money.
4.
What caused banks to fail
a. Banks invested money on the stock market.
b. In 1929, the stock market crashed.
c. Banks lost their money on the stock market.
d. When people went to get their money out of the bank,
the bank had no cash.
e. Half of the banks went bankrupt.
5. Banks should never gamble on the stock market.
6.
In 1999, Congress ended this law.
President Bill Clinton signed it.
Since 1999, banks have been investing on the stock market.
When the stock market crashed in September 2008, many
banks lost all of their money.
Today (Feb. 2009), the biggest banks are bankrupt.
Theoretically, the FDIC insures your money in those banks.
But the FDIC would have to use tax dollars.
And there’s a limit to the amount of tax dollars.
page 202

Lesson #28: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The FDIC
Research
http://www.cbbwi.com/fdic.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDIC
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
1. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
The FDIC was created in 1933 in the first “100 Days.”
The federal government guaranteed deposits in the bank.
This restored public confidence in the banking system.
2. If the bank goes under, the federal government will
refund your money.
3. What would your father or mother do if their bank closed
its doors and they lost all their money?
4.
a. Between 1929 and 1933, there were 10,000 bank failures.
b. In 1934, the federal government began insuring your
bank deposit up to $2,500.
5. The FDIC still exists.
Today, the FDIC insures deposits up to $250,000 per
depositor, per bank. (Make sure your bank belongs to
FDIC.)
6. The laissez-faires don’t think government should regulate
banking.
The Progressives and New Dealers liked the FDIC.
It protects the public interest.
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
page 203

How the New Deal regulated Wall Street
page 204

Lesson #29: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The SEC
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC
http://www.sec.gov/about/whatwedo.shtml
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
1. The Securities & Exchange Commission
The SEC was founded in 1934.
Its job is to regulate practices on the stock market on Wall
Street.
It tries to protect the public from investing in stocks that are
unsafe.
FDR appointed Joseph Kennedy as the first director of the
SEC.
(He was the father of JFK.)
2. The SEC investigates fraud on Wall Street.
3. If you ran a company that was financially shaky and
deep in debt, would you report this to the SEC?
4.
a. When the stock market crashed in 1929, investors lost
their money.
b. Unlike the banks, where deposits are guaranteed by the
federal government, stocks are not protected. You can still
lose your shirt.
c. If you buy worthless stock from a fraudulent
company, the SEC will not refund your money.
d. The SEC lowers the investor’s risk -
by forcing companies to reveal and disclose
their financial stability.
e. The SEC prosecutes people on Wall Street for insider
trading, accounting fraud, and providing false
or misleading information about securities
f. The SEC restored public confidence in the stock market.
5. The SEC still exists!
Of course, they must have been asleep during the recent
Enron scandal on Wall Street.
Instead, the SEC prosecuted Martha Stewart.
We could go on a rant about this, but you know what we
mean.
6. The laissez-faires opposed the SEC.
No government intervention in the stock market.
Progressives and New Dealers applauded it.
Government should protect the public interest.
page 205

Lesson #30: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
FDR cleaned up Wall Street
1. Wall Street wants government regulation
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33033101.GIF
2. Wall Street gets the SEC
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33040806.GIF
3. Cleaning up Wall Street
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33041201.GIF
4. The Truth-in-Securities Act
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33033002.GIF
5. The Securities & Exchange Commission today (SEC)
http://www.claybennett.com/images/archivetoons/mcgruff.jpg
THE ANSWERS
1. In 1929, before the stock market hit, stockbrokers on Wall Street were arrogant. By 1933, they wanted regulation by the federal
government. So they got the SEC and FDIC.
2. Some companies lied about their true worth.
3. Under the SEC and Truth-in-Securities Act, companies had to reveal the true worth of their stock.
4. Before FDR, the buyer had to beware of being fleeced. After FDR set up the SEC, lying companies and stockbrokers had to
beware.
page 206

Lesson #31:
Game
Crackdown
on banks
and
Wall Street
Break into pairs.
Examine each fact.
Using the chart,
categorize each fact.
When you are
finished, play
“The Gong Show.”
1. Emergency Banking Act, 1933
To stop the run on banks
On the radio, FDR held his first fireside chat” to explain this to the American people.
First, FDR closed all the banks.
Then he reopened only the banks that were financially sound.
Unsound banks never reopened, so people lost their savings.
2. Glass-Steagall, 1933
The Banking Act of 1933 made major reforms in banking.
a. The FDIC
Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
The federal government guaranteed savings deposits up to $2,500.
(Today, the government guarantees up to $250,000.)
b. Interest rates at the banks
The Federal Reserve Board began to set interest rates at banks.
c. Banks could no longer invest on the stock market
THIS WAS THE BIGGEST CHANGE.
During the 1920s, banks invested money on the stock market.
When the stock market crashed in 1929, those banks went bankrupt.
Thanks to this law, there was a separation of commercial and investment banks:
Commercial banks could not invest on the stock market.
Investment banks could.
In 1999, this was repealed
From then on, banks began to trade worthless home mortgages on the stock market.
In the fall of 2008, the stock market crashed and banks began to go under.
The U.S. government stepped in with a bank bailout.
3. Truth-in-Securities Act, 1933
It was the first federal law to regulate the sale of stocks on Wall Street.
Corporations must tell the truth to investors about their assets and debts.
Designed to prevent lies and fraud in the sale of stocks to the public.
The Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) was set up to enforce this law.
The SEC is supposed to be the watchdog of Wall Street.
1. This law stopped the run on banks.
2. This law made major reforms in banking.
3. This was the first federal law to regulate the sale of stocks on Wall Street.
4. FDR closed all the banks and reopened only the banks that were sound.
5. Unsound banks never reopened, so people lost their savings.
6. Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
7. Banks could no longer invest on the stock market
8. A bank could be a commercial bank (like yours) or an investment bank
(like a big bank in New York City), but it could not be both.
9. Corporations must tell the truth to investors about their assets and debts.
10. Designed to prevent lies and fraud in the sale of stocks to the public.
11. In 1999, the most important section of this law was repealed
12. In the fall of 2008, the stock market crashed and banks began to go
under.
The Answers
1. Emergency Banking Act
2. Glass-Steagall
3. Truth-in-Securities Act
4. Emergency Banking Act
5. Emergency Banking Act
6. Glass-Steagall
7. Glass-Steagall
8. Glass-Steagall
9. Truth-in-Securities Act
10. Truth-in-Securities Act
11. Glass-Steagall
12. Glass-Steagall
13. Glass-Steagall
13. If your bank goes under today, the federal government will reimburse you
your money - up to $250,000.
page 207

A game to learn how to categorize.
A game for those students who learn best by doing.
A game to assess learning.
The Gong Show
The week before
Go to Office Depot or Office Max and buy 3 bells. You know:
You bop it to call for service.
Make 3 signs: Emergency Banking Act, Glass-Steagall, Truth-in-Securities Act
Ask the school custodian for a wide table and 5 chairs.
A panel of “experts”
In the front of the classroom, place the table and chairs.
In front of each, place a sign and bell.
Ask for volunteers to sit as a panel of experts.
"You are responsible only for responding to facts which relate to your category."
The Reader
Choose a student to read the facts.
Explain: "When the reader read a fact which deals with your particular category, ring your bell."
The Answer Guy
Choose a student to play this role. We suggest a guy or gal who has been absent.
Give the student the answer sheet.
Explain: "When a student gives a wrong answer, you must bellow GONG.”
Encourage the class to join in on the GONG.
(p.s. Your music department probably has a gong.)
How to find a cheap gong on the internet:
We typed in “buy gong” and found grothmusic.com
They sell a gong (Item #WUWG10) for $32.95:
Exact address:
http://www.grothmusic.com/cgi-local/SoftCart.exe/online-store/scstore/p-
WUWG10.html?L+scstore+jcrv8352ff831d83+1260945623
How to begin
Ask students to test their bells.
"Do not ring your bell until the full statement has been read."
“If you engage in frivolous bell-ringing, another student will take your place.”
The Reader reads the facts, one by one.
The Answer Man states whether the answer is correct or incorrect.
What if several students ring their bells?
All the better!
Ask the class whether or not the incorrect answer is possible, based upon the student's explanation.
Keep in mind that when you enter higher levels of thinking, certain answers are going to be "in the ballpark"
and, therefore, acceptable.
page 208

Lesson #32: Game
Break into two teams. Choose a scorekeeper.
The Great Race
On the chalkboard, write
Emergency Banking Act Glass-Steagall Truth-in-Securities Act
1. Break into two teams: Team A and Team B. Try guys vs gals.
2. Line up, single file - at least 15 feet from the board.
3. The teacher reads the statement.
4. Two students race to the board and put a check under the correct answer.
5. Teacher gives correct answer. Students erase their check marks and go to the back of the lines.
Do it over and over again, until every student has mastered the material.
1. This law stopped the run on banks.
2. This law made major reforms in banking.
3. This was the first federal law to regulate the sale of stocks on Wall Street.
4. FDR closed all the banks and reopened only the banks that were sound.
5. Unsound banks never reopened, so people lost their savings.
6. Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
The Answers
1. Emergency Banking Act
2. Glass-Steagall
3. Truth-in-Securities Act
4. Emergency Banking Act
5. Emergency Banking Act
6. Glass-Steagall
7. Glass-Steagall
8. Glass-Steagall
9. Truth-in-Securities Act
10. Truth-in-Securities Act
11. Glass-Steagall
12. Glass-Steagall
7. Banks could no longer invest on the stock market
8. A bank could be a commercial bank (like yours) or an investment bank
(like a big bank in New York City), but it could not be both.
9. Corporations must tell the truth to investors about their assets and debts.
10. Designed to prevent lies and fraud in the sale of stocks to the public.
11. In 1999, the most important section of this law was repealed
12. In the fall of 2008, the stock market crashed and banks began to go
under.
page 209

Government regulation of Big Business
page 210

Lesson #33: Chart
Compare & Contrast: The economic philosophy of the 1920s and 1930s
What was “new” about the New Deal?
It ended laissez-faire.
It began government intervention in the economy, especially government regulation of Big Business.
The 1920s: Laissez-faire economics
The Roaring Twenties
During the 1920s, Presidents Harding,
Coolidge, and Hoover allowed Big Business to
do whatever it pleased.
Laissez-faire
Government keeps its “hands-off” Big
Business.
No government regulation.
The Republicans helped Big Business
1. Cut taxes for the rich. Favoritism
2. Cut government spending.
Conservativism
3. No strikes or unions Anti-unionism
4. High tariffs Protectionism
5. No foreign policy Isolationism
The public interest
The federal government did not keep an eye
out for the public interest. The Federal Trade
Commission (FTC) did not serve as a watchdog
on Wall Street, so the stock market ran
wild.
Business organizations
The Chamber of Commerce and the National
Association of Manufacturers were exceedingly
happy with the Republican administrations.
Government regulation was dead
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
It was supposed to regulate Big Business.
It did not.
The Progressive era
It was dead.
From 1900 to 1920, Presidents Teddy
Roosevelt, Taft, and Woodrow Wilson regulated
Big Business.
The 1930s: Government regulation
The Great Depression
During the 1930s, people no longer trusted Big
Business.
The end of laissez-faire
Government regulation of Big Business.
Government regulation of the economy.
The Democrats protected the little guy
1. Farms - We will not let you lose your farm.
2. Jobs - We will invent a job for you.
3. Wages - By supporting unions, we will force
employers to pay a living wage
4. Families - We will not let you lose your
home.
5. Elderly - We will give you a pension.
The public interest
1. Banks - We will guarantee money in the
bank.
2. Stocks - We will oversee the stock market.
3. Radio - We will oversee radio (and TV).
Business organizations
The Chamber of Commerce and the National
Association of Manufacturers were exceedingly
angry at the Democrats. They formed the
Liberty League to oppose the New Deal.
Government intervened in the economy
1. Government became an employer. WPA
2. Government went into business. TVA
3. Government dictated to business. NLRB
4. Government set prices. AAA
5. Government set wages. FLSA
The Progressive era
It was reborn and renamed “The New Deal.”
The New Deal continued and extended the programs
begun by the Populists and
Progressives.
page 211

Lesson #34: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
Big Business did not like government regulation
POLITICAL CARTOONS
1. The New Deal scares businessmen
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARhopkins.htm
2. Big Business laughs at the New Deal (1937)
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37010706.gif
3. The New Deal is socialism
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33041701.GIF
THE ANSWERS
1. Big Business did not like it when the U.S. government sided with labor against management.
2. Big Business did not like the minimum wage.
3. Big Business regarded the New Dealers as socialists.
page 212

Lesson #35: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The FCC
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
1. The Federal Communications Commission
The FCC was founded in 1934 to regulate radio and later
television.
It grants licenses to radio and tv stations.
It protects the public interest.
2. Lately, the FCC is watchdog against obscenity.
3. What did you think about Janet Jackson’s
performance during the half-time show at the
2004 Super bowl?
4.
In 1961, FCC Chairman Newton Minow stirred a national
debate by declaring television to be "a vast wasteland."
5. The FCC still exists!
In 2004, they kicked Howard Stern off the air.
In 2004, the FCC was mighty angry at Janet Jackson after
her “wardrobe malfunction” during the half-time show of the
Super bowl.
6. The laissez-faires don’t like government regulation.
President Ronald Reagan tried to de-regulate everything in
the 1980s. Today, however, it the Republicans who are
leading the fight against obscenity on TV.
The Progressives and New Dealers loved government regulation.
page 213

Congress gave FDR a hard time
page 214

Lesson #36: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
Congress gave FDR a hard time
Democrats and Republicans were afraid to take action.
But FDR had the support of the American people.
POLITICAL CARTOONS
1. Congress is critical
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33012001.gif
2. Congress is an obstacle
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33030601.gif
3. The Republicans don’t like FDR’s philosophy
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33010502.gif
4. The Public is tired of the Republicans
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33030502.gif
5. FDR gets Congress moving
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33030703.gif
6. FDR gets Congress moving
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33031603.GIF
7. FDR pressures Congress
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33030603.gif
8. FDR tells Congress what to do
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33031004.GIF
9. FDR puts Congress to work
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33031501.gif
10. The new Congress is controlled by the Democrats
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33031605.GIF
The Answers
1. By 1933 (the fourth year of the Depression) Congress was used to blaming the President for the economic crisis.
2. Congress was used to doing nothing about the economic crisis.
3. The Republicans disliked FDR and his idea of government intervention in the economy.
4. By 1933 (the third year of the Depression), the public was fed up with the do-nothing Republicans.
5. After four years of Hoover, people were surprised at a leader who provided leadership.
6. FDR got Congress to pass legislation.
7. Because public opinion was behind FDR, he could force Congress to pass laws.
8. In his first 100 Days, FDR gave Congress 15 bills to pass. (AAA, CCC)
9. The Democrats were waiting for patronage - jobs to give out to their friends. FDR put that on hold until Congress did its job.
10. FDR is the pitcher. He sends Congress his alphabet programs and Congress passes them.
page 215

The “alphabet” programs
page 216

Lesson #37: Lecture
The Alphabet programs
These powerpoints will explain everything.
Powerpoints
http://www.slideshare.net/Jackson/the-new-deal-46648
http://www.slideshare.net/Jonathan_Tyus/jeopardy-great-dep-new-deal
http://www.slideshare.net/jgonsiewski/fdr-and-the-great-depression
http://www.slideshare.net/ccarter333/fdrs-new-deal
http://www.slideshare.net/ccarter333/fdrs-2nd-new-deal
http://www.slideshare.net/landshark81/the-new-deal-995026
http://www.slideshare.net/APClass/fdrs-new-deal2
page 217

Lesson #38: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
FDR’s alphabet programs
FDR persuaded Congress to pass these federal government programs.
And they were popular with the American people.
POLITICAL CARTOONS
1. The alphabet programs
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARbanking.htm
2. The alphabet programs
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33111101.gif
3. The alphabet programs
http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/online/2001/eoc/ushistory/p12no12.gif
4. FDR is a fast worker
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33031604.GIF
5. FDR is popular with the people; Congress must go along with his programs
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33033103.GIF
6. FDR is a fast worker
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33033001.GIF
THE ANSWERS
1. FDR had all of his programs going at the same time.
2. It is hard to memorize the alphabet programs, but you must.
3. Sometimes the alphabet programs crisscross and contradicted each other.
4. It was incredible how fast FDR got to work on a problem. Normally, government moves as slow as molasses.
5. Every president has a “honeymoon period” when he is first elected. Congress goes easy on him. In his first 100 Days, FDR set
everything in motion.
6. While FDR never ended the economic crisis, he did bring relief to people.
page 218

Lesson #39: Chart
The Roosevelt administration created many federal agencies.
Each agency tried to solve one problem caused by the economic depression.
The Alphabet Programs
Letters Name of the federal agency
Who got help? Government increased its power
AAA* Agricultural Adjustment Act Farmers Govt regulated farm production.
FCA Farm Credit Administration Farmers Govt provided loans.
FCIC Federal Crop Insurance Corporation Farmers Govt insurance for lost crops.
FSA Farm Security Administration Farmers Govt helps farmers buy equipment.
FERA Federal Emergency Relief Admin Farmers Federal funds to states to help needy.
TVA Tennessee Valley Authority Farmers Govt builds hydroelectric dams.
REA Rural Electrification Administration Farmers Govt puts electricity into rural homes.
CCC Civilian Conservation Corps Unemployed Govt created jobs for young men.
NYA National Youth Administration Unemployed Govt provides job training for youth.
PWA Public Works Administration Unemployed Govt creates jobs for laborers, bridges.
WPA Works Progress Administration Unemployed Govt creates jobs for anybody.
NRA* National Recovery Administration Workers Govt sets fair wages and hours.
NLRB National Labor Relations Board Workers Govt protects collective bargaining.
FHA Federal Housing Administration Homeowners Govt helps low-income get bank loans.
HOLC Home Owners Loan Corporation Homeowners Govt loans; family not lose the house.
USHA United States Housing Authority Renters Govt public housing, “urban removal.”
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. Everyone Govt insurance for bank deposits.
SEC Securities & Exchange Commission Stockholders Govt regulates the stock market.
FCC Federal Communications Comm. Consumers Govt regulation of radio, television.
SS Social Security Elderly Govt pensions for the elderly.
*Struck down by the Supreme Court.
page 219

Lesson #40:
Game
The
Alphabet
programs
Break into pairs.
Examine each fact.
Using the chart,
categorize each fact.
When you are
finished, play
The Gong Show.
AAA
CCC
FCC
FDIC
FERA
FHA
NRA
NLRB
SEC
TVA
USHA
WPA
Social
Security
Banking Act
Glass-Steagall
Securities Act
Wagner Act
Fair Labor
Standards Act
Hatch Act
Govt pays farmers not to grow crops.
Govt created temporary jobs for young men in our national parks.
Govt regulates radio and television.
Govt insures bank deposits.
Govt provided states with $ for needy; helps disaster victims.
Govt insures bank mortgages for low-income housing.
Govt sets codes (wages + hours) for each industry.
Govt board holds an election to see if workers want a union.
Govt regulates the stock market.
Govt built dams to control floods and provide electricity to region.
Govt builds public housing.
Govt creates temporary jobs for construction workers and artists.
Govt provided pensions to the elderly.
Reopened banks that were solvent, financially sound.
The Federal Reserve Board controls bank interest rates.
Companies must tell the truth about the value of their stock.
Guaranteed workers the right to organize.
Minimum wage, max hours, end to child labor.
Government employees cannot campaign for elected officials.
1. Govt pays farmers not to grow crops.
2. Govt provided states with money for the needy.
3. Govt built dams to control floods and provide electricity to region.
4. Govt created temporary jobs for young men in our national parks.
5. Govt created temporary jobs for construction workers and artists.
6. Govt set codes (wages + hours) for each industry.
7. Govt board holds an election to see if workers want a union.
8. Govt insures bank mortgages for low-income housing.
9. Govt builds public housing.
10. Govt insures bank deposits.
11. Govt regulates the stock market.
12. Govt regulates radio and television.
13. Govt provided pensions to the elderly.
14. Govt closed and then reopened banks that were solvent, financially sound.
15. Govt (Federal Reserve Board) controls bank interest rates.
16. Govt insists that companies tell the truth about the value of their stock.
17. The Supreme Court declared these to be unconstitutional.
18. Provided relief to farmers.
19. Provided relief to the unemployed.
20. Helped savers.
21. Helped investors.
22. Helped organized labor.
23. Public ownership of public utilities.
24. Made “the Fed” very powerful.
25. One long-term reform that signaled the beginning of the Welfare State.
26. It created the minimum wage.
27. It ended child labor.
28. If you worked for the federal government, you could not campaign in elections.
The Answers
1. AAA
2. FERA
3. TVA
4. CCC
5. WPA
6. NRA
7. NLRB
8. FHA
9. USHA
10. FDIC
11. SEC
12. FCC
13. Social Security
14. Banking Act
15. Glass-Steagall
16. Securities Act
17. AAA and NRA
18. AAA
19. WPA
20. FDIC
21. SEC
22. NRA, Wagner Act
23. TVA
24. Glass-Steagall
25. Social Security
26. FLSA
27. FLSA
28. Hatch Act
page 220

A game to learn how to categorize.
A game for those students who learn best by doing.
A game to assess learning.
The Gong Show
The week before
Make 17 signs: One for each alphabet program (or law)
Give one to each student
"You are responsible only for responding to facts which relate to your category."
The Reader
Choose a student to read the facts.
Explain: "When the reader read a fact which deals with your particular category, raise your hand.”
The Answer Guy
Choose a student to play this role. We suggest a guy or gal who has been absent.
Give the student the answer sheet.
Explain: "When a student gives a wrong answer, you must bellow GONG.”
Encourage the class to join in on the GONG.
(p.s. Your music department probably has a gong.)
How to find a cheap gong on the internet:
We typed in “buy gong” and came up with a neat one for $19.95:
www.grothmusic.com/cgi-local/SoftCart.exe/online-store/scstore/p-
WH510.html?L+scstore+tczh8042ffea74ea+1045614491
How to begin
Ask students to test their bells.
"Do not ring your bell until the full statement has been read."
“If you engage in frivolous bell-ringing, another student will take your place.”
The Reader reads the facts, one by one.
The Answer Man states whether the answer is correct or incorrect.
What if several students ring their bells?
All the better!
Ask the class whether or not the incorrect answer is possible, based upon the student's explanation.
Keep in mind that when you enter higher levels of thinking, certain answers are going to be "in the ballpark"
and, therefore, acceptable.
More advanced
Using the same topic, read from the encyclopedia.
Ask students to explain their answers.
That is, exactly why does this fact relate to your category?
page 221

Lesson #41: Internet
Break into five groups.
Cut out the assignments.
Read the stories and examine the photos - then report back to the class.
Photos: The New Deal
This is the most comprehensive set of photos on the New Deal.
The New Deal - a photo gallery
http://newdeal.feri.org/library/index.htm#5
1. Culture
Art, film music, writing
2. Construction
Conservation, historical projects, housing, public buildings, recreational facilities, transportation, utilities
3. Social programs
Education, health care, production and redistribution of goods, professional services, and recreation.
4. Federal agencies
National Youth Administration, Resettlement Administration, Rural Electrification Administration,
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).
5. Miscellaneous
Disaster relief, Issues & Events, Photo series, and Public Figures.
page 222

Lesson #42: Chart
Break into pairs and study the chart.
Class discussion: Answer the questions.
The Alphabet Programs
1933
AAA* Agricultural Adjustment Act Farmers Govt regulated farm production.
CCC Civilian Conservation Corps Unemployed Govt created jobs for young men.
FCA Farm Credit Administration Farmers Govt provided loans.
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. Savers Govt insurance for bank deposits.
FERA Federal Emergency Relief Admin Farmers Federal funds to states to help needy.
HOLC Home Owners Loan Corporation Homeowners Govt loans; family not lose the house.
NRA* National Recovery Administration Workers Govt sets fair wages and hours.
PWA Public Works Administration Unemployed Govt creates jobs for laborers, bridges.
TVA Tennessee Valley Authority Farmers Govt builds hydroelectric dams.
1934
FCC Federal Communications Comm. Consumers Govt regulation of radio, television.
FHA Federal Housing Administration Homeowners Govt helps low-income get bank loans.
SEC Securities & Exchange Commission Stockholders Govt regulates the stock market.
1935
WPA Works Progress Administration Unemployed Govt creates jobs for anybody.
NLRB The Wagner Act Workers Govt protects collective bargaining.
NYA National Youth Administration Unemployed Govt provides job training for youth.
SS Social Security The Retired Govt pensions for the elderly.
1937
FSA Farm Security Administration Farmers Govt helps farmers buy equipment.
USHA United States Housing Authority Renters Govt builds public housing.
Was responsible for “urban removal.”
1938
FCIC Federal Crop Insurance Corporation Farmers Govt insurance for lost crops.
Class discussion
1. Which programs were for farmers?
2. Which programs were for the unemployed?
3. Which provided fair wages and hours for workers?
4. Which made collective bargaining legal?
5. Which regulates the stock market?
6. Which program protected folks with $ in the bank?
7. Which provided electricity to rural folks?
8. Which regulates radio and TV?
9. Which provides pensions for the elderly?
10. Which were struck down by the Supreme Court?
Answers (We only chose the most important programs.)
1. AAA
2. CCC, WPA
3. NRA
4. NLRB
5. SEC
6. FDIC
7. TVA
8. FCC
9. Social Security
10. AAA and NRA
page 223

How the New Deal helped those who lost their jobs.
page 224

Lesson #43: Lecture
Welfare payments
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 1933
Photos
Working for the FERA
http://content.lib.washington.edu/feraweb/essay.html
The beginning of welfare payments
Harry Hopkins began doling out millions of dollars to the states.
The states then handed out money to the needy.
No balanced budget
To the Republicans’ horror, FDR was not going to balance the budget.
Instead, the federal government was going deep into debt.
From then on, the Republicans labeled Democrats as “Tax and Spenders.”
page 225

Lesson #44: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The FERA
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_R
elief_Administration
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARfera.ht
m
http://content.lib.washington.edu/feraweb/essay.ht
ml
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
1. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration
The FERA was created in 1933 in the first “100 Days.”
The federal government gave money to the states.
The states then gave hand-outs (cash) to the needy - that
is, the unemployed.
Where possible, FERA invented jobs.
2. These were mostly small cash welfare payments.
3. If you were down and out, would you not like a helping
hand?
4.
a. The director was Harry Hopkins, a man with 20 years of
experience in social work and the New York State welfare
system.
b. As director of FERA, Harry Hopkins handed out
$3 billion to the states.
c. In 1935, the work of FERA was taken over by the Social
Security Board.
d. FERA established a new government policy:
Welfare payments was a right that needy citizens in need
could expect from their government.
5. The FERA no longer exists
6. If you believe in laissez-faire economics, you would hate
the FERA. The government should not make welfare payments.
The Progressives and New Dealers both liked the idea of
relief for the needy. Government is supposed to protect the
public welfare.
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
page 226

How the New Deal helped those who still had jobs.
The federal government began the “Blue Eagle” program.
Buy only from companies that paid a living wage.
page 227

Lesson #45: Lecture
The NRA
The National Recovery Administration (NRA), 1933
Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act.
Photos
The Blue Eagle
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARnra.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration
Increase workers’ purchasing power
If the employed (75% of the work force) made higher wages, they could buy goods.
Codes
The government worked with management and labor to set wages and hours for each industry.
Section 7(a)
This was a victory for organized labor.
It guaranteed workers the right to organize into unions.
It guaranteed their right to collective bargaining.
Employers were horrified
Back then, employers were 100% opposed to unions or collective bargaining.
They were furious at FDR, the Democrats, and the New Deal.
Schecter v. United States
In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled that the NRA was unconstitutional.
Congress can regulate interstate trade - businesses that operate in several states.
Congress cannot regulate intrastate trade - a business that operates in only one state.
The Supreme Court ruled that the NRA was unconstitutional, 1935
Reading
The Supreme Court vs FDR http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5092
Schecter v. United States
Schecter operated a chicken processing plant in New York City.
The chickens were raised in New York and sold in New York.
The NRA told Schecter how to run his plant. He disagreed.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the NRA was unconstitutional.
The federal government can regulate businesses involved in interstate commerce.
But the federal government cannot regulate a intrastate commerce (within one state).
page 228

Lesson #46: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The NRA
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recovery_Act
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARnra.ht
m
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
1. The National Recovery Administration
The NRA was set up in 1933.
Its goal was to encourage industrial recovery and help
combat widespread unemployment.
The federal government and business worked
together to set up codes for each industry.
General Hugh Johnson, a retired Army officer,
was in charge of the NRA.
2. The federal government got involved in industry.
3. If you owned a tee-shirt business, would you want the
government telling you how to run your business?
Probably not, but your workers still need a living wage.
4.
a. The Blue Eagle
If a business signed the code for its industry,
it got to display the NRA blue eagle in its store window and
on its products.
b. Unpatriotic
If a business did not display the NRA blue eagle, it was
regarded as unpatriotic. People refused to buy their products.
c. On the downside, the government
supervised production and prices in industry.
government planning of industry.
Big Business could afford the codes.
Small businesses could not; they went under.
d. On the upside, the government
set minimum wages and maximum hours.
ended child labor.
Section 7(a) gave workers the right to join
a union.
e. In 1935 the Supreme Court declared the NRA as
unconstitutional.
5. In 1935, the NRA was abolished.
It was replaced by the Wagner Act.
6. Laissez-faires hated the NRA.
Businessmen hated being told how to run their industry.
Progressives and New Dealers liked to regulate Big
Business.
page 229

How the New Deal helped young men
page 230

Lesson #47: Lecture
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 1933
Ripe for revolution
One million men roamed the country on foot and in railroad boxcars.
250,000 were under 21. They were searching for work.
Still others were hanging around city street corners.
In Germany, Hitler recruited young unemployed men for the Nazi party.
FDR was not going to let that happen in the USA.
The first New Deal “alphabet” program was the CCC.
It was for young men, 18 to 25, who were unemployed.
The government paid 2.5 million men to live in camps and work in national forests and parks.
They built the Blue Ridge Parkway that runs through Appalachia.
Photos
Boys leave for camp
Not hungry
Life in CCC camp
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARccc.htm
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/50th/ccc/ccccover.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps
The National Youth Administration, 1934
Photo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Administration
The CCC was so popular that the federal government decided to help teenagers.
Over one million high school students were given odd jobs so they could stay in high school.
600,000 students were able to stay in college.
They painted houses, cleaned parks, and got some job training.
page 231

Lesson #48: Homework on the Internet
Videos: The CCC created jobs for young men
President Franklin Roosevelt created jobs for young men who were unemployed.
Website
The Civilian Conservation Corps
http://digilab.browardlibrary.org/ccc.html
Photos
Bridge to Somewhere
http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/infrastructure/
Readings
Today, Americorps is a lot like the CCC
http://www.slideshare.net/CAUW/ameri-corps-presentation
Videos
1. The CCC Across the U.S.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3FQ1UOZy9o
2. The CCC Across the U.S.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChbQI-k5-QQ&feature=related
3. The CCC Elmsford, NY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qolPqXNGW3I
4. The CCC Minnesota
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMmwPzO0M-k&feature=related
5. The CCC Spruce Pine, NC
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0f2fH2Rwh0Q&feature=related
6. The CCC West Virginia
Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQ2BkeNUDRQ&feature=related
Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojiuQJt18pw&feature=channel
7. The CCC Pennsylvania
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU-stSMgvoQ&feature=related
8. The CCC Bryce Canyon, Utah
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgIsa6-QzAg&feature=related
9. The CCC Shenandoah Valley, Virginia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SdvYOHKyU4&feature=related
10. The CCC Shenandoah Valley, Virginia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jvbTwxdbvE&feature=related
page 232

Lesson #49: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The Civilian Conservation
Corps (CCC)
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_
Corps
Photos of the CCC camps
http://www.nyscccmuseum.com
http://newdeal.feri.org/library/4_d.htm
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
1. The Civilian Conservation Corps
The CCC was created in 1933 in the first “100 Days.”
The CCC was the first program of the New Deal.
The goal was relief for unemployed youth.
It took only 37 days to put into operation.
The federal government hired young men to restore and
improve our national parks.
2. It transferred tax money from the rich
to wages for the poor.
(Back then, only the rich paid taxes.)
3. If you and your family were starving, would you want to
work with hundreds in a national forest?
4. The CCC was run by the U.S. Army.
Three million young men lived in CCC barracks and worked
in the open air.
The young men received $25 a month; they were encouraged
to send money home to their families.
Every state had a CCC camp.
California had 150.
The CCC built 3,470 fire towers, 97,000 miles of fire roads,
fought forest fires, and planted three billion trees.
It cost $70 million dollars.
It was government spending.
It was a very popular program.
It was a peacetime army that kept young men out of crime
and helped their families survive.
5. The CCC no longer exists.
It ended during World War II.
At that time, most young men went to war.
6. If you believe in laissez-faire economics, you would
oppose the CCC. You do not believe in the government as
“the employer of last resort.”
Progressives and New Dealers both liked the CCC.
They believed government should look out for the public
welfare.
page 233

How the New Deal created jobs for construction workers
page 234

Lesson #50: Lecture
The WPA
The Civil Works Administration , 1933
Harry Hopkins created temporary jobs.
Giving out jobs was better than giving people a “handout.”
The Republicans accused him of spending public money to “make work.”
Photo
Building a bridge
http://www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/dep/dep6/doc61m.gif
The federal government became an employer.
It hired four million people to build bridges, roads, and highways.
Also schools, hospitals, parks, and playgrounds.
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 1935
A massive public works program that ultimately spent $12 billion.
Photos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration
A massive public works program
Harry Hopkins ran the program and said:
“People don’t eat in the long run. They eat today.”
The employer of last resort
The federal government hired over 8 million people across the U.S.
They were paid $25-$40 a month.
1. BLUE COLLAR
Construction workers built roads, highways, bridges, and airports.
2. WHITE COLLAR
The Federal Art Project hired artists to create murals and sculpture for public buildings.
The Federal Writers Project hired people interview former slaves in the South.
The Federal Theater Project hired actors to put on plays across America.
page 235

Water projects
The federal government built the TVA.
It also built Hoover Dam, Bonneville Dam, and the California Central Valley Water Project.
Hoover Dam, 1928-1936
Photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam
Named for President Hoover, it was begun in 1928 and completed in 1936.
The dam blocked the Colorado River and created Lake Mead, which lies near Las Vegas.
It is one of the world’s highest concrete dams.
The dam provides water and power for the U.S. Southwest, including Los Angeles.
An aqueduct carries water from Lake Mead to southern California.
Bridges
Golden Gate Bridge, 1933-1937
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge
The Golden Gate Bridge is the world-famous suspension bridge in San Francisco.
page 236

Lesson #51: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The WPA
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Admi
nistration
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
1. The Works Progress Administration
The WPA was created in 1935.
It was the largest New Deal program.
It employed about one-third of the nation's unemployed.
People got $25 to $55 a month.
It created public works projects.
It was a relief measure for the unemployed.
It provided jobs for blue collar construction workers.
It provided jobs for white collar artists, writers, photographers.
The director was Harry Hopkins.
It employed 8 million people on 4 million projects.
It cost over $10 billion.
2. The government invented jobs for both
laborers and artists.
3. What would you do if your school kept the vocational
school, but cut out music, art, and theater?
4.
a. Construction workers on WPA projects built highways,
streets, bridges, airports, and public buildings.
b. The Federal Writers' Project hired writers to write conduct
historical investigations and interview former slaves.
c. The Federal Arts Project hired artists to create artwork
(murals, sculpture) for public buildings like post offices,
libraries, and schools. It hired musicians for symphony
orchestras and community singing.
d. The Federal Theatre Project hired playwrights and
actors to write and perform plays. They often went on tour
throughout the U.S.
5. The WPA no longer exists.
It ended during World War II.
From then on, men became soldiers.
The WPA was the first time that the U.S. government
invested in the arts. Today, the federal government still
sponsors the arts through the National Endowment for the
Arts.
6. The laissez-fairs do not believe the government should
provide jobs.
The Progressives and New Dealers both like the government
to be “the employer of last resort.”
page 237

Lesson #52: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons: Public works
At the time, there were two views of the jobs program.
POLITICAL CARTOONS
1. FDR invents fakes jobs
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARickes.htm
2. FDR creates real jobs = Public Works
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/37020501.GIF
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARfera.htm
THE ANSWERS
1. This cartoonist did not like FDR’s “make-work” programs. It is true that FDR invented jobs. When people are starving, what else
should you do?
2. For the most part, FDR invented jobs that would benefit the public. Today, we still use the roads and bridges.
page 238

Lesson #53: Homework on the Internet
The WPA: “Yes, we did!”
Under the WPA, Congress created jobs for the unemployed.
1. Construction workers
2. Starving artists
Videos
The WPA
Across the U.S.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aq5UiGdje8U
The WPA
Across the U.S.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RB-a3qbgUyM
Photos
Newsweek: “Yes we did” - The projects built by the New Deal
http://www.newsweek.com/id/179874
Photos & Stories
http://iws.ccccd.edu/kwilkison/Online1302home/20th%20Century/DepressionNewDeal.html
Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/wpaintro/intro01.html
Song
Jimmy Durante: “Give a man a job”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jiUu8od_I8
Websites
Alaska
http://explorenorth.com/library/yafeatures/bl-matanuska.htm
California
http://livingnewdeal.berkeley.edu/
http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/The_New_Deal_helped_build_The_City.html
Florida
http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/NewDealGuide/
Georgia
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2733
North Carolina
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/wpaintro/nccat.html
Virginia
http://www.vahistory.org/index1.html
page 239

How the New Deal created jobs for “starving artists”
page 240

Lesson #54: Homework on the Internet
These are a mix of stories and videos.
The WPA created jobs for starving artists
Under the WPA, Congress created jobs for the unemployed.
1. Construction workers
2. Starving artists
During the Depression, the federal government funded the arts community.
The WPA sponsored the Art, Music, Theater and Writers Projects.
Today, the federal government provides $100 million a year to the National Endowment for the Arts.
During the Depression, the federal government paid 5,000 starving artists to create artwork.
Half of the artists lived in New York City.
They were paid $23 to $35 a week.
Artists were selected on the basis of their need for employment, plus their professional ability.
The artists were engaged in painting, sculpture and the graphic arts, including prints and posters.
Here are some famous artists.
Overview
A New Deal for the Arts
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/index.html
Slideshow: Artists during the New Deal
http://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/online/1934/index.html
The Federal Art Project
http://www.wwcd.org/policy/US/newdeal.html#FAP
http://lsb.syr.edu/projects/newdeal/
Sculptors
Gutzon Borglum HE CREATED MOUNT RUSHMORE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rushmore
Created Mount Rushmore.
Painters
Jackson Pollock ABSTRACT ARTIST PAINTED MURALS ON GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/pollock/pollock.number-8.jpg
He was an abstract expressionist who painted murals in government buildings.
Willem de Kooning ABSTRACT ARTIST PAINED MURALS ON GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kooning_woman_v.jpg
Artists in New Mexico
Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsSCHBq_m4c&feature=related
Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtdaB5GCwTQ&feature=related
Part 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTF9BOGj4L8&feature=related
page 241

Muralists
Murals
PAINTED ON SCHOOLS, LIBRARIES, HOSPITALS, AIRPORTS
http://www.wpamurals.com/
Muralist in San Francisco
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UDtN86B6aA
Murals in Orangetown, New York
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcbqrv8bySE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7OU8CLotFc
Muralist in Cleveland, Ohio
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udNSA-bF74A
Post Office Murals in Central Pennsylvania
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ77odJN8xc&feature=related
Murals created under the WPA
http://www.wpamurals.com/
Graphic designers
Ben Shahn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shahn
Photographers
Dorothea Lange
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Lange
Walker Evans
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Evans
Authors
The Federal Writers Project
http://newdeal.feri.org/asn/index.htm
SLAVE NARRATIVES.
Sinclair Lewis FIRST AMERICAN TO WIN THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR LITERATURE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Can%27t_Happen_Here
page 242

Actors
New York City
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Q-YFoWVEvk
Actors on Broadway
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlUvXKvgDpk
Actors on Broadway
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnFiEBk1rBs
page 243

How the New Deal created jobs for African Americans
page 244

Zora Neale Hurston
1937
Florida
Their Eyes Were Watching God
Zora Neale Hurston was born during the
heyday of racism (1891) and grew up in
Eatonville, Florida. Eatonville, located north of
Orlando, was the first all-black town to be incorporated
in the U.S.
While her mother was a schoolteacher, her father
was a carpenter, a Baptist preacher, and threeterm
mayor. Zora had seven brothers and sisters.
In 1904, at 13, Zora Neale Hurston lost her mother.
From then on, she was passed around from
relative to relative. At 14, she went to work as a
maid for whites families in Jacksonville, Florida
and Baltimore, Maryland. (She attended high
school in Baltimore.) Hired as a wardrobe girl for a
theater company, she traveled around the South.
In 1918, at 27, Zora Neale Hurston enrolled at
Howard University.* There, she co-founded The
Hilltop, the student newspaper. In 1924, at 33, she
left, tired of working as a maid to support herself.
By 1925, at 34, Zora Neale Hurston wrote short
stories published in literary magazines and
became one of the leaders of the Harlem
Renaissance. Together with Langston Hughes,
she produced the avant-garde magazine Fire!!
Thanks to a scholarship, Zora Neale Hurston
enrolled at Barnard College.** There, she worked
with Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, and Margaret
Mead. In 1928, at 37, she graduated with a B.A. in
anthropology.
*Howard is an historically black university in Washington, D.C.
It was established in 1867 by Congress and named after a
leader of the Freedmen’s Bureau. Today, it is the No. 1 producer
of African American Ph.D.s in the U.S.
**Barnard is an exclusive women’s college in New York City.
Founded in 1889, it is part of Columbia University and one of
the Seven Sisters, the women’s equivalent of the Ivy League.
Famous alumni include Erica Jong, Joan Rivers, Martha
Stewart.
Predict:
Anthropology is the study of cultures.
What could an African American woman
do with a degree in anthropology?
Study the African
American culture!
From the 1930s through the 1950s, Zora Neale Hurston
was the most prolific and accomplished black woman
writer in America.
Folklore
In 1935, at 44, Zora Neale Hurston published Mules and
Men, which documented folklore that continued the
African oral tradition.
Haiti
In 1937, at 46, she was awarded a Guggenheim
Fellowship to study the culture of Haiti.
Her own hometown
Eatonville, the first all-black town to be incorporated in the
U.S., was the setting of her magnificent novel, Their Eyes
Were Watching God.
Obscurity
Zora Neale Hurston spent the 1950s in relative obscurity.
There were two reasons:
1. Literary: She insisted on using the rural black dialect
of central Florida, which critics found difficult to read.
2. Political: She opposed integration because it would
destroy the all-black schools of the South.
As a folklorist, she regarded both issues as crucial.
Unable to publish her work, she worked as a librarian in
Cape Canaveral and as a substitute teacher in Fort
Pierce.
Revival
In 1975, Alice Walker (Pulitzer Prize-winning author of
The Color Purple) wrote an article in Ms. Magazine that
revived interest in the life and work of Zora Neale
Hurston.
page 245

Lesson #56: Homework on the internet
Homework: Break into groups.
Cut out the assignments.
African Americans during the New Deal
Under the WPA, Congress created jobs for the unemployed.
Video
How the New Deal put people to work
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUusDxCLn6M
Readings
African Americans and the New Deal
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=477
Race and the New Deal Coalition
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080407/reed
African Americans and the CCC
http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=768
African Americans and the WPA
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam012.html
Zora Neale Hurston - worked for the Federal Theater Project, 1938
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/znhhtml/znhchron.html
Richard Wright - Federal Writers’ Project, 1935
http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/s_z/r_wright/wright_life.htm
The Harlem Riot of 1935
The spark was police brutality
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA01/Davis/survey/articles/faces/faces_aug36_2.html
http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=598264
page 246

Summary
1. The New Deal was good
It provided jobs for African Americans
“Even though inequities existed under the New Deal programs . . . many blacks found new employment
opportunities.”
“During its brief existence, the WPA generated numerous documents consisting of written histories, oral
histories, guidebooks, fine prints, plays, posters, photographs, and architectural histories, many of them
relating to African-American history. Many black participants whose talent was nurtured by the WPA continued
to make significant contributions to American culture after they left the WPA.”
African American authors participated in the Federal Writers’ Project
“Distinguished African-American writers served literary apprenticeships on the Federal Writers' Project,
including Ralph Ellison, author and college instructor, Margaret Walker, Miss Zora Neale Hurston, novelist
and anthropologist, and Richard Wright.”
The Supreme Court was good
The Scottsboro case was a nightmare, but one good thing came of it. In 1935, the U.S. Supreme Court
overturned two convictions because African Americans were excluded from sitting on the juries in their
trials. This was a major step forward for Civil Rights.
2. The New Deal was not good
African Americans were discriminated against in housing
On urban housing, the New Deal was lousy. Under the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), the
federal government red-lined neighborhoods. This guaranteed that African Americans had to live in a
ghetto. The New Deal did begin building housing projects in Harlem.
Police brutality in Harlem continued
In 1935, African Americans rose in revolt because they thought there was a case of police brutality.
Mayor LaGuardia commissioned a report on life in Harlem, but the report was so bleak he never issued
it to the public.
page 247

How the New Deal helped farmers
page 248

Lesson #57: Lecture
How the New Deal helped farmers
The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 1933
Overproduction
Farmers produced too much and farm prices fell.
Farmers went bankrupt.
Farm subsidies
How did the federal government cut farm production?
The government paid farmers not to plant crops!
This raised the price of farm goods.
In 2010, we still have farm subsidies.
What really cut farm production in the 1930s?
The drought that became the Dust Bowl.
Government planning
Did the federal government set farm production? (Yes, and it still does.)
The principle of the AAA still guides American farm policy today.
Supreme Court
In 1936, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the AAA was unconstitutional.
After a few adjustments by Congress, the law was fixed and became constitutional.
Farm subsidies today
U.S. government still pays farmers not to grow food.
It also buys up surplus food and gives it to the school lunch program.
The lunch in your school cafeteria is a reflection of that policy.
Photos
Farmers waiting outside a courthouse to protest a farm foreclosure
http://asms.k12.ar.us/armem/osmossho/wall2.jpg
Evicted from their farms
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6700
Website
A New Deal for Farmers
http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/money_13.html
page 249

Lesson #58: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The AAA
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment
_Act
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
1. The Agricultural Adjustment Act
The federal government wanted to cut production by 30%
in order to raise the price for farm goods.
The AAA paid farmers not to grow crops.
Farmers were paid not to raise cotton, wheat, corn, rice,
tobacco, hogs, or milk.
2. Farmers were paid not to grow food even though families
in the Depression were starving.
3. There is an oversupply of tee-shirts, so the price of a
tee-shirt falls. The government creates an artificial shortage
of tee-shirts, so the price of tee-shirts rises.
4.
a. During World War I, U.S. farmers dramatically increased
food production.
b. When the war ended, U.S. farmers could not longer sell
food to Europe.
c. Since there was a surplus of food, farm prices fell dramatically.
d. When farmers could not pay their mortgages, they lost
their farms.
e. The money to pay the farmers was raised by a tax on
food processors - companies that turned raw farm products
into food.
f. In 1936 the Supreme Court struck down the AAA.
It ruled that the tax was unconstitutional.
g. The AAA law was rewritten without the tax.
5. Today, the federal government still pays farmers not to
produce food.
We call them “farm subsidies.”
6. If you believe in laissez-faire economics, you oppose
the AAA. In fact, it drives you nuts. The U.S. government
determines production and prices in the farm industry. The
government determines both supply and demand. This is
government planning, like in Stalin’s Russia.
Progressives and New Dealers all know that the U.S.
farmer can out produce any farmer in the world. It is not in
the public interest for the family farm to go out of existence.
page 250

Lesson #59: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons: The AAA
1. The AAA
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33032801.GIF
2. The AAA
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33033102.GIF
3. The AAA
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33031602.GIF
4. The AAA
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33031804.GIF
5. The AAA
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33032001.GIF
6. The AAA
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33032002.GIF
7. The AAA
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33032401.GIF
8. The AAA
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33032404.GIF
9. The AAA
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33032501.GIF
10. The AAA
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33032804.GIF
11. Farm Credit Administration
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33040501.GIF
12. Farm Credit Administration
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33032802.GIF
13. Farm Credit Administration
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33032901.GIF
14. Farm Credit Administration
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33040701.GIF
15. Farm Credit Administration
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33040601.GIF
16. Farm Credit Administration
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33040603.GIF
17. Farm Credit Administration
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_farm/33040602.GIF
page 251

The Answers
1. FDR had to move fast. Every day, farmers went bankrupt.
2. The farm problem was structural. Farmers produced too much food and the price of food fell.
3. Congress thought it was business as usual. FDR said: The country is in a crisis, so Congress must be in crisis mode.
4. FDR had a radical solution: He paid farmers not to grow food! (We still do that today.)
5. When it came to farming, FDR had to fiddle with capitalism. For the first time, the federal government set supply and demand.
6. How did FDR raise farm prices? He told farmers to plow under their crops.
7. The farm bill was controversial, but FDR got it passed.
8. FDR’s farm bill meant government planning of production and prices. (This is what Stalin did in Russia.)
9. FDR intervened in one industry many times.
10. Sometimes Congress tried to chop up FDR’s programs.
11. FDR paid farmers not to grow crops, plus the federal government guaranteed bank loans to save their farms.
12. When a bank loaned money to a farmer, the federal government guaranteed that loan.
13. To this day, farmers get subsidies from the U.S. government.
14. If FDR had not guaranteed bank loans to farmers and homeowners, they would have lost their farms and homes.
15. Provided loans to farmers cost billions.
16. The federal government saved the family farm.
17. There were people who were ready to take advantage of another man’s misfortune.
page 252

How the New Deal helped the South
page 253

Lesson #60: Lecture
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 1933
Regional development
The federal government transformed one region.
It turned the Tennessee River into hydroelectric power dams and lakes.
The dams provided electricity, flood control, and construction jobs.
Economically, it uplifted part of the poor farming region known as Appalachia.
Why so controversial?
The federal government was competing with private power companies (public utilities).
Businessmen regarded the TVA as a threat to private enterprise and a communist experiment.
Communism is when
a. There is no free enterprise.
b. Government runs all the factories, mines, mills, and farms.
Public Utilities
The New Deal broke up trusts that tried to monopolize the oil, gas, and electricity industries.
Maps
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TVA-sites-map.png
http://newdeal.feri.org/tva/images/r58l.gif
Symbol
http://newdeal.feri.org/tva/images/tvacolor.gif
Reading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority
Photos
http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/wpa/
Website
http://www.tva.gov/environment/air/ontheair/sami.htm
Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoge1KmeMy8
page 254

Lesson #61: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The TVA
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Aut
hority
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARtva.ht
m
http://www.tva.gov/abouttva/history.htm
http://newdeal.feri.org/tva/tva17.htm
http://newdeal.feri.org/tva/tva01.htm
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
1. The Tennessee Valley Authority
The TVA was created in 1933 in the first “100 Days.”
It built hydroelectric power dams on the Tennessee River.
The project would stimulate the economy of one of the
poorest regions in the U.S.
2. The U.S. government was competing with private enterprise.
This is never done.
3. You own a tee-shirt factory. You charge $10 for a teeshirt
so you can make a profit. The U.S. government sets
up a tee-shirt factory; it sells the same tee-shirt for $5.
(Unlike you, the U.S. government does not want to make a
profit.) How would you feel about that?
4.
a. The Tennessee Valley lies in the region known as
Appalachia.
b. In 1933, the Tennessee Valley was one of the poorest
regions in the U.S.
c. The TVA dams provided electricity to farmers.
d. Electricity attracted industries to the region.
e. Industries provided jobs.
f. The TVA dams also provided flood control,
irrigation, and better navigation.
g. The dams were owned by the U.S. government.
h. The U.S. government competed with private utilities.
i. It was an experiment in regional planning.
j. The strongest opposition to TVA came from power companies.
They did not like the U.S. government providing
cheap power.
k. As one coal operator said: “We object to the government
putting us out of business.”
5. The TVA still exists!
It was a one-time thing. Today, the federal government
does not own any other businesses.
6. The laissez-faires hated the TVA.
When government owns businesses, this is socialist planning,
like in Stalin’s Russia.
The Progressives and New Dealers always wanted to regulate
public utilities.
page 255

How the New Deal helped homeowners
page 256

Lesson #62: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The FHA
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Housing_Admi
nistration
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
1. The Federal Housing Administration
The FHA was founded in 1934.
It provided government-insured bank mortgages.
Back then, banks were afraid to loan money to build
homes.
The federal government insured these bank loans.
If the homeowner failed to pay the bank,
the federal government paid the bank.
2. If you needed to refinance your home (so you would not
lose it), the bank was willing to help you out.
3. If the bank was going to take your house, what would
you do?
4.
a. The FHA prevented many families from losing their
homes.
b. During the Depression, most people were renters.
c. Only 40% of families owned their own house.
(Today, 67% do.)
d. New Dealers wanted to provide affordable housing.
e. They wanted to eliminate slums.
5. The FHA still exists!
Today, a needy home buyer can get an FHA loan.
Today, the FHA is part of HUD - the Department of Housing
and Urban Development.
6. Laissez-faires don’t like the FHA.
The proper role of the federal government is not to bail out
homeowners.
Progressives and New Dealers both liked the FHA.
It protected the public interest.
That is, it expanded the amount of money.
(Bank loans.)
page 257

Lesson #63: Homework on the Internet
The Federal Housing Act (FHA), 1938
FDR had said: “One-third of our nation is ill-housed, ill-clad, and ill-nourished.”
The FHA provided loans for low-income housing
With a government-backed loan, you could buy a house for $27 a month.
Video
The FHA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlkOPAa4Mao
page 258

How the New Deal helped senior citizens
page 259

Lesson #64: Lecture
Social Security, 1935
Dr. Francis Townsend
In California, this medical doctor proposed a pension for the elderly.
The federal government would pay each senior citizen $200 a month.
Frances Perkins
As Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins fought for pensions for the elderly.
For the first time, the elderly got a government pension
This was radical - it was a payroll tax.
The federal government deducted money from everybody’s paycheck.
The employer pays half and the employee pays half.
The money was put into a national fund for the elderly.
What is Social Security?
a. a system of employee/employer pension contributions for old age.
b. unemployment compensation at the state and federal level.
c. aid for single mothers and their dependent children
Who does Social Security help?
a. the elderly
b. the unemployed - now known as Unemployment Insurance.
c. single mothers and their dependent children
In the 1950s, it began helping the disabled.
In the 1960s, it began providing Medicare.
The first Social Security check
“The first monthly payment was issued on January 31, 1940 to Ida May Fuller of Ludlow, Vermont. In
1937, 1938 and 1939 she paid a total of $24.75 into the Social Security System. Her first check was for
$22.54. After her second check, Fuller already had received more than she contributed over the threeyear
period. She lived to be 100 and collected a total of $22,888.92.” - Wikipedia
The Welfare State
Social Security was the first step toward a Welfare State.
Photos
FDR signs SS Act
Poster
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_%28United_States%29
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARsocial.htm
page 260

Lesson #65: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
Social Security
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_%28U
nited_States%29
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
1. The Social Security Administration
Social Security was founded in 1935.
It provided an old age pension system.
Social Security represented a major change.
Before the Great Depression, people believed it was the
individual’s responsibility to take care of himself or herself.
The New Deal began the welfare system.
Until the Great Depression, the national government did
not provide old-age pensions, unemployment compensation,
health insurance, or public assistance.
Francis Townsend, a retired California physician came up
with the original idea. FDR and the New Deal put it into
practice.
2. Social Security protects old people.
3. What if you were old and poor?
4. Beginning in 1935, Social Security provided
a. old-age pensions
b. unemployment insurance
c. Aid to Dependent Children
d. help to single mothers
Be careful!
In the 1950s, President Eisenhower added
e. aid to the disabled
In the 1960s, President Lyndon Johnson added
f. Medicare
5. Social Security still exists!
Although Congress just announced it will go broke in the
year 2019.
6. The laissez-faires hated Social Security.
The Progressives and New Dealers loved it.
It protects the public interest.
page 261

Lesson #66: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
FDR creates Social Security
POLITICAL CARTOON
1. A short weight artist
http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/tpcart.html
THE ANSWER
1. Dr. Francis Townsend originated the idea of a pension for the elderly.
He wanted the federal government to give each senior citizen $200 a month.
Instead, the first Social Security check was $22 a month.
page 262

Critics of the New Deal
page 263

Lesson #67: Lecture
Critics of the New Deal
Critics on the Right
Big Business
conservative
They accused FDR of interfering with free enterprise capitalism.
They said he
a. imposed a centralized economy.
b. destroyed American individualism
c. threatened the nation's liberty.
d. raised taxes - The rich had to pay 79%.
e. spent too much public money.
American Liberty League conservative
Big Business and conservative Republicans formed a group to oppose the New Deal.
They opposed the growing role of the federal government.
They opposed higher taxes, government planning, and government regulation.
Newspapers
conservative
80% of all newspapers opposed FDR.
Father Coughlin
fascist
In Detroit, Father Coughlin had a popular radio show and was known as “the radio priest.”
Like Hitler, he believed an international conspiracy of Jewish bankers caused the Depression.
Each week, Father Coughlin had 35 million listeners.
Critics on the Left
Huey Long
radical
Huey Long was Governor and then Senator from Louisiana.
Under the slogan “Share Our Wealth,” he wanted to take from the rich and give to the poor.
The rich should be taxed: Anyone who made over $1 million would be taxed at 100%.
He would tax the rich so that the average American could have:
a house, car, a radio and an annual salary from the government of $2,500.
He had seven million supporters.
In 1935, the Senator was assassinated.
Francis Townsend
liberal
In California, Dr. Francis Townsend, a retired doctor, came up with the Townsend Plan.
Everyone 60 years old should retire, thereby opening up jobs for young people.
The government could give a pension to each retiree. This had an impact on Social Security.
page 264

Lesson #68: Homework on the Internet
Most of these are videos on YouTube.
Videos: Opposition to the New Deal
1. Father Coughlin Right-wing Attacked Jewish people
The “radio priest” said FDR was a socialist.
Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NFrHmJJ5n4&feature=related
Reading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Coughlin
2. Huey Long Left-wing “The Kingfish”
In 1934, he led the “Share the Wealth” movement.
Videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbyMeMApC3U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdzAbxsjPRA&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7IdgoXzi24
Reading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Long
3. Dr. Francis Townsend Moderate reformer FDR adopted this idea.
In 1933, he proposed a pension plan for senior citizens.
In 1935, FDR adopted it and created Social Security.
Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B10O4qUR7tY
Reading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Townsend
page 265

Lesson #69:
Game
Critics
of the
New Deal
Break into pairs.
Examine each fact.
Using the chart,
categorize each fact.
When you are
finished, play
“The Gong Show.”
1. Father Coughlin Right-wing Attacked Jewish people
Father Coughlin was a Roman Catholic priest in a suburb of Detroit, Michigan.
During the 1930s, 40 million people listened to his radio broadcasts.
Instead of giving religious sermons, he spoke about politics and the economy.
In 1932, he supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal.
In 1934, he opposed FDR and the New Deal.
By 1936, Father Coughlin was was an anti-Semite - one who attacked Jewish people.
That year, he began to praise Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany.
2. Huey Long Left-wing “The Kingfish”
Nicknamed “The Kingfish,” he was a politician in the Democratic Party.
First, as Governor of Louisiana (1928-1932).
Then, as U.S. Senator (1932 to 1935).
Minimum family income
He blamed the banks and corporations for causing the Great Depression.
He wanted to redistribute the wealth - that is, tax the rich and help the poor.
For starters, he wanted to establish a minimum family income for every family in America.
Each family would receive $5,000 a year.
In 1936, he was going to run for President against FDR.
But he was assassinated in 1935.
3. Dr. Francis Townsend Moderate reformer FDR adopted this idea.
Dr. Townsend was a medical doctor in California.
The “Father of Social Security”
During the Great Depression, half of senior citizens were living in poverty.
In 1933, he proposed that senior citizens receive $200 a month.
In 1935, Congress established the Social Security system - to give pensions to the elderly.
The first senior citizens to collect Social Security received $22 a month.
Today, the average Social Security payment to a senior citizen is $1,155 a month.
1. A Catholic priest who had a radio show in Detroit, Michigan.
2. The Governor of Louisiana, voters nicknamed him “The Kingfish.”
3. A doctor and reformer in California.
4. He wanted a minimum family income.
5. He wanted a pension for the elderly.
6. He wanted fascism like Nazi Germany.
7. He blamed the banks for causing the Great Depression.
8. He blamed Jewish bankers for causing the Great Depression.
9. He wanted to redistribute the wealth.
10. He wanted to tax the rich and give every poor family $5,000 a year.
11. He was nicknamed “The Kingfish.”
12. He was the “Father of Social Security.”
13. He was a friend of Henry Ford.
14. FDR adopted his idea.
15. The Catholic Church cancelled his radio show.
16. He was assassinated.
The Answers
1. Father Coughlin
2. Huey Long
3. Francis Townsend
4. Huey Long
5. Francis Townsend
6. Father Coughlin
7. Huey Long
8. Father Coughlin
9. Huey Long
10. Huey Long
11. Huey Long
12. Francis Townsend
13. Father Coughlin
14. Francis Townsend
15. Father Coughlin
16. Huey Long
page 266

A game to learn how to categorize.
A game for those students who learn best by doing.
A game to assess learning.
The Gong Show
The week before
Go to Office Depot or Office Max and buy 3 bells. You know:
You bop it to call for service.
Make 3 signs: Father Coughlin, Huey Long, Francis Townsend
Ask the school custodian for a wide table and 5 chairs.
A panel of “experts”
In the front of the classroom, place the table and chairs.
In front of each, place a sign and bell.
Ask for volunteers to sit as a panel of experts.
"You are responsible only for responding to facts which relate to your category."
The Reader
Choose a student to read the facts.
Explain: "When the reader read a fact which deals with your particular category, ring your bell."
The Answer Guy
Choose a student to play this role. We suggest a guy or gal who has been absent.
Give the student the answer sheet.
Explain: "When a student gives a wrong answer, you must bellow GONG.”
Encourage the class to join in on the GONG.
(p.s. Your music department probably has a gong.)
How to find a cheap gong on the internet:
We typed in “buy gong” and found grothmusic.com
They sell a gong (Item #WUWG10) for $32.95:
Exact address:
http://www.grothmusic.com/cgi-local/SoftCart.exe/online-store/scstore/p-
WUWG10.html?L+scstore+jcrv8352ff831d83+1260945623
How to begin
Ask students to test their bells.
"Do not ring your bell until the full statement has been read."
“If you engage in frivolous bell-ringing, another student will take your place.”
The Reader reads the facts, one by one.
The Answer Man states whether the answer is correct or incorrect.
What if several students ring their bells?
All the better!
Ask the class whether or not the incorrect answer is possible, based upon the student's explanation.
Keep in mind that when you enter higher levels of thinking, certain answers are going to be "in the ballpark"
and, therefore, acceptable.
page 267

Lesson #70: Game
Break into two teams. Choose a scorekeeper.
The Great Race
On the chalkboard, write
Father Coughlin Huey Long Francis Townsend
1. Break into two teams: Team A and Team B. Try guys vs gals.
2. Line up, single file - at least 15 feet from the board.
3. The teacher reads the statement.
4. Two students race to the board and put a check under the correct answer.
5. Teacher gives correct answer. Students erase their check marks and go to the back of the lines.
Do it over and over again, until every student has mastered the material.
1. A Catholic priest who had a radio show in Detroit, Michigan.
2. The Governor of Louisiana, voters nicknamed him “The Kingfish.”
3. A doctor and reformer in California.
4. He wanted a minimum family income.
5. He wanted a pension for the elderly.
6. He wanted fascism like Nazi Germany.
7. He blamed the banks for causing the Great Depression.
8. He blamed Jewish bankers for causing the Great Depression.
9. He wanted to redistribute the wealth.
10. He wanted to tax the rich and give every poor family $5,000 a year.
11. He was nicknamed “The Kingfish.”
12. He was the “Father of Social Security.”
13. He was a friend of Henry Ford.
14. FDR adopted his idea.
15. The Catholic Church cancelled his radio show.
16. He was assassinated.
The Answers
1. Father Coughlin
2. Huey Long
3. Francis Townsend
4. Huey Long
5. Francis Townsend
6. Father Coughlin
7. Huey Long
8. Father Coughlin
9. Huey Long
10. Huey Long
11. Huey Long
12. Francis Townsend
13. Father Coughlin
14. Francis Townsend
15. Father Coughlin
16. Huey Long
page 268

Was the New Deal socialism?
page 269

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democrat
1933-1945
The Great Depression
The Great Depression was America’s worst
economic crisis.
Millions were unemployed.
Millions were starving.
Millions were homeless.
By the time FDR took office in 1933, it looked and
felt as if the capitalist system had collapsed.
Factories were closing and the banking system
was near collapse.
The Great Depression (1929-1941) was a worldwide
phenomenon that began in the U.S. and
spread throughout Europe.
In France, workers began voting communist.
In Germany, folks began voting fascist.
That is, for Hitler and the Nazi party.
Once elected, FDR took immediate action.
The government intervened in the economy - and
began telling Big Business what to do.
This was known as the “New Deal.”
Predict:
Why was the New Deal so radical?
To prevent a
revolution!
FDR was afraid Americans would turn to extremism
Like communism in the Soviet Union.
Like fascism in Nazi Germany.
FDR explained: “People who are hungry and out of a job
are the stuff of which dictatorships are made.”
The majority were desperately poor
The rich, who were 1% of the population, lost their money
when Wall Street crashed.
The middle class, who were 15%, lost they money when
the banks closed.
The poor, who were 84%, lost their jobs and didn’t have a
time.
Was the New Deal an experiment in socialism?
Good grief, no. FDR was trying to save capitalism and the
free enterprise system.
Wall Street
But FDR did tell Wall Street what to do. After all, it was
they who had launched the Great Depression.
He said: “These economic royalists complain that we
seek to overthrow the institutions of America. What they
really complain of is that we seek to take away their
power. These economic royalists are unanimous in their
hate for me - and I welcome their hatred.”
Main Street
The purpose of the New Deal was to help out the average
joe. As FDR said: “The test of our progress is not whether
we add more to the abundance of those who have much.
It is whether we provide enough for those who have too
little.”
page 270

Packing the Supreme Court, 1936
This was FDR’s biggest mistake.
page 271

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democrat
1933-1945
The Supreme Court
In 1936, FDR was re-elected in a landslide.
Arrogant, he figured he could do just about
anything.
1. The Executive branch
As a Democrat, FDR controlled the White House.
2. The Legislative branch
Democrats controlled Congress.
Every “New Deal” program was turned into law.
3. The Judicial branch
But the Supreme Court was another matter.
Conservatives on the Court (mainly Republicans)
began declaring New Deal programs unconstitutional.
They were on the verge of declaring Social
Security unconstitutional.
In a fit of rage, FDR took action.
But how could he? Under the U.S. Constitution, a
President cannot remove members of the
Supreme Court.
Predict:
What did FDR try to do to the Supreme
Court?
He tried to “pack”
the Supreme Court!
Since FDR could not subtract, he decided to add.
He tried to “pack” the Supreme Court with his own men.
Nine
Ever since 1789, the Supreme Court had nine members.
But the U.S. Constitution does not specify how many justices
should be on the Court.
FDR tried to pack the Court
So one day, FDR announced:
“I am adding five new people the Supreme Court.”
Separation of powers
Under the U.S. Constitution, the U.S. has three branches.
All are equal and independent of each other.
The judiciary is supposed to be independent. No matter
what the national emergency - and the Great Depression
was certainly a big emergency - the President cannot
mess with the Supreme Court.
Big mistake
The press had a field day:
FDR was breaking tradition! FDR was a dictator!
FDR backed down
In return, the Supreme Court did not erase Social
Security.
The Supreme Court became more liberal
Under the U.S. Constitution, a President can appoint justices
to the Supreme Court. When conservatives died or
retired, FDR got to appoint liberals to the Court. Between
1937 and 1941 he appointed eight justices, including liberals
like Felix Frankfurter, Hugo Black and William O.
Douglas.
Nine
Today, the Supreme Court still has nine members.
page 272

Lesson #73: Lecture
Packing the Supreme Court, 1936
In 1936, FDR was re-elected to his second term.
It was a landslide. FDR won every state, except Vermont and Maine.
The people agreed wholeheartedly with FDR’s New Deal.
Feeling bold, he decided to “pack” the U.S. Supreme Court.
This was FDR’s biggest mistake.
The Causes
The President and Congress supported the New Deal.
The Supreme Court did not.
The Supreme Court ruled the AAA and the NRA as being unconstitutional
What FDR did
FDR was afraid the Supreme Court might throw out the Wagner Act and Social Security.
To prevent this, FDR wanted to pack the Court with his own appointees.
He asked Congress to increase the size of the Supreme Court - from 9 to 15 members.
The Results
The public was outraged, so Congress refused to pack the Court.
The Supreme Court upheld the Wagner Act and Social Security.
Members of the Court retired and FDR got to pick his own appointees.
Websites
PRO: Fireside chat: FDR explained why he wanted to pack the Supreme Court
http://www.hpol.org/fdr/chat/
CON: A typical newspaper column
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5091/
Readings
Wikipedia
Virginia
PBS
History.com
Am Heritage
Lehrman
Digital History
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Reorganization_Bill_of_1937
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/court.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/32_f_roosevelt/f_roosevelt_politics.html
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?id=4739&action=tdihArticleCategory
http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1958/3/1958_3_24.shtml
http://www.historynow.org/04_2008/historian4.html
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=479
Books
James MacGregor Burns, Packing the Court
http://www.audiobooksonline.com/Packing-the-Supreme-Court-James-MacGregor-Burns-unabridgedretail-mp3-compact-disc-Tantor-audiobooks.html
Documents
UC Davis
http://marchand.ucdavis.edu/lessons/courtpacking/court_packing.html
Videos
http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/documentary_fdr-courtpacking/00_court.html
page 273

Lesson #74: Homework on the Internet
Videos: Packing the Supreme Court
In 1936, President Roosevelt tried to pack the Supreme Court.
This was his biggest mistake.
VIDEOS
1. The Supreme Court began ruling New Deal programs as unconstitutional
The NRA was ruled unconstitutional
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xjosM-
KEvk&feature=PlayList&p=4F447E84EAE2ED5E&index=2&playnext=2&playnext_from=PL
In 1933, the U.S. government insisted on a living wage in each industry.
In 1935, one small business filed a lawsuit and took the case all the way to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court ruled that the NRA was unconstitutional.
2. In 1937, President Roosevelt tried to pack the Supreme Court
He wanted to add 6 judges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkiOPqQYqfU
3. The American people were angry at President Roosevelt
They did not want him to become a dictator
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5wrpSJAfyM
4. The Supreme Court upheld the Wagner Act
The Supreme Court upheld New Deal programs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSCExIoib5g&feature=PlayList&p=4F447E84EAE2ED5E&index=3&pl
aynext=3&playnext_from=PL
page 274

Lesson #75: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
FDR packs the Supreme Court
The Supreme Court ruled against FDR
1. The Supreme Court rules the NRA was unconstitutional
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37010301.gif
2. The Supreme Court ruled against farmers (AAA) and against workers (NRA).
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37010813.gif
3. FDR does not like the Supreme Court. (It is full of Republicans.)
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/small/37010709.gif
4. FDR controls two branches of government, but not the Supreme Court.
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/small/37010710.gif
5. The Supreme Court could invalidate all New Deal programs (Social Security)
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37012202.gif
FDR’s biggest mistake
6. FDR tried to get the Republican justices to retire. (Then appoint Democrats.)
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/small/37010714.gif
7. Under the Constitution, the President cannot mess with the Supreme Court
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37010801.gif
8. The Supreme Court is supposed to be independent (of the Prez).
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37010802.gif
9. Packing the Supreme Court was a bad idea
http://gbr.pepperdine.edu/023/images/fdr.gif
10. Packing the Supreme Court was a bad idea
http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/images/s03391u.jpg
11. Packing the Supreme Court was a bad idea
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37012105.gif
page 275

THE ANSWERS
1. The Supreme Court struck down the NRA.
Why FDR liked the NRA:
He needed to raise wages (and demand).
Under the NRA, the federal government sat down with industry and raised wages.
Under the NRA, workers could join unions - and then really raise wages.
2. The executive branch (FDR) was trying to help the needy.
But the judicial branch (Supreme Court) was striking down New Deal laws.
3. FDR and Congress are Democrats who support the New Deal.
The Supreme Court was full of Republicans who opposed the New Deal.
4. FDR controls two branches of the government (executive and legislative).
He wants to control the judiciary.
5. FDR controlled two branches and wanted to control the third.
Under the U.S. Constitution, the branches are supposed to be independent.
6. Six of 9 justices were Republicans.
FDR wanted the Republicans to retire.
If they would not, he would add six Democrats to the court.
7. The Republicans were the majority on the Supreme Court.
They said government should not intervene in the economy.
8. Same answer as 105
9. Under the U.S. Constitution, each branch is totally independent.
(So that no one branch becomes too powerful.)
10. Congress told FDR he could not “pack” the Supreme Court with six Democrats.
11. Under the U.S. Constitution, the President is not allowed to mess with the Supreme Court.
So FDR was dead wrong.
page 276

FDR’s second inaugural address, 1937
“I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished.”
FDR wanted to build public housing for the poor.
page 277

Lesson #76: Document
FDR was re-elected by a landslide in 1936.
Here he explains his philosophy and the New Deal.
FDR’s Second Inaugural Address, 1937
Translation:
When four years ago we met to inaugurate a President, the Republic, singleminded
in anxiety, stood in spirit here. We dedicated ourselves to the fulfillment
of a vision - to speed the time when there would be for all the people
that security and peace essential to the pursuit of happiness. We of the
Republic pledged ourselves to drive from the temple of our ancient faith
those who had profaned it; to end by action, tireless and unafraid, the stagnation
and despair of that day. We did those first things first.
Our covenant with ourselves did not stop there. Instinctively we recognized a
deeper need - the need to find through government the instrument of our
united purpose to solve for the individual the ever-rising problems of a complex
civilization. Repeated attempts at their solution without the aid of government
had left us baffled and bewildered. For, without that aid, we had been
unable to create those moral controls over the services of science which are
necessary to make science a useful servant instead of a ruthless master of
mankind. To do this we knew that we must find practical controls over blind
economic forces and blindly selfish men.
We of the Republic sensed the truth that democratic government has innate
capacity to protect its people against disasters once considered inevitable, to
solve problems once considered unsolvable. We would not admit that we
could not find a way to master economic epidemics just as, after centuries of
fatalistic suffering, we had found a way to master epidemics of disease. We
refused to leave the problems of our common welfare to be solved by the
winds of chance and the hurricanes of disaster.
In this we Americans were discovering no wholly new truth; we were writing a
new chapter in our book of self-government.
This year marks the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Constitutional
Convention which made us a nation. At that Convention our forefathers found
the way out of the chaos which followed the Revolutionary War; they created
a strong government with powers of united action sufficient then and now to
solve problems utterly beyond individual or local solution. A century and a
half ago they established the Federal Government in order to promote the
general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to the American people.
When we first started the
New Deal in 1933, our
first job was to restore
people’s confidence.
What is the New Deal?
For the first time in history,
the federal government
began to solve
problems faced by the
individual human being.
We put people before
profits.
The federal government
has the power to relieve
suffering.
The Welfare State
The Welfare State is in
line with what the founding
fathers intended
when they wrote the U.S.
Constitution.
Today we invoke those same powers of government to achieve the same
objectives.
Four years of new experience have not belied our historic instinct. They hold
out the clear hope that government within communities, government within
the separate States, and government of the United States can do the things
the times require, without yielding its democracy. Our tasks in the last four
years did not force democracy to take a holiday.
Even though the
Supreme Court has
struck down two of our
programs - AAA and
NRA. The New Deal has
preserved democracy.
page 278

Nearly all of us recognize that as intricacies of human relationships increase,
so power to govern them also must increase - power to stop evil; power to do
good. The essential democracy of our Nation and the safety of our people
depend not upon the absence of power, but upon lodging it with those whom
the people can change or continue at stated intervals through an honest and
free system of elections. The Constitution of 1787 did not make our democracy
impotent.
In fact, in these last four years, we have made the exercise of all power more
democratic; for we have begun to bring private autocratic powers into their
proper subordination to the public's government. The legend that they were
invincible - above and beyond the processes of a democracy - has been
shattered. They have been challenged and beaten.
Our progress out of the depression is obvious. But that is not all that you and
I mean by the new order of things. Our pledge was not merely to do a patchwork
job with secondhand materials. By using the new materials of social justice
we have undertaken to erect on the old foundations a more enduring
structure for the better use of future generations.
In that purpose we have been helped by achievements of mind and spirit. Old
truths have been relearned; untruths have been unlearned. We have always
known that heedless self-interest was bad morals; we know now that it is bad
economics. Out of the collapse of a prosperity whose builders boasted their
practicality has come the conviction that in the long run economic morality
pays. We are beginning to wipe out the line that divides the practical from the
ideal; and in so doing we are fashioning an instrument of unimagined power
for the establishment of a morally better world.
This new understanding undermines the old admiration of worldly success as
such. We are beginning to abandon our tolerance of the abuse of power by
those who betray for profit the elementary decencies of life.
In this process evil things formerly accepted will not be so easily condoned.
Hard-headedness will not so easily excuse hardheartedness. We are moving
toward an era of good feeling. But we realize that there can be no era of
good feeling save among men of good will.
For these reasons I am justified in believing that the greatest change we
have witnessed has been the change in the moral climate of America.
Among men of good will, science and democracy together offer an ever-richer
life and ever-larger satisfaction to the individual. With this change in our
moral climate and our rediscovered ability to improve our economic order, we
have set our feet upon the road of enduring progress.
Shall we pause now and turn our back upon the road that lies ahead? Shall
we call this the promised land? Or, shall we continue on our way? For "each
age is a dream that is dying, or one that is coming to birth."
Many voices are heard as we face a great decision. Comfort says, "Tarry a
while." Opportunism says, "This is a good spot." Timidity asks, "How difficult
is the road ahead?"
Big government is good
The federal government
is becoming more powerful.
We have the power to
do good.
Big Government brings
more democracy
Big Business interests do
not rule. Big Government
looks out for the public
interest.
We are making reforms
for the future.
The New Deal restored
ethics to Big Business.
Employers must pay their
workers a living wage
because it is the moral
thing to do and it is
sound economics for the
nation.
We put people before
profits.
You cannot pursue greed
at the expense of your
fellow man - and the
nation’s economic
health.
Our goal is not to let the
stock market soar for Big
Business.
Our goal is to improve
a. the national economy
b. the security of the
individual
The New Deal will continue.
Even though some
want us to stop.
page 279

True, we have come far from the days of stagnation and despair. Vitality has
been preserved. Courage and confidence have been restored. Mental and
moral horizons have been extended.
Why the New Deal will
continue
But our present gains were won under the pressure of more than ordinary circumstances.
Advance became imperative under the goad of fear and suffering.
The times were on the side of progress.
To hold to progress today, however, is more difficult. Dulled conscience, irresponsibility,
and ruthless self-interest already reappear. Such symptoms of
prosperity may become portents of disaster! Prosperity already tests the persistence
of our progressive purpose.
Let us ask again: Have we reached the goal of our vision of that fourth day of
March 1933? Have we found our happy valley?
I see a great nation, upon a great continent, blessed with a great wealth of
natural resources. Its hundred and thirty million people are at peace among
themselves; they are making their country a good neighbor among the
nations. I see a United States which can demonstrate that, under democratic
methods of government, national wealth can be translated into a spreading
volume of human comforts hitherto unknown, and the lowest standard
of living can be raised far above the level of mere subsistence.
But here is the challenge to our democracy: In this nation I see tens of millions
of its citizens - a substantial part of its whole population - who at this
very moment are denied the greater part of what the very lowest standards of
today call the necessities of life.
I see millions of families trying to live on incomes so meager that the pall of
family disaster hangs over them day by day.
I see millions whose daily lives in city and on farm continue under conditions
labeled indecent by a so-called polite society half a century ago.
Big Business wanted the
New Deal to stop.
FDR was speaking in
1937. The Depression
continued until 1942.
The New Deal transferred
wealth:
a. It taxed the rich.
b. It gave that money to
the poor.
FDR wants to raise the
standard of living.
It’s not okay for some
people to be poor.
It’s not okay for some
people to live in poverty.
It’s not okay for some
people to have no future.
I see millions denied education, recreation, and the opportunity to better their
lot and the lot of their children.
I see millions lacking the means to buy the products of farm and factory and
by their poverty denying work and productiveness to many other millions.
I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished.
It is not in despair that I paint you that picture. I paint it for you in hope -
because the Nation, seeing and understanding the injustice in it, proposes to
paint it out. We are determined to make every American citizen the subject of
his country's interest and concern; and we will never regard any faithful lawabiding
group within our borders as superfluous. The test of our progress is
not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is
whether we provide enough for those who have too little.
If you make it, you
should be able to buy it.
It’s not okay for 33% of
people to live in poverty.
We care about every
individual.
page 280

If I know aught of the spirit and purpose of our Nation, we will not listen to
Comfort, Opportunism, and Timidity. We will carry on.
Overwhelmingly, we of the Republic are men and women of good will; men
and women who have more than warm hearts of dedication; men and women
who have cool heads and willing hands of practical purpose as well. They will
insist that every agency of popular government use effective instruments to
carry out their will.
Government is competent when all who compose it work as trustees for the
whole people. It can make constant progress when it keeps abreast of all the
facts. It can obtain justified support and legitimate criticism when the people
receive true information of all that government does.
The New Deal will continue.
The people want it to
continue.
We work for the people.
If I know aught of the will of our people, they will demand that these conditions
of effective government shall be created and maintained. They will
demand a nation uncorrupted by cancers of injustice and, therefore, strong
among the nations in its example of the will to peace.
Today we reconsecrate our country to long-cherished ideals in a suddenly
changed civilization. In every land there are always at work forces that drive
men apart and forces that draw men together. In our personal ambitions we
are individualists. But in our seeking for economic and political progress as a
nation, we all go up, or else we all go down, as one people.
To maintain a democracy of effort requires a vast amount of patience in dealing
with differing methods, a vast amount of humility. But out of the confusion
of many voices rises an understanding of dominant public need. Then political
leadership can voice common ideals, and aid in their realization.
In taking again the oath of office as President of the United States, I assume
the solemn obligation of leading the American people forward along the road
over which they have chosen to advance.
In a democracy, people
express their needs.
Government determines
the public need. And acts
on it.
People elected me to
continue the New Deal.
While this duty rests upon me I shall do my utmost to speak their purpose
and to do their will, seeking Divine guidance to help us each and every one
to give light to them that sit in darkness and to guide our feet into the way of
peace.
page 281

Balance the budget?
page 282

Lesson #77: Homework on the Internet
Political cartoons:
Cutting government spending
to balance the budget
was unwise
FDR tried to balance the budget in 1937.
That sent the economy into a tailspin.
POLITICAL CARTOONS
1. FDR ran many experiments
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33012501.gif
2. Cafe Roosevelt: FDR cooks many pots at the same time
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33030901.GIF
3. FDR was experimenting
http://www.phschool.com/curriculum_support/brief_review/us_history/images/unit5e_dbq.gif
4. Cutting government spending was not a good idea
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33040301.GIF
5. Cutting government spending was not a good idea
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/wait_for_fdr/33021301.gif
6. Cutting government spending was not a good idea (It killed the GOP.)
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33040401.GIF
THE ANSWERS
1. FDR did not have one recipe for success.
He tried everybody’s ideas.
He had his own Brain Trust, plus he responded to people like Huey Long and Francis Townsend.
2. FDR did not tackle one problem at a time. He tackled them all at the same time.
3. Everybody in FDR’s Brain Trust had their own idea of how to solve the economic crisis. FDR tried almost everything.
4. Sometimes FDR did strange things, like cutting veterans benefits.
5. Now was not the time to lay off government workers.
6. Now was not the time to balance the budget. Keynes: Government must spend money!
page 283

Organized labor
page 284

Florence Reece
Kentucky
Florence Reece was born during the
Progressive era (1900) in a small town north of
Knoxville, Tennessee. She grew up in a coal camp
where her father was a coal miner.
In 1914, at 14, she married a coal miner from
eastern Kentucky.
“Bloody Harlan”
In 1931, coal miners in Harlan County, Kentucky
went out on strike. Tired of low wages, long hours,
and unsafe working conditions, they wanted to join
the union, the United Mine Workers (UMW).
Florence Reece’s husband, a union organizer,
became a strike leader.
When the coal companies refused to recognize
the union, they brought in strikebreakers (known
as “scabs”) to take the miners’ jobs. Supported by
the local sheriff and paid by the coal company,
armed thugs roamed the county, terrorizing the
mining communities, searching for union leaders
to beat, jail, or kill.
As a result, there were shootouts between those
who supported the union and those who opposed
it.
There was no middle ground.
One day in 1932, Sheriff J. H. Blair and his
deputies showed up at Florence Reece’s house
where she was alone with her seven hungry children.
After
ransacking her house, they lay in wait. If her husband
came home, they were ready to shoot him
down in the front yard. Luckily, he hid in the woods
until they left.
After this near-death experience, Florence Reece
tore a sheet from her wall calendar and wrote a
song.
Predict:
In 1931, Florence Reece wrote the most
famous labor song in U.S. history.
What is the name of that song?
“Which side are you
on?”
Come all of you good workers,
Good news to you I'll tell,
Of how that good old union
Has come in here to dwell.
Chorus: Which side are you on?
Which side are you on?
Which side are you on?
Which side are you on?
My daddy was a miner,
And I'm a miner's son,
And I'll stick with the union,
Till every battle's won.
They say in Harlan County,
There are no neutrals there.
You'll either be a union man,
Or a thug for J.H. Blair.
Oh, workers can you stand it?
Oh, tell me how you can.
Will you be a lousy scab,
Or will you be a man ?
1931
Labor song writer
Don't scab for the bosses,
Don't listen to their lies.
Us poor folks haven't got a chance,
Unless we organize.
In 1940, Pete Seeger, a college student and future
folksinger, was collecting songs from the labor movement.
That year, he met Florence Reece and recorded her
song.
In 1976, Florence Reece appeared in the Academy
Award-winning documentary film, Harlan County, USA.
page 285

Lesson #79: Lecture
The Wagner Act and the CIO
The rise of labor unions
Unions did not become strong until the 1930s.
Photo: Workers could vote to join a union
http://www.law.du.edu/jenkins/images/Wagner2.gif
The Wagner Act, 1935
FDR stood 100% behind organized labor.
This was “Labor’s Bill of Rights” and the “Magna Carta of Organized Labor.”
The National Labor Relations Act
It guaranteed workers the right to organize into unions. (Watch the film “Norma Rae.”)
It guaranteed their right to collective bargaining.
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
It supervised union elections.
Employers could not fire a worker simply for joining the union.
Before the 1930s, most workers did not have a union.
During the 1930s, workers won the legal right to have a union.
Why FDR supported unions
1. Low demand caused the Depression.
2. Strong unions would fight for higher wages.
3. When people have money in their pocket, they spend.
4. This raises demand.
The American Federation of Labor (AF of L)
The American Federation of Labor was born in 1886.
It was an umbrella organization for skilled workers in craft unions.
Craft unions are a stupid idea
The AF of L was based on a a stupid idea:
If you worked in a factory, there were a dozen weak unions. (Carpenters, electricians,etc.)
The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was born in 1935
Based on the Wagner Act, the CIO began to build industrial unions
The CIO helped organize the major industries - steel, auto - in the 1930s.
Industrial unions are a grand idea
When you work in a factory, you want one big union to protect your interests.
That is, one strong union that can
a. bargain on your behalf.
b. fight for a decent contract .
c. win higher wages, shorter, hours, and better working conditions.
page 286

THE COAL MINERS
The coal miners led the way.
The coal miners already had a powerful industrial union.
If you worked anywhere in or around the coal mine, you belonged to one big union -
United Mine Workers of America.
John L. Lewis was president of the United Mine Workers (UMWA).
In 1935, he wanted industrial unions - and got fed up with the AF of L.
He punched a guy in the nose, walked out of the convention, and formed the CIO.
The Congress of Industrial Organizations was born in the 1930s.
It was an umbrella for unskilled workers in industrial unions.
If you had one industry, you needed one union.
If you had an auto industry, you needed one union - the United Autoworkers (UAW).
CIO organizers inspired autoworkers and steelworkers to form their own unions.
THE AUTOWORKERS
It took a sit-down strike to get a union in the autoplants.
The GM sit-down strike, 1937
In Detroit, there was a brand-new union - the United Automobile Workers (UAW).
The auto industry refused to recognize the union and engage in collective bargaining.
The UAW led a sit-down strike at the General Motors Plant in Flint, Michigan.
What is a sit-down strike?
a. In an ordinary strike, workers leave the factory and hold a picket line outside of the factory.
Management then hires new workers to take their place.
b. In a sit-down strike, workers refuse to leave the factory.
They sit, eat, and sleep next to the very machines they work on.
Employers hate sit-down strikes:
They cannot ask the police to evict the strikers because the machinery in the plant might be damaged in
the fray.
After six weeks, the workers won
a. GM recognized the union and sat down at the bargaining table to negotiate a contract.
b. The UAW contract won better wages, hours, and working conditions.
page 287

Memorial Day Massacre
The steelworkers
It took a massacre to get a union in the steel mills.
In Chicago, the CIO helped build the United Steelworkers of America (USWA).
The steel industry refused to recognize the union and engage in collective bargaining.
On Memorial Day, the strikers held a rally
It was at Republic Steel Company’s plant on Chicago’s Southside.
The police shot into the crowd
Ten died, many others were wounded.
The NLRB stepped in and forced the company to recognize the union and negotiate a contract.
page 288

Lesson #80: Homework on the Internet
Videos: The history of organized labor
Since the Industrial Revolution began in the 1830s, workers had tried to organize unions.
Here was the problem:
When workers first organized, they formed craft unions for skilled workers.
By the 1930s, they needed industrial unions.
That is: one industry, one union.
If you worked in a steel mill, you belonged to the Steelworkers’ union.
Almost all of the major unions came into existence during the 1930s.
Overview: History of labor
Video: History of labor
This is suitable only for high school students
Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XD6oefZPDZk
Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TaXJc4Mb2p4&feature=related
Part 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFsQLPRmg1o&feature=related
Union songs
Video: Solidarity Forever
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYiKdJoSsb8&feature=related
Video: Which side are you on?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5iAIM02kv0g&feature=related
Artists and Organized Labor
Reading: Artists and Organized labor
http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/artgallery.htm
page 289

The Coal Miners
The UMW played the leading role in organizing industrial unions during the New Deal.
Photos: John L. Lewis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Lewis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_of_America
http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/images/jllewis01.jpg
Cartoon: John L. Lewis
http://www.library.vcu.edu/jbcdocs/speccoll/images/scjbb13.jpg
Reading: John L. Lewis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Lewis
Reading: United Mine Workers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_of_America
The Autoworkers
The Autoworkers got a union by leading a massive sit-down strike.
Video: GM sit-down strike, 1937
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGTfaOYvqsE&feature=related
Video: GM sit-down strike, 1937
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYjJxstGl7Y
Reading: GM sit-down strike, 1937
http://www.uaw.org/solidarity/03/0103/feature07.html
Reading: GM sit-down strike, 1937
http://www.uaw.org/solidarity/03/0103/feature07-2.html
Reading: Memorial Day, 1937
http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/fmc/battle.asp
Photos & Cartoons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Sit-Down_Strike
http://www.uaw.org/solidarity/03/0103/pics/fea07-1.jpg
http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/pic/sitdown/natguard.gif
http://www.uaw.org/solidarity/03/0103/pics/fea08.jpg
http://www.flintjournal.com/125/paper/images/hr/1937.jpg
page 290

The Steelworkers
The Steelworkers got a union by suffering a massacre, 1937.
Reading: Steelworkers at Homestead Mill, 1936
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/133
Video: Steel Strike in Youngstown, Ohio, 1937
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WV2q0k-uxU&feature=related
Photos: The Memorial Day Massacre, 1937
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/enam312/decades/193510.jpg
http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/memorial.htm
Reading: The Memorial Day Massacre, 1937
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day_massacre_of_1937
page 291

Lesson #81: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
The Wagner Act
POLITICAL CARTOONS
1. The Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act, 1935)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARnlra.htm
2. New Deal labor policy
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTjohnsonH.htm
3. Workers go on strike - to get a union
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37012015.gif
THE ANSWERS
1. This is Keynesian economics.
a. The government spends money to “prime the pump.”
b. Government gives jobs to people and pays them wages.
c. People spend money.
d. Demand goes up.
(Low demand caused the Depression.)
FDR wanted to raise wages.
Nobody raises wages faster than a strong union that is out on strike.
Employers give in and raise wages.
By 1933, only 10% of workers belonged to a union. Why?
Well, whenever you joined a union, your employer fired you.
The Wagner Act put a stop to that.
If you get fired, the NLRB steps in and gets your job back. Why?
2. Big Business hated FDR, the New Deal, and the Wagner Act.
When the worker’s wages are higher, the employer’s profits are lower.
3. Strikes help raise wages.
page 292

Lesson #82: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The Wagner Act
Also known as the
“National Labor Relations Act”
Research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Act
http://home.earthlink.net/~local1613/nlra.html
Until this law, workers had no right to join a union
http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/fmc/battle.asp
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
1. The Wagner Act
In 1935, Congress passed the Wagner Act because the
Supreme Court struck down the NRA.
It was the single most important labor law in the U.S. in the
20th century.
Its official name is the National Labor Relations Act.
It was named after Robert Wagner, Senator from New
York. He was organized labor’s best friend in Congress.
It is nicknamed
“Labor’s Magna Carta”
“Labor’s Bill of Rights.”
It guarantees a worker’s right to join a union.
It guarantees the right to collective bargaining.
It was passed so that employers could not interfere in a
worker’s right to join a union.
Previously, employers had been free to spy on, interrogate,
discipline, discharge, and blacklist union members.
2. Workers were allowed to join a union.
Employers could not fire them.
3. How would you like to be fired for joining a union?
4.
a. It revolutionized American labor relations.
b. It took labor disputes out of the courts.
c. From now on, the federal government was in charge of
settling labor disputes.
d. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
held elections to determine whether workers at a
factory want to have a union.
(You should watch the film, “Norma Rae.”)
e. If a worker is fired for joining the union, the NLRB slaps
the employer with “unfair labor practices.”
f. The law requires employers to recognize the union and
engage in collective bargaining with the union.
g. Armed with the Wagner Act, the CIO organized workers
into labor unions.
In 1933, only 10% of workers belonged to a union.
By 1945, 33% did.
5. The Wagner Act is still law.
6. Laissez-fairs hated it.
Progressives and New Dealers loved it.
By raising wages, unions provide a public service.

Lesson #83: Lecture
The Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938
This established the minimum wage!
The federal government set minimum wage and maximum hours you could work.
If you worked overtime, you were supposed to be paid extra.
It banned child labor.
It did not apply to farmworkers.
The FEDERAL minimum wage
In 1938, the minimum wage was 25 cents an hour.
By 1956, the minimum wages was $1.00 an hour.
In 2020, the minimum wage is $7.25 an hour.
Some STATES pay a higher minimum wage
Take a look at the different states
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._minimum_wages
page 294

Lesson #84: Group analysis
Break into six groups.
Analyze one concept
using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Bloom!
The Fair Labor Standards
Act
Research
http://www.npg.si.edu/inf/edu/perkins.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage
http://www.harwich.edu/depts/history/pp/newdealB/
img091.jpg
1. Define
Using your textbook,
define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words.
Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the
principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . .
and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of
laissez-faire economics?
1. The Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938
It established the minimum wage!
It ended long hours and starvation wages.
It ended child labor.
2. Employers had to pay you at least 25 cents an hour.
3. How would you like to make $11 a week?
4. Big Business regarded this law as revolutionary.
It established:
a. minimum wage
b. maximum hours
c. overtime pay
d. recordkeeping
e. end to child labor
At the time, it did not apply to
a. farmworkers.
b. domestic workers (maids)
5. It is still law.
As of July 24, 2009, the minimum wage is $7.25 an hour.
If you work over 40 hours in one week, you must be paid
“time and a half” - that is, one and a half times your regularly
hourly wage. As of July 24, 2009 that would be $10.88
an hour beyond 40 hours a week.
6. Laissez-faires hated it.
Progressives and New Dealers loved it.
They loved to regulate Big Business.
To what extent does it live up to the ideals of
the Progressive movement?
(Teddy Roosevelt, 1905:
Government must protect the public and
regulate big business.)
page 295

Lesson #85:
Game
Labor
laws
Break into pairs.
Examine each fact.
Using the chart,
categorize each fact.
When you are
finished, play
“The Gong Show.”
1. The Wagner Act, 1935
The most important labor law of the 20th century.
“Organized Labor’s Bill of Rights.”
“Organized Labor’s Magna Carta.”
Guaranteed workers the right to organize.
Guaranteed workers the right to bargain collectively.
Set up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).
The NLRB holds an election to see if workers want a union.
If so, the employer must negotiate with the union.
Result: The federal government is in charge of labor relations.
Result: Before the 1930s, nobody belonged to a union.
After the 1930s, 33% did.
2. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 1938
Invented the minimum wage!
Set maximum hours and overtime pay!
Ended child labor!
1. This gave a worker the legal right to join a union.
2. This set the minimum wage.
3. This set maximum hours you can work.
4. This created overtime pay.
5. This ended child labor.
6. This allowed collective bargaining.
7. The most important labor law of the 20th century.
8. “Organized Labor’s Bill of Rights.”
9. “Organized Labor’s Magna Carta.”
10. This created the NLRB.
11. The NLRB holds an election to see if workers want a union.
12. If the workers win the election, the employer must negotiate
with the union.
13. Before this law, very few people belonged to a union.
14. Thanks to this law, labor unions arose in the 1930s.
15. Thanks to this law, 30% of workers joined a union.
The Answers
1. Wagner Act
2. FLSA
3. FLSA
4. FLSA
5. FLSA
6. Wagner Act
7. Wagner Act
8. Wagner Act
9. Wagner Act
10. Wagner Act
11. Wagner Act
12. Wagner Act
13 Wagner Act
14. Wagner Act
15. Wagner Act
page 296

A game to learn how to categorize.
A game for those students who learn best by doing.
A game to assess learning.
The Gong Show
The week before
Go to Office Depot or Office Max and buy 2 bells. You know:
You bop it to call for service.
Make 2 signs: The Wagner Act (1935), The Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
Ask the school custodian for a wide table and 5 chairs.
A panel of “experts”
In the front of the classroom, place the table and chairs.
In front of each, place a sign and bell.
Ask for volunteers to sit as a panel of experts.
"You are responsible only for responding to facts which relate to your category."
The Reader
Choose a student to read the facts.
Explain: "When the reader read a fact which deals with your particular category, ring your bell."
The Answer Guy
Choose a student to play this role. We suggest a guy or gal who has been absent.
Give the student the answer sheet.
Explain: "When a student gives a wrong answer, you must bellow GONG.”
Encourage the class to join in on the GONG.
(p.s. Your music department probably has a gong.)
How to find a cheap gong on the internet:
We typed in “buy gong” and found grothmusic.com
They sell a gong (Item #WUWG10) for $32.95:
Exact address:
http://www.grothmusic.com/cgi-local/SoftCart.exe/online-store/scstore/p-
WUWG10.html?L+scstore+jcrv8352ff831d83+1260945623
How to begin
Ask students to test their bells.
"Do not ring your bell until the full statement has been read."
“If you engage in frivolous bell-ringing, another student will take your place.”
The Reader reads the facts, one by one.
The Answer Man states whether the answer is correct or incorrect.
What if several students ring their bells?
All the better!
Ask the class whether or not the incorrect answer is possible, based upon the student's explanation.
Keep in mind that when you enter higher levels of thinking, certain answers are going to be "in the ballpark"
and, therefore, acceptable.
page 297

Lesson #86: Game
Break into two teams. Choose a scorekeeper.
The Great Race
On the chalkboard, write
The Wagner Act (1935) The Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
1. Break into two teams: Team A and Team B. Try guys vs gals.
2. Line up, single file - at least 15 feet from the board.
3. The teacher reads the statement.
4. Two students race to the board and put a check under the correct answer.
5. Teacher gives correct answer. Students erase their check marks and go to the back of the lines.
Do it over and over again, until every student has mastered the material.
1. This gave a worker the legal right to join a union.
2. This set the minimum wage.
3. This set maximum hours you can work.
4. This created overtime pay.
5. This ended child labor.
6. This allowed collective bargaining.
7. The most important labor law of the 20th century.
8. “Organized Labor’s Bill of Rights.”
9. “Organized Labor’s Magna Carta.”
10. This created the NLRB.
11. The NLRB holds an election to see if workers want a union.
12. If the workers win the election, the employer must negotiate
with the union.
13. Before this law, very few people belonged to a union.
14. Thanks to this law, labor unions arose in the 1930s.
15. Thanks to this law, 30% of workers joined a union.
The Answers
1. Wagner Act
2. FLSA
3. FLSA
4. FLSA
5. FLSA
6. Wagner Act
7. Wagner Act
8. Wagner Act
9. Wagner Act
10. Wagner Act
11. Wagner Act
12. Wagner Act
13 Wagner Act
14. Wagner Act
15. Wagner Act
page 298

Lesson #87: Lecture
Who was left out of the New Deal?
Farmworkers were left out of the New Deal
The Wagner Act, NLRB, Social Security, and minimum wage did not apply to
a. farmworkers - most of whom were Mexican Americans.
b. domestic workers - most of whom were African American women.
No coverage
Farmworkers were not covered by
a. The Wagner Act no right to a union, no right to collective bargaining.
b. NLRB no right to hold a union election
c. Fair Labor Standards Act no minimum wage, maximum hours, child labor okay.
d. Social Security no government pension
The United Farmworkers
Cesar Chavez http://www.cft.org/special/cal_hist/chavez.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chaez
Posters: http://www.tfaoi.com/am/2am/2am310.jpg
http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/website/N4-Arizona_farmworkers_Chavez_rally_flyer.jpg
Migrant workers did not get a union until the 1960s movement led by Caesar Chavez.
page 299

Cesar Chavez
California
Cesar Chavez was a trade union leader.
Born in 1927, Cesar Chavez and his parents were
Mexican American farmworkers.
In 1952, at 25, he became a community organizer,
registering Mexican Americans to vote in
California.
In 1964, with Dolores Huerta, he founded the
United Farm Workers (UFW).
In 1965, the United Farm Workers led a strike in
California, asking consumers not to buy grapes.
This attracted national attention and the support of
Robert F. Kennedy. Finally, after five years, the
economic boycott was successful and vineyard
owners signed a contract with the union.
Predict:
Why is it so difficult to organize farmworkers?
Migration!
1965
Trade union leader
Farmworkers are migrant workers who follow the crop,
moving from place to place harvesting fruits and vegetables.
The UFW has helped consumers
Before the union, pesticides were sprayed on food.
(Pesticides cause cancer in humans.)
Since the union, that practice has ended.
During the 1970s, the UFW asked consumers to
boycott lettuce - and those workers won the right
to a union.
Above all, Cesar Chavez believed in nonviolence.
To win a strike, he often went on a fast.
Today, his birthday (March 31) is a state holiday in
eight states.
page 300

The Results of the New Deal
page 301

Lesson #89: Chart
Break into two groups.
Create two mobiles - and hang them from the classroom ceiling.
Ten Results
A. CHANGES TO THE U.S. ECONOMY
1. Only World War II pulled the U.S. out of the Great Depression
Unemployment did not reach normal levels until men were drafted to fight in World War II.
2. Government intervention in the economy
The New Deal marked the death of laissez-faire economics.
3. Government regulation of Big Business
The New Deal continued and extended the policies of the Progressive era, 1900-1910.
Especially government regulation of Big Business.
4. The Welfare State
Before the New Deal, there was no social safety net.
NO Welfare payments
NO Unemployment insurance
NO Social Security for the elderly
NO SSI for the disabled, widows and orphans
NO Minimum wage
All of these programs were begun by the New Deal.
Since the Great Depression, the U.S. has had a “social safety net.”
B. CHANGES TO THE U.S. POLITICAL SYSTEM
5. The New Deal preserved democracy in the U.S.
During the Great Depression, there arose totalitarian governments in Europe.
That did not happen in the U.S.
The New Deal preserved democracy and the free enterprise system.
6. The President became much more powerful
During the Great Depression, the U.S. president became more powerful than ever before.
7. The beginning of Big Government
The alphabet programs became agencies of the federal government.
8. The beginning of Organized Labor
Workers won the right to join a union and engage in collective bargaining.
9. The New Deal Coalition
The Democratic Party became the biggest political party.
The New Deal Coalition consisted of: cities, organized labor, and African Americans.
As a group, African Americans abandoned the Republican Party, “the party of Abraham Lincoln.”
The Republicans became the minority party because people blamed them for the Great Depression.
10. Changes to the U.S. Constitution
The 21st Amendment: Ended Prohibition.
The 22nd Amendment - Term limits for the President.
page 302

1. Only World War II pulled the U.S. out of the Great Depression
page 303

Lesson #90: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
The New Deal did not end the Depression.
The New Deal improved the situation
Thanks to government creating jobs, the unemployment rate fell.
But only WW2 ended the Great Depression.
In a certain sense, the war was a government spending program:
a. Soldiers got paid.
b. Businesses got paid for creating products for the war.
The war lifted the U.S. out of the Great Depression.
POLITICAL CARTOONS
1. FDR tries to revive the economy
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33031801.GIF
2. Things are looking up
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33031701.GIF
3. FDR revives the economy
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37010708.gif
THE ANSWERS
1. FDR never solved the economic crisis, but he did bring confidence, relief, and reforms.
2. FDR never ended the Depression, but he did make people more optimistic.
3. FDR never solved the economic crisis, but he did relief and reforms.
Relief - giving out jobs.
Reforms - to prevent another Great Depression.
page 304

Lesson #91: Lecture
World War II brought the U.S.
out of the Great Depression
Preparing for World War II
When Hitler invaded Poland, World War II began.
FDR begins to prepare for war.
FDR leaps into deficit spending
He borrows and spends $1 billion to rebuild the armed forces.
From 1939 to 1941, U.S. manufacturing rises by an amazing 50%.
Uncle Sam was buying planes, tanks, and ships.
At last, Big Business loved FDR.
FDR created the Executive Office of the President
For TV viewers, this is “The West Wing” of the White House.
It is a collection of administrative assistants, press secretaries, budget officers, and lawyers.
World War II began
When Hitler and Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939, World War II began.
England and France were all alone in fighting the Nazis.
The American people did not want to get involved in another European War.
FDR did want to be involved:
Under the Lend-Lease Act, the U.S. loaned the British planes and ships to fight the Nazis.
In 1940, FDR was re-elected to his third term
FDR was the only President ever to be elected more than twice.
1941, the Japanese made a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
When the Japanese attacked our naval base in Hawaii, the U.S. entered World War II.
The war effort jump-started U.S. industry and ended the Great Depression.
In 1944, FDR was re-elected to his fourth term
FDR was the only President ever to be elected four times.
In 1945, FDR died
FDR died in April and World War II ended in May.
Photo
Newspaper headline http://www.delanoye.org/FDR/FDR_extra.jpg
Funeral http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Franklin_Roosevelt_funeral_procession_1945.jpg
Official portrait http://www.delanoye.org/FDR/FDR_unfinished.jpg
Deficit spending
The U.S. emerged from World War II as the world's economic superpower.
Thanks to deficit spending, the U.S. had a gigantic national debt.
The national debt was paid off during the prosperous 1950s.
In 1951: The 22nd Amendment
In 1951, the U.S. Constitution was changed: A President can serve only two terms.
“No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice . . . “
page 305

2. Government intervention in the economy
page 306

Lesson #92: Group analysis
Break into groups of 3 or 4.
Think about the political cartoons you have examined.
Add up the facts.
What worked?
Of all the things that FDR did during the New Deal, what worked?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What did not work?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
page 307

The Answers
What worked?
1. Government intervention in the economy
The opposite of laissez-faire
The Great Depression happened because the banks, stock market, and Big Business went wild.
2. Government spending
Keynesian economics
The government spent money to create jobs. both blue-collar and white-collar.
3. Debt
Deficit spending
To create jobs, the government went deep into debt.
4. Taxes
Redistribution of wealth
The government raised taxes on the rich.
5. Money supply
Off the gold standard
The government expanded the money supply by printing money.
The U.S. dollar was no longer backed by gold.
6. Wages
Minimum wage
The government created the minimum wage.
The Wagner Act
The government made it legal to join a union and engage in collective bargaining.
Nobody raises wages faster than a strong union.
This is why Big Business hated FDR and the New Deal.
9. Farms
The government saved the family farm.
Government paid farmers to grow food
The government issued farm subsidies.
Government paid farmers not to grow food
Farmers produced so much food that the price of food fell - and farmers went bankrupt.
So the government paid farmers not to grow crops - this raised the price of crops.
Government guaranteed bank loans to farmers
A farmer needs a bank loan in the spring (to plant) and repays it in the fall (harvest).
When a bank loaned money to a farmer, the federal government guaranteed that loan.
10. Social Security
The government sent money to the elderly so they would not starve to death.
page 308

What did not work?
1. Packing the Supreme Court
In order to get better court decisions, the President tried to increase the number of judges.
The American people were upset at this violation of tradition.
2. Tariff
The Hawley-Smoot Tariff
The government raised taxes on foreign imports in order to protect U.S. businesses.
This caused European countries to stop buying from the U.S.
3. Balancing the budget
During an economic depression, you cannot balance the budget.
When FDR tried to balance the budget in 1938, the economy took a nosedive.
4. Layoffs
FDR tried laying off government workers.
That made unemployment worse.
5. Entitlements
FDR tried cutting veterans’ benefits.
That only made people poorer.
page 309

3. Government regulation of Big Business
page 310

Lesson #93: Lecture
What worked?
Several New Deal programs still remain active:
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
The Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC)
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
The Social Security System
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Banking
Farming
Housing
Energy
Pensions
Wall Street
Communications
page 311

4. The Welfare State
page 312

Lesson #94: Lecture
The Welfare State
The Welfare State: When the federal government sets up a "social safety net.”
Here is the history of the Welfare State in the U.S.
The New Deal 1930s Franklin Roosevelt
Social Security
Unemployment insurance
The Great Society 1960s Lyndon B. Johnson
Medicare: health insurance for senior citizens.
Medicaid: health insurance for the poor.
page 313

5. The New Deal preserved democracy in the U.S.
page 314

Lesson #95: Chart
How the Democrats
saw the New Deal
“FDR prevented a revolution.”
Thanks to the economic crisis,
dictators came to power in other countries.
FDR and the New Deal may have prevented
a revolution in the U.S.
The far LEFT
In Russia, Stalin ran a communist regime.
The far RIGHT
In Italy, Mussolini came to power.
In Germany, Hitler came to power.
Both were fascist (Nazi).
What FDR was trying to do
FDR was trying to preserve democracy
and the free enterprise system.
In 1938, FDR gave a speech, reminding people
that Hitler was in power in Germany.
“Democracy has disappeared in several other
great nations, not because the people of those
nations disliked democracy, but because they
had grown tired of unemployment and insecurity,
of seeing their children hungry while they sat
helpless in the face of government confusion
and government weakness through lack of leadership.
Finally, in desperation, they chose to
sacrifice liberty in the hope of getting something
to eat. We in America know that our defense
lies in the
protection of economic security.”
How the Republicans
saw the New Deal
“That damned Roosevelt!”
Republicans did not like BIG GOVERNMENT.
(And higher taxes to run it.)
FDR and the New Deal are still controversial
Franklin Delano Roosevelt died in 1945,
but many of his New Deal policies still exist
today.
But FDR’s philosophy about the role of the federal
government is still being debated today.
President Ronald Reagan
During the 1980s, President Reagan was 100%
opposed to the New Deal = Big Government =
taxes and regulation of business.
The Left
At the time, radicals condemned FDR:
“The New Deal does not go far enough.”
The federal government was making reforms.
But they wanted a revolution.
The Right
At the time, conservatives condemned FDR:
“The New Deal goes too far.”
They believed in laissez-faire.
page 315

Lesson #96: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
FDR preserved democracy
POLITICAL CARTOON
1. FDR was not a radical. He was a progressive.
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/small/37010808.gif
THE ANSWER
1. Liberals like the government to intervene in the economy.
page 316

6. The President became much more powerful
page 317

Lesson #97: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
FDR was the first powerful president
POLITICAL CARTOONS
1. FDR was powerful
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/shapiro/gifs/37031105.GIF
2. FDR was too powerful
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/fdr_100/small/33030701.GIF
3. FDR was too powerful
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37011413.gif
4. Cartoon: Congress went along with FDR
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37010402.gif
5. Cartoon: Congress went along with FDR
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37010403.gif
6. Congress always went along with FDR
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37010503.gif
7. FDR always wanted Congress to grant him more power
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37011603.gif
THE ANSWERS
1. No President (no matter how popular) should ever have as much power as FDR did.
This is not opinion. It is the way the U.S. Constitution was designed.
2. Congress surrendered too much power to the President. (Under the Constitution, Congress is never supposed to surrender
power to the President.)
3. FDR was a good guy, but even an angel can become a dictator.
4. FDR thought he could challenge the Supreme Court in 1937 because he was re-elected in 1936 by a landslide.
5. While FDR’s first term was about relief for the needy, his second term was about long-term reform. To prevent another
Depression in the future.
6. After the 1937 conflict with the Supreme Court, conservative Democrats in Congress stopped supporting FDR. They were
afraid that a liberal Supreme Court would end segregation. (Their fears were real. This happened in 1954.)
7. In 1937, Congress stopped giving FDR more power. (He did get more during World War II.)
page 318

7. The beginning of Big Government
page 319

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democrat
During the 1932 presidential campaign, FDR
had promised a “New Deal” for America. In his first
100 days he set up an alphabet soup of government
agencies. They provided relief to the unemployed
and reforms for the economy.
1. Prohibition - FDR ended Prohibition, so the
average joe could buy a beer.
2. The Banks - FDR stopped a run on banks by
closing them all and reopening only the solid
ones. He formed the FDIC to insure bank deposits
and abandoned the gold standard.
3. The Stock Market - FDR created the SEC to
inform investors of the stability of a company and
the risk involved in investing in it.
4. The Unemployed - FDR invented jobs and the
federal government became “the employer of last
resort.” The CCC hired young men to work in our
national forests. The WPA hired adult men to build
public works (dams, bridges), plus it invented jobs
for starving artists.
5. Farmers - FDR set up the AAA to cut farm production
and raise farm prices. It set up the TVA to
bring electricity to the South, the nation’s poorest
region.
6. Factory workers - FDR wanted to raise
wages. The NRA ordered states to raise wages.
The Wagner Act helped workers join unions - and
unions raised wages. The federal government
established the minimum wage. Frances Perkins
became Secretary of Labor, the first woman in the
Cabinet.
1933-1945
The New Deal
Predict:
How did the New Deal change Washington,
D.C.?
FDR created
Big Government!
Expanded the power of the Presidency
As presidents go, FDR was a giant.
Ever since, presidents have been incredibly powerful.
Expanded the size of the federal government
The executive branch was bulging with “ABC” agencies.
Expanded the role of the federal government
All those “ABC” agencies regulated Big Business.
Created the “Welfare State”
During the 1920s, it was every man for himself.
It was “survival of the fittest.”
Today, the federal government helps you out.
When you become disabled, unemployed, or elderly,
there is a “Social Safety Net” to catch you.
However, if you become sick, you are still on your own.
Unlike Europe, there is no national health care system.
Enlarged the national debt
All of these social programs cost money.
So the New Deal ran up the national debt.
(But it was paid off during the prosperity of the 1950s.)
7. The Elderly - FDR established Social Security
to provide pensions to the elderly. It was paid for
by employee and employer payroll deductions.
page 320

Lesson #99: Homework on the Internet
Political Cartoons:
FDR invented Big Government
FDR invented Big Government
1. FDR invented Big Government
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33030801.GIF
2. To prevent another depression in the future.
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_scgifs/large/37011007.gif
THE ANSWER
1. Under FDR and the New Deal, the federal government grew in size and power. Today, we still have Big Government.
2. Thanks to FDR’s reforms (SEC, Social Security, organized labor’s ability to raise wages), it is unlikely we will have another
Depression.
page 321

8. The beginning of Organized Labor
page 322

Lesson #100: Charts
Union membership in the U.S.
The % of workers does not include farmworkers.
Chart: Thanks to the New Deal, 35% joined unions
http://www.jstor.org/pss/1924128
By 1954, 35% of American workers belonged to a union. (See chart on page 22.)
That was the peak year.
Chart: How the U.S. compares with other countries
http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/lab_tra_uni_mem-labor-trade-union-membership
In Sweden, 82% of workers belong to a union.
Chart: Union membership by state
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_affiliation_by_U.S._state
In 2010, only 12% of American workers belong to a union.
New York is the most unionized state.
Chart: Unions are strong among government workers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States
In government jobs, 37% belong to a union.
In private corporations, only 8% belong to a union.
Reading: The New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/23/business/23labor.html
In private corporations, only 7% belong to a union.
That is the lowest % since 1900.
page 323

9. The New Deal Coalition
page 324

Mary McLeod Bethune
1935
South Carolina
Member of FDR’s “Black cabinet”
Mary McLeod Bethune was born during
Reconstruction (1875) on a cotton plantation near
Columbia, South Carolina. Her parents were former
slaves and most of her 16 brothers and sisters
had been born into slavery.
In 1885, at 10, Mary McLeod Bethune went to
grammar school at a one-room schoolhouse, a
mission run by the Presbyterian church.
In 1888, at 13, she attended high school at Scotia
Seminary for Negro Girls near Charlotte, North
Carolina.
In 1894, at 19, she attended Moody Bible Institute
in Chicago. She hoped to become a missionary in
Africa, but only white missionaries were sent
there.
In 1898, at 23, she got married and became a
teacher at mission schools in Georgia and Florida.
In 1904, at 29, she founded Founded the Daytona
Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls in
Daytona Beach, Florida. It began on a shoestring -
$1.50 of her own money, crates for desks, and five
students. At first, it ran on donations from local
black churches. But like Booker T. Washington,
she sought out wealthy white contributors - such
as James Gamble of Proctor & Gamble - and put
them on the school’s board of directors.
In 1905, at 30, she received a fabulous $62,000
donation from oil magnate John D. Rockefeller.
By 1910, she had 100 students.
By 1920, she had 350 students.
In 1923, it merged with a boys’ school and
became coed college that produced schoolteachers.
Later, it became Bethune-Cookman
University.
Predict:
By the 1930s, Mary McLeod Bethune was
nearly 60 years old. At that age, what could a
black woman possibly do to change America?
She helped elect FDR
Registering black voters
In 1924, at 49, Mary McLeod Bethune became president
of the National Association of Colored Women. Since it
registered black voters, she became a target of the KKK.
African Americans had always voted Republican
Ever since 1870, African Americans had voted
Republican.
After all, it was the party of Abraham Lincoln.
She persuaded people to vote for a Democrat
In 1932, at 57, Mary McLeod worked to get Franklin D.
Roosevelt elected president. To do that, she persuaded
African Americans to vote Democratic.
The “Black Cabinet”
In return, Mary McLeod Bethune founded President
Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet” - an advisory board for black
appointments and the disbursement of funds to black
organizations.
Friend of Eleanor Roosevelt
In the process, Mary McLeod Bethune became a close
personal friend of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.
The New Deal
In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the National Youth
Administration for young people 16 to 24. It provided jobs
and education to the unemployed. From 1936 to 1944,
Mary McLeod Bethune served as Director of Negro
Affairs.
The National Council of Negro Women
In 1935, at 60, Mary McLeod Bethune founded the
National Council of Negro Women. Three years later, she
hosted the White House Conference on the status of
black women and children. After all, no one was hit harder
by the Great Depression than mothers and their children.
page 325

Lesson #102:
Game
The New Deal Coalition began in 1932.
As a result, the Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress
during all but 4 years between the years 1932-1980.
The
New Deal
Coalition
Break into pairs.
Examine each fact.
Using the chart,
categorize each fact.
When you are
finished, play
“The Gong Show.”
1. People who lived in cities
The Machine
Thanks to big city political machines, city folks had always voted for the Democratic Party.
They continued to vote Democratic during the Depression:
During the New Deal, many received relief jobs from the federal government.
2. Organized labor
The Unions
The New Deal allowed workers to join a union.
Beginning in 1932, the labor unions (especially the coal miners, steelworkers, and
autoworkers) always voted Democratic.
3. Minorities
African Americans
When the Civil War ended, people were grateful to Abraham Lincoln.
As a result, they voted for the Republican Party.
But in 1932, African Americans made a massive switch to the Democratic Party.
Other minorities
Religious minorities (Catholics, Jews) and ethnic minorities (Hispanic Americans) always
voted for the Democratic Party.
4. The South
The “Solid South”
Ever since the Civil War, Southern whites had voted for the Democratic Party.
5. Intellectuals
Artists, writers, musicians, teachers and professors began to vote for the Democratic
Party.
How did they vote, 1932-1968?
1. People who lived in cities.
2. People who lived in the suburbs.
3. Big farmers
4. Small farmers
5. The working class (84%)
6. The middle class (15%)
7. The wealthy (1%)
8. African Americans
9. Hispanic Americans
10. Catholics
11. Jews
12. The South
13. Artists and Writers
14. Coal miners and steelworkers
15. Teachers and Professors
16. Autoworkers and construction workers
17. Journalists
18. Small businessmen
The Answers
1. Democrats
2. Republicans
3. Republicans
4. Democrats
5. Democrats
6. Republicans
7. Republicans
8. Democrats
9. Democrats
10. Democrats
11. Democrats
12. Democrats
13. Democrats
14. Democrats
15. Democrats
16. Democrats
17. Democrats
18. Republicans
page 326

A game to learn how to categorize.
A game for those students who learn best by doing.
A game to assess learning.
The Gong Show
The week before
Go to Office Depot or Office Max and buy 2 bells. You know:
You bop it to call for service.
Make 2 signs: Democrats, Republicans
Ask the school custodian for a wide table and 5 chairs.
A panel of “experts”
In the front of the classroom, place the table and chairs.
In front of each, place a sign and bell.
Ask for volunteers to sit as a panel of experts.
"You are responsible only for responding to facts which relate to your category."
The Reader
Choose a student to read the facts.
Explain: "When the reader read a fact which deals with your particular category, ring your bell."
The Answer Guy
Choose a student to play this role. We suggest a guy or gal who has been absent.
Give the student the answer sheet.
Explain: "When a student gives a wrong answer, you must bellow GONG.”
Encourage the class to join in on the GONG.
(p.s. Your music department probably has a gong.)
How to find a cheap gong on the internet:
We typed in “buy gong” and found grothmusic.com
They sell a gong (Item #WUWG10) for $32.95:
Exact address:
http://www.grothmusic.com/cgi-local/SoftCart.exe/online-store/scstore/p-
WUWG10.html?L+scstore+jcrv8352ff831d83+1260945623
How to begin
Ask students to test their bells.
"Do not ring your bell until the full statement has been read."
“If you engage in frivolous bell-ringing, another student will take your place.”
The Reader reads the facts, one by one.
The Answer Man states whether the answer is correct or incorrect.
What if several students ring their bells?
All the better!
Ask the class whether or not the incorrect answer is possible, based upon the student's explanation.
Keep in mind that when you enter higher levels of thinking, certain answers are going to be "in the ballpark"
and, therefore, acceptable.
page 327

Lesson #103: Game
Break into two teams. Choose a scorekeeper.
The Great Race
On the chalkboard, write
Democrats
Republicans
1. Break into two teams: Team A and Team B. Try guys vs gals.
2. Line up, single file - at least 15 feet from the board.
3. The teacher reads the statement.
4. Two students race to the board and put a check under the correct answer.
5. Teacher gives correct answer. Students erase their check marks and go to the back of the lines.
Do it over and over again, until every student has mastered the material.
How did they vote, 1932-1968?
1. People who lived in cities.
2. People who lived in the suburbs.
3. Big farmers
4. Small farmers
5. The working class (84%)
6. The middle class (15%)
7. The wealthy (1%)
8. African Americans
9. Hispanic Americans
10. Catholics
11. Jews
12. The South
13. Artists and Writers
14. Coal miners and steelworkers
15. Teachers and Professors
16. Autoworkers and construction workers
17. Journalists
18. Small businessmen
The Answers
1. Democrats
2. Republicans
3. Republicans
4. Democrats
5. Democrats
6. Republicans
7. Republicans
8. Democrats
9. Democrats
10. Democrats
11. Democrats
12. Democrats
13. Democrats
14. Democrats
15. Democrats
16. Democrats
17. Democrats
18. Republicans
page 328

Lesson #104: Lecture
The Hatch Act
If you work for the federal government, you can vote for whomever you please.
But you cannot campaign for a candidate.
The Hatch Act was designed to prevented government workers from campaigning for candidates.
After all, the federal government workers loved FDR and the Democratic Party.
page 329

10. Changes to the U.S. Constitution
page 330

Lesson #105:
Game
Changes
to the
Constitution
Break into pairs.
Examine each fact.
Using the chart,
categorize each fact.
When you are
finished, play
“The Gong Show.”
1. The 21st Amendment
Ended Prohibition.
2. The 22nd Amendment
Term limits for the U.S. President.
What changes to the Constitution
were made as a result of the New Deal?
1. It ended Prohibition.
2. A president can run for election only twice.
3. This was passed because FDR was elected four times as president.
4. You can drink when you are 21.
5. It is legal to sell liquor in the U.S.
6. It repealed the 18th Amendment.
7. Gangsters hated this amendment.
8. Republicans loved this amendment.
9. Term limits for the U.S. President.
10. The only amendment ratified by conventions held in the several states,
rather than being ratified by the state legislatures.
The Answers
1. 21
2. 22
3. 22
4. 21
5. 21
6. 21
7. 21
8. 22
9. 22
10. 22
11. 22
12. 22
11. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice.
12. No person who has held the office of President, or acted as President,
for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected
President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once.
page 331

Pop culture in the 1930s
page 332

Lesson #106: Internet
As students enter the classroom, play one of the radio shows.
What was life like in the 1930s?
Overview
American in the 1930s
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s/front.html
History of the 1930s
http://www.usa-people-search.com/content-american-history-of-the-1930s.aspx
Food
Photo
Spam
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_(food)
Charities provided food, so people stood in bread lines and soup lines.
Inexpensive, one-pot meals such as macaroni and cheese, chili, and casseroles.
Meatloaf is hamburger with filler - bread.
In 1933, Nabisco invented Ritz crackers. Women used them to make “Mock Apple Pie,” with no apples!
In 1937, Hormel invented Spam.
Radio
Photo
Little girl
Listening
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Temple
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s/RADIO/radiofr.html
The soap opera was invented. It was heavy on melodrama.
Comedy shows were extremely popular:
Jack Benny, George Burns and Gracie Allen, “Amos and Andy,” and F”ibber McGee and Molly.“
There were radio shows for children:
The Lone Ranger appeared first on radio.
In 1938, Orson Welles broadcast a show on radio that scared people to death.
It was H.G. Wells' “War of the Worlds.”
It created a national panic - people believed that the Martians had landed on Earth.
Edward R. Murrow told Americans about the rise of Hitler in Germany.
FDR went on the radio and held “Fireside Chats” with the American people.
page 333

Movies
Photo
Wizard of Oz
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)
Escapism: People went to the movies to escape the despair of the Depression.
Popular movies were comedies, musicals, gangster shoot-em-ups, Westerns.
In 1939, Judy Garland starred in “The Wizard of Oz.” It was one of the first films in color.
Groucho Marx and the Marx Brothers starred in “Duck Soup.”
Mae West was a comedienne.
Greta Garbo was a femme fatale.
Music
It was the era of swing and the Big Bands.
Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, and Tommy Dorsey.
Benny Goodman was the first white band leader to integrate his big band.
In 1936, the federal government hired Woody Guthrie to perform his folk songs.
In 1931, Congress designated "The Star Spangled Banner" as the national anthem.
In 1938, Kate Smith sang Irving Berlin's "God Bless America."
Lyrics to popular songs http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/cherries.html
“Brother, can you spare a dime?”
“Life is just a bowl of cherries”
“We’re in the money.”
Theater
Broadway produced musicals
Porgy & Bess http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porgy_%26_Bess
Best of all, George Gershwin wrote the music for “Porgy & Bess.”
Music historians regard it as America’s first and foremost opera.
Games
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_%28game%29
In 1935, the Parker Brothers invented “Monopoly.”
page 334

Books
Dick & Jane
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_and_Jane
In 1931, the first Dick & Jane books were published.
This is how children learned to read: "Look. See Dick. See Dick run."
The paperback http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thin_Man
The paperback novel was invented.
Folks read mysteries by Agatha Christie, Dashielle Hammett, and Raymond Chandler.
Books published during the Depression
In 1936, Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the Wind.
In 1939, John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath.
Richard Wright published Native Son.
Ernest Hemingway published The Sun Also Rises.
Dr. Seuss began publishing his children’s books.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapes_of_Wrath
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Also_Rises
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cat_in_the_Hat
In 1936, Dale Carnegie published How to Win Friends and Influence People.
In 1936, Carl Sandburg wrote his poem entitled, The People, Yes!
Fashion
Photo
Dresses
http://www.costumes.org/history/20thcent/1930s/sears/spring1934cottondresses2.JPG
Most women made their own clothes
The flapper dress was gone; women wore long skirts.
The most popular dress was a simple “shirtdress.”
Zippers were popular - they were less expensive than buttons.
Men always wore hats.
page 335

Art
Painting
Grant Wood
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Wood
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1931/wood.html
National Gallery of Art http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art
In 1935 Andrew Mellon (former Secretary of the Treasury) donated his $25 million dollar art collection.
It became the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.
Architecture
Art deco
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_deco
A futuristic style appeared in architecture and interior design, as well as the visual arts such as fashion,
painting, the graphic arts and film.
Empire State Building http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building
In 1931, the Empire State Building opened in New York City.
It was the tallest building in the world.
Rockefeller Center http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Center
Rockefeller Center opened in New York City.
It was the home of NBC, the Rockettes, and a famous ice skating rink.
Big headlines in the newspapers
1931 Jane Addams was the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams
1932 Charles Lindbergh’s baby was kidnapped (and murdered).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindbergh_baby
1933 Hitler and the Nazi Party come to power in Germany.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler
1936 The Spanish Civil War - Hemingway and others are sympathetic.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War
1936 The King of England abdicated
King Edward VIII resigned in order to marry Wallis Simpson, an American divorcee.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII
1937 The Hindenburg, a dirigible, crashed on the beach in New Jersey.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindenburg
page 336

Lesson #107: Videos
Homework: Watch these videos on YouTube.
Class discussion: The rich were 1% of the population.
What was their life like during the Great Depression?
Fashion in the 1930s
During the 1920s, skirts were short.
During the 1930s, skirts were long.
HOW THE WEALTHY LIVED
1. Fashion in the 1930s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnZCVkP7GlE
2. Glamour models of the 1930s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no2ZDAAW4k0
3. Nightclubs in the 1930s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR2jLotxoQA&feature=related
4. Puttin’ on the Ritz
In New York City, some people pretended to be rich
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACGHxR7pH_c&feature=related
page 337

Lesson #108: Videos
Homework: Watch the videos on YouTube
Class discussion: Why were movies so popular during the Great Depress?
Hollywood films of the 1930s
Movies were a form of escapism.
Folks went to the movies to escape the blues.
For a list of the most popular movies of the 1930s, please visit:
http://www.filmsite.org/1930.html
COMEDY
1. Charlie Chaplin, “Modern Times” (1936)
Smile, though your heart is breaking
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvYS42DqHAc
2. Groucho Marx, “Animal Crackers” and “Duck Soup”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCvz8y_DUSY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDJgPCNzt5E
3. W.C. Fields, “If I Had a Million” (1932)
Man inherits $1 million and gets revenge on bad drivers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfIoKTTZuUo&feature=related
4. Mae West, “I’m No Angel” (1933)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouktoCOhtGY
MUSICALS
5. Judy Garland, “The Wizard of Oz” (1939)
Somewhere over the rainbow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLXEORFgpqQ
6. Shirley Temple, “Bright Eyes” (1934)
On the Good Ship Lollipop
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_RZTusUzM8
7. The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
"A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKeiEh_l51E
8. 42nd Street (1933)
Starring Ruby Keeler, choreography by Busby Berkeley
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L7Smrjf8qNM
page 338

ROMANCE
9. Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable, “Gone with the Wind” (1939)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQQvcLUHgmo&feature=related
10. It Happened One Night
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALmnUBqbhuo
DRAMA
11. Henry Fonda, “Grapes of Wrath” (1940)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1kTh7cXylM
12. Greta Garbo, “Camille” (1936)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZrEcI-ULbQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2u5uojR5Chc&feature=related
page 339

Review
page 340

Lesson #109: Group analysis
Top Ten Reasons
why the New Deal was good
This is how the Democrats regard the New Deal.
Break into groups.
Read them with gusto! Starting with #10. You know the drill.
We dare you to be more clever!
1. The New Deal programs relieved peoples’ suffering.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
page 341

Lesson #110: Group analysis
Top Ten Reasons
why the New Deal was bad
This is how the Republicans regard the New Deal.
Break into groups.
Read them with gusto! Starting with #10. You know the drill.
We dare you to be more clever!
1. The New Deal created Big Government.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
page 342

Lesson #111: Group analysis
Students distinguish fact from opinion.
Only the factoids present facts.
All else is opinion.
Life is like a rock group
If you gave a problem to 5 different rock groups,
they'd each come up with a different song.
The teacher states the situation:
The New Deal:
What do you think of it?
Break into 5 groups and take on a name.
Do research about the problem.
Then present your side of story.
Discuss the situation in class - giving each group
time to present its views.
Team #1: The Boomers*
Describe all the positive facts and consequences.
These are the sunniest students in the class.
These optimists are ready to tell you all the positive
aspects.
Team #2: The Busters**
Describe all the negative facts and consequences.
These are the gloomiest students in the class.
These pessimists are ready to tell you all the negative
aspects.
Team #3: The Factoids***
Present the facts and only the facts. No opinions
whatsoever. These no-nonsense students excel in
math and science. On paper, they boil it down to
ten facts or less.
Lesson #112: Group analysis
How to persuade people
Four corners
Ideal for any controversy!
It takes only 10 minutes.
Ahead of time
Label the four corners of your classroom:
a. Agree
b. Sort of agree
c. Sort of disagree
d. Disagree
Step #1
The teacher states the controversy.
The New Deal was great.
Step #2
Students move to the four corners of the
classroom.
Step #3
Students in each corner are given time to
speak. They try to persuade the kids in other
corners to move to their corner.
Step #4
Whichever group has the most people,
wins.
It's all about persuasion.
Team #4: The Emotionals****
Present only your reactions (emotions and feelings)
to the problem. These are the social butterflies.
They care only about their emotional reactions.
They are known for their compassion.
Team #5: The Outrageous Ones*****
Come up with a new way of looking at the situation
that stuns everyone. Free spirits, they are
divergent thinkers. They see it in a new light. They
present a totally new way to look at it.
*It was a safety net for the needy. It stopped suffering.
**It increased the SIZE and POWER of the government.
***List 5 facts about the New Deal.
****How would you feel if you lost your job and your home?
*****Big Government can be both “Beauty and the Beast.”
It can help you out, economically.
It can take away your political freedom.
page 343

Lesson #113: Debate
We conducted 50 dreadful debates until we came up with . . .
The Great Debate!
"Resolved, the New Deal was great.”
The Boomers (half the class) present evidence and argue the positive.
The Busters (the other half) present evidence and argue the negative.
The Court: Choose 5 introverts to sit at a table in front of the class. They choose the Chief Justice.
The month before
Ask the Rotarians to donate a gavel to your class. Go heavy on the ritual.
The Court
Listen to the evidence. Add up the facts and draw conclusions. You will deliberate and render your decision:
Which team won? Who is the MVP? Choose a Chief Justice and give him/her the gavel. Make a
formal announcement: “As Chief Justice, you are in charge of keeping order in the courtroom.”
The grading system
Give one grade for every comment.
A - excellent analysis of facts.
B - very good analysis.
C - repeating another student, with elaboration.
D - a half-baked thought, has a tiny kernel of merit.
E - fuzzy thinking. The student has missed the point.
F - interrupting another student.
To get the floor, simply say "WELL . . . "
Once you have uttered that magic word, the floor is yours. An F for every interruption. Civility is crucial.
How to begin
Heavy on the ritual. Flip a coin and turn to one team: “Call it.” It is heads and they called heads: “What
is your pleasure? Would you like to go first or have the opposition go first?” It is heads and they called
tails, turn to the other team: “What is your pleasure?” The teams alternate: A student from Team A
speaks, then a student from Team B speaks.
A debate is like an airplane taking off.
First it has to crawl down the runway! Do not worry if the debate starts off slowly. Ignore the silence: Be
busy writing on your gradesheet. Once the kids see you have no intention of intervening, they’ll play
along.
The teacher’s role
Recede to the back of the classroom. Do not look up. Be busy filling out names on your gradesheet.
Remember: Give a grade every time a student makes a comment.
How to end
Ten minutes before the end of class, the judges leave the room to deliberate. Remind them: Which team
won? Who is the MVP? While they are out, pass around the gradesheet. When a student looks at
his/her line of grades, he/she will know how to improve next time. Examples: “My name has no grades
beside it. I’d better say something next time!” "I repeat what others say. I’d better say something original
next time." "Half-baked! Next time I’ll do the reading." "A string of Fs. I’d better stop interrupting others!"
As kids leave class, post the gradesheet on the bulletin board outside your classroom. In red, label
the MVP.
page 344

Lesson #114: Graphic organizer
The Great Depression
3. Stock Market
What government
agency now regulated
the stock
market?
2. Help the Young
People
What government
agency gave jobs
to young men, 18
to 25?
1. FDR hit the
ground running
How long it took
FDR to get
Congress to act.
4. Help the
Jobless
What agencies created
government
jobs for starving
people?
5. Help Farmers
What agency prevented
the price of
milk from falling?
6. Help Underpaid
Workers
What agency
stopped wages
from falling?
The
New
Deal
7. Help the Rural
What agency built
dams, provided
electricity, and
drew jobs into rural
Tennessee?
10. Save the
Family Home
What agency provided
low-interest
loans to homeowners?
9. Save the
Family Farm
What agency provided
low-interest
loans to farmers?
8. Protect
Savings
What agency protects
your money in
the bank?
11. Help the
Elderly
What agency provided
money to the
elderly?
12. The right to
belong to a union
What law guarantees
this right?
13. Natural
Disaster
Drought in the
Midwest. “Oakies”
move to California.
16. Supreme
Court
How did it react to
the expansion of
government?
15. Photographer
Woman who photographed
peoples’
misery.
14. Novel
John Steinbeck’s
novel about people
from Oklahoma.
page 345

The Answers
1. “One Hundred Days.”
2. The CCC
The Civilian Conservation Corps. Young men worked in forestry camps.
3. The SEC
Security & Exchange Commission
4. There were 3 . . .
a. The CWA
b. The PWA
c. The WPA
This was the most famous.
5. The AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Administration.
a. Dump milk on the road.
b. To keep the price high.
c. Farmers not lose their farms.
d. Government paid farmers not to grow crops.
6. The NRA
National Industrial Recovery Administration. Workers can form a union and bargain for decent wages.
7. The TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority.
8. The FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
9. THE FCA
Farm Credit Administration.
10. The HOLC
The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation.
11. Social Security
12. The Wagner Act
The National Labor Relations Board holds an election.
13. The Dust Bowl.
14. The Grapes of Wrath
15. Dorothea Lange
16. Not happy. Declared some laws (NRA, AAA) unconstitutional.
Schecter v United States: The federal government can regulate interstate commerce, but no intrastate commerce.
page 346

Lesson #115: Game
Study this worksheet.
Go around the room, one by one.
Can you remember one term, from A to Z?
The ABCs of the New Deal
If there is no term, dream one up!
American Federation of Labor, AAA, AFL-CIO
Bank Holiday, bank regulation, NRA Blue Eagle, Bonneville Dam, “Brain Trust,” Big Government
C CCC, California Central Valley Project, chain gang, CIO, court-packing scheme, collective bargaining
Deficit spending
Economic recovery, energy development, end to child labor, “employer of last resort,” executive order
Federal government, FDIC, FCC, FERA, FHA, four-term President, “fireside chats,” Fair Labor
Standards Act, Federal Writers Project, FDR, “The First 100 Days”
Government regulation, gold standard, Glass-Steagall Act, GM sit-down strike
Harlem race riot of 1935
Industrial unions
Keynesian economics
Liberal vs. Conservative
Minimum wage, “make work,” Memorial Day massacre
New Deal, NRA, National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), New Deal Coalition
Organized labor
Public works projects, public assistance programs, “priming the pump,” purchasing power,
public utilities, “packing” the Supreme Court
Regional development
Social Security, SEC, social welfare agency, social safety net, Section 7(a) of the NRA,
Schecter v United States
Truth-in-Securities Act, TVA, 21st Amendment, 22nd Amendment
United Autoworkers (UAW), United Farm Workers (UFW)
V
Wagner Act, WPA, the Wagner Act, the Welfare State
page 347

Lesson #116: Game
To define terms.
To become familiar with a multiple-choice test.
Can you talk like FDR?
The goal: To learn terms and understand the logic of a multiple-choice test.
The day before: Go to the school library. Break into teams of five. Use the dictionary/encyclopedia.
Student A writes the correct definition straight from the dictionary.
Student B dreams up the exact opposite of the real definition.
Student C dreams up a plausible wrong answer.
Student D dreams up a really plausible wrong answer.
Student E invents a truly stupid answer. (Hey, this is what makes the kids pay attention.)
Each team does this for all the terms checked below.
How to play: Back in class, place one table with 5 chairs and 5 stand-up cards that read A B C D or E.
Each student stands up and reads his/her “definition” with a straight face.
The class guesses: Write A B C D or E on a slip of paper, sign your name, pass it to “the counter” who
was absent yesterday.
The teacher then asks: "Will the person with the real definition please stand up."
The winner: The student with the most correct answers. His or her team goes next.
Define these terms
American Federation of Labor, AAA, AFL-CIO
Bank Holiday, bank regulation, NRA Blue Eagle, Bonneville
Dam, “Brain Trust,” Big Government
C CCC, California Central Valley Project, chain gang, CIO,
court-packing scheme, collective bargaining
Deficit spending
Economic recovery, energy development, end to child labor,
“employer of last resort,” executive order
Federal government, FDIC, FCC, FERA, FHA, four-term
President, “fireside chats,” Fair Labor Standards Act, Federal
Writers Project, FDR, “The First 100 Days”
Government regulation, gold standard, Glass-Steagall Act,
GM sit-down strike
Harlem race riot of 1935
Industrial unions
Keynesian economics
Liberal vs. Conservative
Minimum wage, “make work,” Memorial Day massacre
New Deal, NRA, National Labor Relations Board (NLRB),
New Deal Coalition
Organized labor
Public works projects, public assistance programs, “priming
the pump,” purchasing power,
public utilities, “packing” the Supreme Court
Regional development
Social Security, SEC, social welfare agency, social safety
net, Section 7(a) of the NRA,
Schecter v United States
Truth-in-Securities Act, TVA, 21st Amendment, 22nd
Amendment
United Autoworkers (UAW), United Farm Workers (UFW)
V
Wagner Act, WPA, the Wagner Act, the Welfare State
a. Bull Market
An upward trend in the prices of corporate
stocks on the stock market. (Bingo! This is the
correct definition. Stocks go charging upward,
like a bull.)
b. Bull Market
An upward trend in the prices of corporate
stocks on the stock market. Bears sell off stocks
and then retreat into their caves. (Nope. That is
the definition of a Bear Market.)
c. Bull Market
An assumption of unusual business risk in
hopes of obtaining commensurate gain. (Close,
but no cigar. This is the definition of speculation.)
d. Bull Market
the compensation accruing to entrepreneurs for
the assumption of risk. (Close, but no cigar. This
is the definition of profit.)
e. Bull Market
When corporations do not reveal the truth about
the true value of their corporation. (Bogus.)
page 348

Lesson #117: Game
Each student becomes one person.
Do research on Wikipedia.
The night before, read about your person. Write down clues.
The next day, you give the clues and students try to guess who you are.
Who am I?
Part I: They loved the New Deal
The New Deal
FDR
Eleanor Roosevelt
Frances Perkins
Harry Hopkins
Harold Ickes
Hugh Johnson
Joseph P. Kennedy
Robert Wagner
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt led the New Deal.
She was the first activist First Lady.
She became involved in race and labor relations.
At her first press conference, she allowed only women reporters.
When she held a garden party for African American women,
Southerners had a cow.
The first woman cabinet member.
She was Secretary of Labor. Won Social Security.
Head of the WPA. Invented government jobs for the unemployed.
Secretary of the Interior
Head of the NRA.
The NRA set codes.
Big Business could meet the government standards.
But small business could not.
Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission. (JFK’s father.)
Senator from New York.
Wrote the Wagner Act:
It gave workers the right to form unions.
They could bargain collectively with their employers.
Fiorello LaGuardia Mayor of New York City, 1933-45
In 1932 he was a Congressman.
He sponsored the Norris-La Guardia Act.
It restricted the courts' power to ban strikes.
George Norris
Congressman from Nebraska. Father of the TVA.
He wanted public ownership of public utilities.
Convinced FDR to launch the TVA.
page 349

African Americans
The Scottsboro Case
Nine African American youths were arrested for raping two women on a train.
Without a lawyer, they were convicted in Scottsboro, Alabama.
Mary McLeod Bethune Educator. First black woman in the federal government.
Member of the National Youth Administration.
A friend of Eleanor Roosevelt.
Marian Anderson
Singer.
When the DAR refused to let her sing at Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C.,
she sang on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
Walter White Head of the NAACP, 1929-49.
He was a moderate, friend of Eleanor Roosevelt, and supported the New Deal.
(W.E.B. Du Bois, more militant, did not believe the New Deal went far enough.)
White strengthened the NAACP legal department to fight discrimination.
He hired Thurgood Marshall, the top-notch lawyer who won the landmark case,
Brown v. Board of Ed, 1954.
A. Philip Randolph Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
It was the first successful black union.
In the 1930s, he took his union out of the AF of L and into the CIO.
Labor
John L. Lewis
Walter Reuther
Head of the coal miners’ union, the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA).
Founder of the CIO.
The CIO organized the steel and auto industries.
Head of the United Autoworkers Union (UAW).
Literature
John Steinbeck
Richard Wright
Sinclair Lewis
Photography
Dorothea Lange
Author of The Grapes of Wrath.
Author of Native Son, 1940. Famous African American author.
Author of It Can’t Happen Here. (The rise of the Nazi Party in the U.S.)
Famous photographer. Took photos of Dustbowl refugees living in California.
page 350

Entertainers
Orson Welles
Will Rogers
Woody Guthrie
Sports
Jesse Owens
Lou Gehrig
Joe DiMaggio
Babe Didrikson
Explorers
Richard E. Byrd
Scared people with his radio show, “War of the Worlds”.
(A spoof about Martians landing on Earth.)
Comedian on the radio. Formerly a cowboy in Oklahoma. Liked FDR.
Folksinger. Sang songs about the Dust Bowl.
African American athlete who won four gold medals in track at the
1936 Olympics in Berlin.
Hitler was furious.
Jesse Owens proved Aryan superiority was wrong.
Baseball star
Baseball star
Won medals in baseball, basketball, track and field, and golf.
Explored Antarctica
Part II: They hated the New Deal
The Republicans
Herbert Hoover
President when the stock market crashed (1929) and the Depression began.
Andrew Mellon Secretary of the Treasury. Not worried when the stock market crashed in 1929.
Critics of the New Deal
Francis Townsend
Father Coughlin
Huey Long
Henry Ford
California physician who first suggested the idea of Social Security.
A national pension system for the elderly.
The radio priest. Liberal critic of the New Deal
Senator from Louisiana. “Share Our Wealth” program:
If a person made more than $1 million, the surplus money would be taxed at
100%.
Head of Ford Motor Company in Detroit.
page 351

Lesson #118: Group analysis
Break into groups.
Rank!
Choose your top 5 favorites: The Hall of Fame
Choose your lowest 5: The Hall of Shame
The list of people
Marian Anderson
Mary McLeod Bethune
Richard E. Byrd
Charles Coughlin
Babe Didrikson
Henry Ford
Lou Gehrig
Woody Guthrie
Herbert Hoover
Harry Hopkins
Zora Neale Hurston
Harold Ickes
Hugh Johnson
John Maynard Keynes
Joseph Kennedy
Huey Long
John L. Lewis
Sinclair Lewis
Dorothea Lange
Fiorello LaGuardia
Andrew Mellon
Margaret Mitchell
George Norris
Jesse Owens
Frances Perkins
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt
Will Rogers
Walter Reuther
A. Philip Randolph
John Steinbeck
the Scottsboro Boys
Francis Townsend
Robert Wagner
Richard Wright
Orson Welles
Walter White
Class Discussion
Who is on everybody’s favorite list?
Who is extremely unpopular?
page 352

Lesson #119: Group analysis
Break into pairs.
Translate it into your own words.
Famous Quotations
1933
1. “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
2. “In the field of world policy, I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor.”
3. “Government must prime the pump.”
4. “Relief, Recovery, and Reform.”
5. “Democracy has disappeared in several other great nations, not because the people disliked democracy,
but because they had grown tired of unemployment and insecurity, of seeing their children hungry
while they sat helpless in the face of government confusion and government weakness through lack of
leadership. Finally, in desperation, they chose to sacrifice liberty in the hope of getting something to eat.
We in America know that our defense lies in the protection of economic security.”
6. “The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.”
1935
7. “People don’t eat in the long run. They eat today.”
8. “Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to
bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted
activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid and protection.”
9. "I came to Washington to work for God, FDR, and the millions of forgotten workingmen."
10. “It Can’t Happen Here.”
1936
11. “Out of this modern civilization, economic royalists carved new dynasties . . . The royalists of the
economic order have conceded that political freedom was the business of Government, but they have
maintained that economic slavery was nobody’s business.”
12. “This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny.”
13. “I should like to have it said of my first Administration that in it the forces of selfishness and of lust
for power met their match. I should like to have it said of my second Administration that in it these forces
met their master.”
page 353

1937
14. “I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished.”
15. “The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it
is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.”
16. “The hope behind this statute is to save men and women from the rigors of the poor house as well
as from the haunting fear that such a lot awaits them when journey's end is near.”
17. “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”
1938
18. “How To Win Friends and Influence People.”
1939
19. “Okie used to mean you was from Oklahoma. Now it means you’re scum. Don’t mean nothing itself,
it’s the way they say it.”
20. "And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from
Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out, tractored out. Car-loads, caravans, homeless and
hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They
streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless - restless as ants, scurrying to find work to do - to lift,
to push, to pull, to pick, to cut - anything, any burden to bear, for food. The kids are hungry. We got no
place to live. Like ants scurrying for work, for food, and most of all for land."
1940
21. “We must be the great arsenal of Democracy.”
1944
22. “What does the Negro want? His answer is very simple. He wants only what all other Americans
want. He wants opportunity to make real what the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution and
the Bill of Rights say, what the Four Freedoms establish. While he knows these ideals are open to no
man completely, he wants only his equal chance to obtain them.”
1951
23. “No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice . . . “
page 354

1. FDR
His first inaugural address. People should not panic - not make a run on banks.
2. FDR
His first inaugural address. He began the “Good Neighbor” policy in Latin America. Less U.S. intervention in the internal affairs of
countries.
3. John Maynard Keynes
The economist meant that government spending would prompt consumer spending. Low demand, which caused the Depression,
would begin to rise.
4. FDR
FDR explained the goals of the New Deal.
Relief - The government would put $ in people’s pockets.
Recovery - The government would attack rising unemployment and the falling GNP.
Reform - The government would pass laws (Social Security) to prevent another future Depression.
5. FDR
FDR on the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany.
6. The 21st Amendment
Prohibition was ended.
(The 21st erased the 18th Amendment.)
7. Harry Hopkins
He said this about the WPA, which created jobs.
8. The Wagner Act
The government said workers had the right to join a union and fight for a contract.
9. Frances Perkins
FDR’s Secretary of Labor was speaking of Social Security.
10. Sinclair Lewis
This is the title of his book - about how the Nazis could take over the USA.
11. FDR
When he decided to run for a second term, FDR began blasting the wealthy.
12. FDR
When he accepted his renomination, FDR said people had to rise to the occasion.
13. FDR
He was running for re-election, so he criticized the rich. This is from his speech at Madison Square Garden in New York City.
14. FDR
In his second inaugural address, FDR said the New Deal was not finished. He intended to improve housing for the poor.
15. FDR
In his second inaugural address, FDR said he would continue to raise the living standard for the poor.
16. Benjamin Cardoso
The Supreme Court justice declared Social Security to be constitutional.
17. Eleanor Roosevelt
The First Lady wrote her autobiography, This Is My Story.
She always took the side of the underdog, especially organized labor and African Americans.
18. Dale Carnegie
The title of Dale Carnegie’s book.
page 355

19. John Steinbeck
The Grapes of Wrath.
When Dust Bowl refugees arrived in California, they were not welcome and were ill-treated.
20. John Steinbeck
The Grapes of Wrath.
He was describing the plight of the Dust Bowl refugees.
21. FDR
After Nazi Germany invaded France during World War II, FDR decided to help the british.
The U.S. would send tanks, planes, and ships to help the British fight the Nazis.
22. Mary McLeod Bethune
African Americans wanted the same rights and opportunities as everyone else.
23. The 22nd Amendment
FDR was the first and last President to be elected more than twice.
(FDR was elected four times.)
page 356

Lesson #120: Game
Face off between a gal and a guy.
Lesson 121: Game
Read the test aloud.
Mars / Venus
How much do you know about this topic?
One concept, a cluster of facts
1. Two chairs at the front of the room.
2. A guy and a gal sit knee to knee.
3. Teacher provides one concept.
4. Guy responds with a related fact.
5. Gal responds with a related fact.
Pair keeps going until they stall.
6. Move on to the next pair.
Example: New Deal
Mars
FDR
end of laissez-faire
1930s
liberals
a continuation of ...
Social Security
CCC
FERA
NLRB
Schecter case
Less Advanced
The two students use the textbook.
Venus
Democrats
govt intervention eco
Depression
The Welfare State
Progressive Movement
WPA
FDIC
SEC
The Wagner Act
NRA unconstitutional
More advanced
Teacher provides other stimuli that appear on
the test:
1. Map
2. Photo
3. Illustration
4. Cartoon
5. Quotation
Explain the game to the class
1. One Concept
If you really know this topic, you can go on forever.
2. Cluster of facts
You must recall a cluster of facts
that surround that big concept.
3. Relaxed on test day
Puts a student on the spot in class.
Puts him/her at ease when taking the test.
When the guy reads a test question,
he actually hears the gal talking.
And vice versa.
Honk if you hate history!
The honker is a bulb horn*, invented by Harpo
Marx. If you get the answers wrong, you are not
dumb. You only sound dumb.
Read the test aloud!
1. Put a table and two chairs at the front.
2. Put two honkers* on the table and put two
students in the chairs.
3. Read a test question. Silence in the room.
4. Read the question a second time.
Honk when you hear the right answer.
5. Allow this pair ten questions.
6. Move on to the next pair.
7. Try Teams: guys vs gals.
“All of the following statements about blahblah
are true, except . . .” is a typical question
on the test. It is the type of question that makes
students freeze up. Honk when you hear the
answer.
Explain the game to the class
Just another zany way to review for a test?
Nope . . .
1. Reasoning skills
Right or wrong, you can ask a student why he
honked. “What were you thinking?”
2. Listening skills
Allows you to listen for the answer that
DOES NOT FIT.
3. Relaxed on test day
Puts a student on the spot in class.
Puts him/her at ease when taking the test.
When you read a test question, you can hear
the horn honk in your ear.
*On the internet, simply type in “clown horn.”
We found honkers at:
www.bubbasikes.com/novelties.html
#IN-21 Bulb horn cost: $6.50
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page 357

Lesson #122: Game
Read the test aloud!
Lesson #123: Game
Read the test aloud!
Stump the Teacher!
The Goal
The state test is tough
Some students hit one tough question and
freeze up for the rest of the exam.
Show students how to make an error and
bounce back. Demonstrate your human-ness by
joining the gang . . .
The set-up
Table in front of the class.
Five chairs.
Five signs: a, b, c, d, e
Five bells, one for each student to ring.
You are the 5th student!
Choose four students and become the fifth!
The Reader
Give the test to one student to read aloud.
If a is the answer, Student a must ring his/her
bell.
The Last Man Standing
Do you remember Bruce Willis in the film,
“The Last Man Standing”?
It was a great shoot-out.
Read the test aloud
1. Everyone stands up.
2. Go up and down the rows, asking questions.
3. When a student is wrong (or silent), he or
she must sit down.
4. The next student tries it.
5. The winner is the last man standing.
Create a poster: “The Bad Guys of History.”
This week’s winner: ___________________.
Run this game only once a week.
Get a polaroid camera.
(This is more important than you can imagine.)
Each week, take the winner’s picture.
Put the photo on the poster.
Put the poster on your classroom door.
The Scorekeeper
Five students keeps score.
(Each scorekeeper keeps track of one person at
the table.) The number of questions you
answered correctly.
When you get an answer wrong
When get an answer wrong, tell the class you
missed breakfast.
Accept the challenge
Nothing surprises students more than role reversal.
It says, “Yep, I am human too.”
It says, “What the heck, I’ll give it my best shot.”
It says, “If you can do it, so can I.”
page 358

The Test
page 359

The New Deal
If you answer them in order, you will score well. They are in logical order.
If you jumble them up, you will score less well. That’s how it’s done on the real test.
Test Questions
FDR
1. When President Roosevelt came into office, he ____ a total plan for solving the economic crisis.
a. already had
b. did not have
2. Franklin Delano Roosevelt inspired confidence for all of the following reasons, except:
a. he had faced polio.
b. he was an optimistic leader.
c. he used radio to talk to the people.
d. he was willing to experiment until he found solutions.
e. he was born poor and knew what it was like to suffer hardship.
3. FDR was popular because of his
a. “fireside chats.”
b. inaugural addresses.
c. being in a wheelchair.
d. raising taxes on the rich.
e. taking on the Supreme Court.
4. FDR ____ the first modern media President
a. was
b. was not
5. Which group has nothing to do with the rest?
a. Populists
b. Progressives
c. New Dealers
d. Conservatives
6. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected ____ time(s).
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
7. FDR died ____ World War II.
a. before
b. during
c. after
page 360

FDR’s advisors
8. Which statement is true?
a. When FDR took office, he brought in experts in economics, sociology, and social work.
b. They were Ivy League professors and theorists who taught at Harvard and other universities.
c. both
d. neither
9. FDR’s informal advisors were known as the
a. think tank.
b. brain drain.
c. brain trust.
d. cabinet.
e. West Wing.
10. Who served as a cabinet member in the Roosevelt administration?
a. Charles Coughlin
b. Francis Townsend
c. Hugh Johnson
d. Frances Perkins
e. Andrew Mellon
11. Which controversial man headed the New Deal’s FERA and WPA?
a. Harry Hopkins
b. Harold Ickes
c. Henry Wallace
d. Hugh Johnson
e. Rexford Tugwell
12. Who was FDR’s economic advisor?
a. Milton Friedman
b. John Maynard Keynes
c. Alan Greenspan
d. Thorstein Veblen
13. Who headed the informal “black cabinet”?
a. Mary McLeod Bethune
b. W.E.B. Du Bois
c. Walter White
d. Marian Anderson
e. Frances Perkins
14. Who was FDR’s Secretary of Labor?
a. Harry Hopkins
b. Harold Ickes
c. Henry Wallace
d. Hugh Johnson
e. Frances Perkins
page 361

FDR’s philosophy
15. The main goal of the New Deal relief programs was to decrease
a. minorities.
b. unemployment.
c. voluntarism and charity.
d. the power of the presidency.
e. government control of the economy.
16. Which statement is true?
a. Teddy Roosevelt and Franklin Roosevelt were distant relatives.
b. The New Deal was a continuation and expansion of the Progressive Era.
c. The New Deal was the realization of Progressive dreams.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
17. FDR seemed radical, but his reforms were meant to preserve
a. democracy.
b. free enterprise.
c. both
d. neither
18. What did FDR think?
a. The Depression was a national emergency.
b. It justified the expansion of power by the federal government.
c. both
d. neither
19. What did FDR want to do?
a. increase taxes on the rich
b. using tax dollars, transfer wealth from the rich to the poor.
c. both
d. neither
20. What did FDR do first?
a. balance the budget
b. deficit spending
c. both
d. neither
21. What did FDR do during the New Deal?
a. The government spends money to “prime the pump.”
b. Government gives jobs to people and pays them wages.
c. People have money to spend.
d. Demand goes up.
e. all of the above
page 362

22. FDR believed in
a. welfare payments.
b. welfare programs.
c. the Welfare State.
d. all of the above
e. only A and B
23. FDR believed the ____ should provide help to needy individuals.
a. churches
b. private charities
c. local government
d. state government
e. federal government
24. FDR ___ believe that the federal government should be the employer of last resort.
a. did
b. did not
25. During the 1930s, FDR ____ set up the Welfare State.
a. did
b. did not
26. FDR believed that the federal government should
a. regulate business.
b. help run the economy.
c. both
d. neither
27. Today, we ____ have the Welfare State.
a. still
b. no longer
page 363

What was the New Deal?
28. What was the New Deal?
a. It began with the election of FDR in 1933.
b. It ended during World War II.
c. both
d. neither
29. What was the New Deal?
a. It was FDR’s program to pull the U.S. out of the Depression.
b. It was the nickname of FDR’s first two administrations.
c. both
d. neither
30. What was the New Deal?
a. It provided relief to the needy.
b. It made GNP rise and unemployment fall.
c. It made reforms to prevent a future Depression.
d. all of the above
e. only A and B
31. The New Deal restored people’s faith in
a. democracy.
b. the free enterprise system.
c. both
d. neither
32. The New Deal was needed because the Depression shook the ____
foundations of the U.S.
a. economic c. cultural
b. political d. religious
33. Which federal program was begun under the New Deal?
a. Welfare payments
b. Unemployment insurance
c. both
d. neither
34. Which policy was begun under the New Deal?
a. minimum wage
b. an end to child labor
c. both
d. neither
page 364

FDR takes over
35. FDR began his term by solving the ____ crisis.
a. farm
b. unemployment
c. banking
d. Supreme Court
e. homelessness
36. Which crisis did FDR tackle first?
a. farm crisis
b. unemployment crisis
c. banking crisis
d. the Dust Bowl
d. homeowners losing their homes
37. Which problem did FDR solve first?
a. create jobs.
b. save the family farm.
c. stabilize the stock market.
d. stabilize the banking system
e. prevent families from losing their homes.
38. To solve the banking crisis, FDR
a. cut taxes.
b. cut government spending.
c. temporarily closed the banks.
d. bailed out the insolvent banks.
e. nationalized the banks.
39. Why did FDR declare a “bank holiday?”
a. To blame bankers for creating the stock market crash.
b. To inform bankers of the new FDIC.
c. To protect the savings of ordinary citizens.
d. To stop bank foreclosures on farms.
e. To catch Bonnie and Clyde.
40. Which statement is true?
a. From 1929 to 1932, 10,000 banks failed
b. Almost half of all banks went under before FDR took office.
c. both
d. neither
41. Which statement is not true?
a. In 1933, FDR called a “Bank Holiday.”
b. Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act of 1933.
c. Only the sound banks reopened.
d. FDR kept the U.S. on the gold standard.
e. FDR saved the banking industry
page 365

42. The main goal of FDR’s “bank holiday” was to stop
a. farm foreclosures.
b. bank failures.
c. both
d. neither
43. What technology did President Roosevelt use to communicate with the American people?
a. radio
b. television
c. newspapers
d. the internet
44. President Roosevelt's broadcasts were designed to
a. boost people’s confidence.
b. explain his programs to the American people.
c. both
d. neither
45. “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
FDR was referring to what crisis?
a. farm foreclosures
b. bank failures
c. factory layoffs
d. all of the above
page 366

FDR and Congress
46. Which statement is true?
a. For three years, the Republicans in Congress had a chance to solve the problems
created by the Depression.
b. In 1932, voters ousted them and filled Congress with Democrats.
c. both
d. neither
47. Beginning in November 1932, the Democrats controlled
a. the Presidency.
b. both houses of Congress.
c. both
d. neither
48. In his inaugural address, FDR threatened that if Congress did not pass his New Deal program, he
would
a. pressure Congress.
b. tell Americans to vote Congress out.
c. seek wartime emergency powers.
d. call for a no-confidence vote.
49. The beginning of Roosevelt's administration, when numerous bills to fight the Depression were proposed
and passed, is known as the first
a. 100 days.
b. 1000 days.
50. During the first three months of the New Deal, numerous bills to fight the Depression were
a. proposed by the President.
b. passed by Congress.
c. both
d. neither
51. Which statement about the first three months of FDR’s administration is true?
a. FDR got Congress to pass 15 major pieces of legislation.
b. This had never happened before.
c. This has never happened since.
d. It was known as the First New Deal.
e. all of the above
52. Which statement is true?
a. Whenever FDR asked Congress for broad executive power, they gave it to him.
b. FDR became the most powerful president in U.S. history.
c. both
d. neither
page 367

The alphabet programs
53. Which programs were part of the first New Deal?
a. AAA, CCC, NRA, TVA, FDIC, SEC
b. Wagner Act, Social Security, minimum wage
54. Which programs were part of the second New Deal?
a. AAA, CCC, NRA, TVA, FDIC, SEC
b. Wagner Act, Social Security, minimum wage
55. Which program was not passed during FDR's first hundred days in office?
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. FERA
d. FDIC
e. WPA
56. Which were relief programs - designed to help the needy?
a. CCC, WPA, FERA
b. SEC, FDIC, and Social Security
57. Which programs were designed for long-term reform?
a. CCC, WPA, FERA
b. SEC, FDIC, and Social Security
page 368

The AAA
58. The main goal of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was to
a. use surplus food to feed the needy.
b. rely on the market to raise farm income.
c. cut food production in order to raise farm prices.
d. drive tenant farmers and sharecroppers off the land.
e. make farmers dependent on the federal government.
59. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) helped raise farm prices by
a. building dams for irrigation.
b. paying farmers not to plant crops.
c. planting trees to stop soil erosion.
d. bringing electricity to rural regions.
e. encouraging rural to urban migration.
60. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) tried to
a. cut production and raise food prices.
b. raise production and cut food prices.
c. both
d. neither
61. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) helped
a. farmers.
b. factory workers
c. homeowners
d. all of the above
62. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
a. destroyed crops while people were starving.
b. drove tenant farmers and sharecroppers off the land.
c. both
d. neither
63. Which statement about the AAA is not true?
a. For the first time, government planned farm production.
b. Government raised farm prices by reducing production.
c. It became the cornerstone of U.S. agricultural policy.
d. It helped tenant farmers and sharecroppers.
e. It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
64. The AAA was declared unconstitutional because it
a. taxed food processors to pay for it.
b. caused many tenant farmers and sharecroppers to go under.
c. both
d. neither
65. Ultimately, what drastically cut farm production in the 1930s?
a. The AAA
b. The Dust Bowl.
page 369

66. The Supreme Court struck down the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) because only the
____ can levy taxes.
a. President
b. Congress
c. Supreme Court
67. Which statement is true?
a. During the New Deal, the federal government set farm production and farm prices.
b. The principle of the AAA still guides American farm policy today.
c. both
d. neither
page 370

The CCC
68. Under the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the federal government ____
become responsible for unemployment.
a. did
b. did not
69. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
a. put electricity into rural homes.
b. helped disaster victims in the Dust Bowl.
c. built public housing in urban areas.
d. hired young men to conserve natural resources.
e. provided job training for young people in high school.
70. Which statement about the Depression is not true?
a. One million unemployed roamed the country searching for work.
b. Of those riding the rails, 250,000 were under 21.
c. Still others were hanging around city street corners.
d. Young people were at risk for falling into crime.
e. At no time did FDR fear that young men would join extremist groups.
71. Which statement about the CCC is not true?
a. The CCC was the first action taken by FDR.
b. It was for young men, 18 to 25, who were unemployed.
c. The government paid millions of men to live in camps.
d. They worked in national forests and national parks.
e. The CCC was first run by the U.S. Army.
NYA
72. The National Youth Administration (NYA) was all of the following, except:
a. Over one million high school students were given odd jobs.
b. The goal was to allow them to stay in high school.
c. 600,000 students were able to stay in college.
d. They painted houses, cleaned parks, and got some job training.
e. City youth went to work at Army camps in the national parks.
page 371

FERA
73. Under the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA), the federal government sent funds to the states to
help the
a. farmers.
b. homeowners.
c. unemployed.
d. workers who wanted a union.
74. Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) ____ mark the beginning of cash
welfare payments from the federal government.
a. did
b. did not
75. Which statement about the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) is true?
a. Harry Hopkins began doling out millions of dollars to the states.
b. The states then handed out money to the needy.
c. both
d. neither
CWA
76. Which statement about the Civil Works Administration (CWA) is true?
a. Harry Hopkins created temporary jobs.
b. The public thought giving out jobs was better than giving people a “handout.”
c. both
d. neither
77. Which statement about the the Civil Works Administration (CWA) is true?
a. The federal government became an employer.
b. It hired four million people to build bridges, roads, schools,
hospitals, parks, and playgrounds.
c. both
d. neither
page 372

The TVA
78. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was controversial because it
a. was a government-owned corporation.
b. competed with privately-owned public utilities.
c. both
d. neither
79. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was all of the following, except:
a. an independent public corporation.
b. a power company that sold electricity.
c. a flood-control project.
d. a government-owned company.
e. it never competed with private enterprise.
80. What did the TVA provide?
a. electricity
b. flood control
c. construction jobs
d. all of the above
e. only A and C
81. What was the purpose of constructing dams?
a. provide electricity
b. create construction jobs
c. promote economic growth
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
82. Some businessmen regarded the TVA as a
a. threat to private enterprise.
b. communist experiment.
c. both
d. neither
83. Communism is when
a. there is no private property.
b. government owns and runs all the factories, mines, mills, and farms.
c. both
d. neither
84. Which is a public utility?
a. coal mine
b. power plant
c. rivers and lakes
d. steel mill
e. department store
85. The New Deal ____ break up trusts that tried to monopolize the oil, gas, and electricity industries.
a. did
b. did not
page 373

86. Which dam was begun BEFORE the New Deal?
a. TVA
b. Hoover Dam
c. Bonneville Dam
d. California Central Valley Project
87. Which statement about the TVA is true?
a. TVA dams provided electricity.
b. Electricity attracted industries to the region.
c. Industries provided jobs.
d. TVA dams provided flood control, irrigation, and better navigation.
e. all of the above
88. Which statement is true?
a. The dams were owned by the U.S. government.
b. The U.S. government competed with private utilities.
c. both
d. neither
page 374

The WPA
89. What do you call aid to the unemployed in the form of jobs?
a. work relief
b. cash relief
90. Why did people criticize the WPA?
a. It did not hire African Americans.
b. It was poorly funded.
c. It helped starving artists.
d. It gave FDR too much power.
91. What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?
a. A massive public works program that ultimately spent $12 billion.
b. It was run by Harry Hopkins.
c. both
d. neither
92. What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?
a. The federal government was the employer of last resort.
b. The federal government hired 8 million people across the U.S.
c. both
d. neither
93. Who worked for the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?
a. Blue collar workers
b. White collar workers
c. both
d. neither
94. Who worked for the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?
a. Construction workers who built highways, bridges, and airports.
b. Artists, writers, musicians, and actors.
c. both
d. neither
95. Which program was run by the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?
a. The Federal Art Project hired artists to create murals and
sculpture for public buildings.
b. The Federal Writers Project hired people interview former slaves in the South.
c. The Federal Theater Project hired actors to put on plays across America.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
96. What did the WPA build?
a. roads and bridges
b. schools and hospitals
c. both
d. neither
page 375

97. The Social Security Act provided for all the following, except:
a. old-age pensions.
b. aid to dependent children.
c. national health insurance.
d. unemployment compensation.
98. Which of the following statements about the Social Security Act of 1935 is true?
a. People over 65 got a monthly pension.
b. It covered widows and orphans.
c. both
d. neither
99. The Social Security Act of 1935 provided seniors with Medicare.
a. True
b. False
100. During the New Deal, who was not covered by Social Security?
a. farm workers
b. domestic workers
c. both
d. neither
101. What was Social Security?
a. It was a payroll tax.
b. The federal government deducted money from everybody’s paycheck.
c. The employer pays half and the employee pays half.
d. The money was put into a national fund for the elderly.
e. all of the above
102. What is Social Security? The money you pay into it
a. goes into a special fund for you.
b. goes into a general fund that pays senior citizens today.
103. Social Security ____ the first step toward a complete welfare system.
a. was
b. was not
page 376

Homeowners
104. During the New Deal, the federal government
a. insured mortgages.
b. reduced down payments on homes.
c. increased the length of home mortgage loans.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
105. During the New Deal, the federal government
a. built public housing.
b. enabled low-income families to buy a house.
c. both
d. neither
page 377

Government regulation of banks and Wall Street
106. What is the purpose of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)?
a. The federal government oversees the stock market and Wall Street.
b. The federal government oversees and stabilizes the banking system.
c. both
d. neither
107. What caused the stock market crash?
a. Speculation
b. Bidding a stock up, far above its actual value.
c. both
d. neither
108. Which law was designed to prevent bidding a stock up, far above its actual value?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Truth-in_Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
109. Why did the Wall Street crash hurt banks?
a. Commercial banks invested in the stock market.
b. There was no separation between commercial banks and investment banks.
c. both
d. neither
110. Which law was designed to prevent commercial banks from investing on Wall Street?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Truth-in-Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
111. What is the purpose of the FDIC?
a. It guarantees bank deposits
b. If your bank goes under, the federal government will reimburse you the money.
c. both
d. neither
112. Which stopped the run on banks?
a. SEC
b. FDIC
page 378

Which alphabet program?
113. The New Deal’s No. 1 work relief program.
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. WPA
d. NRA
e. TVA
114. The New Deal's No. 1 program to stimulate agricultural recovery.
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. WPA
d. NRA
e. TVA
115. It was the first New Deal program and the most popular.
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. WPA
d. NRA
e. TVA
116. The federal government set production and prices in industry.
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. WPA
d. NRA
e. TVA
117. The public corporation that provided electricity, flood control, and jobs to the southeastern states.
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. WPA
d. NRA
e. TVA
118. Which program(s) gave cash hand-outs to the needy?
a. CCC, PWA, WPA
b. FERA
119. Which program(s) made people work for the money they received?
a. CCC, PWA, WPA
b. FERA
120. Which New Deal program began the modern welfare system?
a. CCC
b. TVA
c. FDIC
d. NLRB
e. Social Security
page 379

121. Which New Deal program uplifted part of Appalachia?
a. CCC
b. FERA
c. AAA
d. TVA
e. WPA
122. The major work relief program which employed people on construction projects and in the arts.
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. WPA
d. NRA
e. TVA
123. Which New Deal program was meant to prevent future economic crises?
a. CCC
b. WPA
c. TVA
d. Social Security
124. Which New Deal program established Aid to Dependent Children?
a. CCC
b. TVA
c. WPA
d. Social Security
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
125. What was the Wagner Act?
a. ended Prohibition
b. balanced the budget
c. insured bank savings
d. created the minimum wage.
e. encouraged people to join a union.
126. Which program was so radical that it could not be proposed until 1938?
a. government setting production and prices for agriculture
b. government setting production and prices for industry
c. government shutdown of all banks
d. federal aid to the unemployed
e. establishing the minimum wage
127. Which New Deal program continues today to provide for retired workers?
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. WPA
d. NRA
e. Social Security
page 380

128. It provided cheap electrical power for U. S. farmers across America.
a. Agricultural Adjustment Act
b. Farm Credit Administration
c. Rural Electrification Administration
d. Farm Security Administration
e. Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
129. It paid subsidies to farmers to reduce the acreage of basic crops in order to raise agricultural
prices.
a. Agricultural Adjustment Act
b. Farm Credit Administration
c. Rural Electrification Administration
d. Farm Security Administration
e. Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
130. It turned the Tennessee River into hydroelectric power dams and lakes.
a. CCC
b. FERA
c. AAA
d. TVA
e. WPA
131. Created in 1933, it established a set of codes (wages, hours) in each industry. In 1935, it was
declared unconstitutional.
a. CCC
b. FERA
c. NRA
d. TVA
e. WPA
132. A public works program, it employed artists, writers, and musicians as part of the Federal Arts
Project.
a. CCC
b. FERA
c. NRA
d. TVA
e. WPA
133. It guaranteed all bank deposits up to a certain amount, even if the bank failed.
a. SEC
b. FDIC
c. Glass-Steagall Act
d. Truth-in-Securities Act
e. Wagner Act
page 381

134. A massive public works program that ultimately spent $12 billion.
a. CCC
b. FERA
c. AAA
d. TVA
e. WPA
135. It regulated farm production and prices.
a. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
b. Farm Credit Administration (FCA)
c. Farm Security Administration (FSA)
d. Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC)
136. The federal government regulated radio and later, television.
a. FDIC
b. SEC
c. FCC
d. FCIC
e. PWA
137. It was an experiment in regional planning.
a. CCC
b. FERA
c. AAA
d. TVA
e. WPA
138. Which New Deal agency was designed to pull a whole region out of poverty?
a. FHA
b. NYA
c. USHA
d. TVA
e. HOLC
page 382

139. Which program cut farm production?
a. CCC
b. FERA
c. AAA
d. TVA
e. WPA
140. The government worked with management and labor to set wages and hours for each industry.
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. NRA
d. WPA
e. TVA
141. Which New Deal program was designed for regional development?
a. CCC
b. FERA
c. AAA
d. TVA
e. WPA
142. Which program paid farmers not to plant crops?
a. CCC
b. FERA
c. AAA
d. TVA
e. WPA
143. It regulated the stock market and prevented the abuses that led to the stock market crash of 1929.
a. SEC
b. FDIC
c. Glass-Steagall Act
d. Truth-in-Securities Act
e. Wagner Act
144. The popular government agency that combined work relief and conservation of natural resources.
a. CCC
b. WPA
c. NRA
d. TVA
e. NYA
page 383

New Deal Laws
145. Which closed unsound banks during the bank holiday of 1933?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
146. Which gave the Federal Reserve Board the power to control bank interest rates?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
147. Which commanded companies to tell the truth about their assets and debts?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
148. Which prevents federal government employees from campaigning in political elections?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
149. Which made the federal government the main regulator of labor-management relations?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
150. A stock cannot be bid above its actual value because this law required full public disclosure of all
relevant financial information about a corporation.
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
page 384

151. Which established the minimum wage?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
152. Which established maximum hours?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
153. Which established overtime pay?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
154. Which ended child labor?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
155. Which is regarded as organized labor’s “Bill of Rights”?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
156. Which is regarded as the “Magna Carta of Organized Labor”?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
page 385

157. It established the minimum wage and maximum work hours.
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
158. Federal officials cannot participate in political campaigns.
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
159. Created in 1935, it enforced laws against unfair labor practices.
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
160. Known as the "Magna Carta of Labor," this law guaranteed workers the right to a union and the
right of collective bargaining.
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
161. How did the Glass-Steagall Act change banking?
a. commercial banks could not invest on the stock market.
b. investment banks could not invest on the stock market.
c. both
d. neither
page 386

What the New Deal was not
162. Which was not a program of the New Deal?
a. Farm Credit Administration
b. Rural Electrification Administration
c. Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
d. Reconstruction Finance Corporation
e. Federal Emergency Relief Administration
163. During the first one hundred days of the New Deal, what happened?
a. FDR replaced capitalism with socialism.
b. Congress killed many New Deal programs.
c. The Supreme Court struck down FDR’s alphabet agencies.
d. FDR tried many social and economic experiments.
e. all of the above
164. The New Deal brought an end to what?
a. fear and despair
b. unemployment
c. economic stagnation
165. In 1934, how can you tell that the economy was improving?
a. The GNP was rising.
b. Unemployment was falling.
c. both
d. neither
page 387

Critics of the New Deal
166. What did Huey Long and his “Share the Wealth” movement want?
a. farm subsidies
b. old-age pensions
c. the right to join a union
d. electricity for poor farmers
e. a tax system that redistributed income
167. Who was Huey Long? He was all of the following, except:
a. politician from Louisiana
b. demagogue
c. critic of the New Deal
d. founder of the "Share the Wealth" program
e. the original father of Social Security
168. What did Huey Long believe?
a. He had a program called “Share Our Wealth.”
b. The government would give the average American a house, car, and an annual salary of
$2,500.
c. both
d. neither
169. When Huey Long criticized FDR for not redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor, FDR
responded with what program?
a. CCC
b. WPA
c. TVA
d. NRA
e. Social Security
170. Which statement about Father Coughlin is not true?
a. He lived in Detroit.
b. He had a popular radio show.
c. He was known as “the radio priest.”
d. He was anti-Semitic.
e. He had few listeners.
171. What did Father Coughlin believe?
a. An international conspiracy of Jewish bankers caused the Great Depression.
b. He called for nationalized banks and massive works programs.
c. both
d. neither
page 388

172. Which program was FDR’s response to Francis Townsend?
a. farm subsidies
b. old-age pensions
c. the right to join a union
d. electricity for poor farmers
e. a tax system that redistributed wealth
173. What was the Townsend plan?
a. Everyone 60 years old should retire, thereby opening up jobs for young people.
b. The government could give a pension to each retiree.
c. both
d. neither
174. Big Business formed this political organization to oppose the New Deal.
a. American Legion
b. Republican Party
c. American Liberty League
d. Chamber of Commerce
e. National Association of Manufacturers
175. The Liberty League
a. supported the New Deal.
b. was formed by African Americans.
c. fought for workers’ rights and organized labor.
d. opposed government intervention in the economy.
e. believed the New Deal program did not go far enough.
176. Big Business opposed the New Deal because it meant
a. government intervention in the economy.
b. government regulation of business.
c. both
d. neither
177. Which statement is true?
a. President Hoover taxed the rich at 68%.
b. President Roosevelt taxed the rich at 79%.
c. both
d. neither
178. What did the Liberty League oppose?
a. the growing role of the federal government.
b. government regulation
c. government planning
d. higher taxes
e. all of the above
page 389

179. The Liberty League was an organization of
a. conservative politicians.
b. conservative businessmen.
c. both
d. neither
180. What did the Liberty League stand for? They believed in everything, except:
a. states' rights
b. free enterprise
c. the open shop
d. the New Deal
e. union-busting
181. In the U.S., 80% of all the newspapers ____ FDR and the New Deal.
a. supported
b. opposed
182. In the late 1930s, Southern Democrats opposed FDR because
a. he wanted a more liberal Supreme Court.
b. a liberal Supreme Court might end segregation.
c. both
d. neither
183. What is a Dixiecrat?
a. a Southern Democrat
b. one who opposes integration
c. both
d. neither
184. What motivated FDR to initiate the Second New Deal in 1937?
a. Big Business
b. The Supreme Court
c. Liberal critics
d. Nazi Germany
page 390

The New Deal Coalition
185. Which group helped FDR win re-election in 1936?
a. Northern blacks
b. Southern whites
c. both
d. neither
186. Then and now, who forms the base of the Democratic Party?
a. African Americans
b. organized labor
c. both
d. neither
187. The New Deal Coalition consisted of
a. labor unions
b. African Americans
c. White Southern Democrats
d. all of the above
188. Thanks to the New Deal Coalition, the ____ controlled Congress for the next fifty years.
a. Republicans
b. Democrats
189. What was FDR’s southern strategy?
a. He wanted white Southern Democrats to vote for him.
b. To get their vote, he never opposed Jim Crow segregation.
c. both
d. neither
190. Which Southerners were harmed by the New Deal?
a. white tenant farmers
b. black sharecroppers
c. both
d. neither
page 391

The Election of 1936
191. In 1936, FDR ran for his ____ term.
a. first
b. second
192. By 1936, New Deal relief programs had ____ unemployment.
a. increased
b. reduced
193. After the 1936 election, it was clear that the American people ____ FDR’s New Deal.
a. liked
b. disliked
194. Who did not vote for FDR and the New Deal?
a. The cities
b. Southern whites
c. organized labor
d. African Americans
e. conservatives
195. Ever since the Civil War, which region voted solidly for the Democratic Party?
a. New England
b. the Midwest
c. the South
d. the Great Lakes
e. the Dust Bowl
196. Which statement is true?
a. From the Civil War onward, African Americans voted for the Republican Party.
b. During the Depression, African Americans began voting for the Democratic Party.
c. both
d. neither
page 392

African Americans and the New Deal
197. African Americans were living in poverty ____ the stock market crash.
a. before
b. after
c. both
d. neither
198. During the Depression, unemployment in Harlem stood at
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 25%
d. 33%
e. 50%
199. During the Depression, African Americans deserted the ____ Party.
a. Democratic
b. Republican
200. Which statement is true?
a. African Americans helped elect FDR.
b. African Americans were a key part of the New Deal coalition.
c. both
d. neither
201. Which statement about the New Deal is true?
a. Unemployment fell.
b. It brought relief to many people.
c. It ignored Southern blacks.
d. It ignored Mexican Americans.
e. all of the above.
202. The “black cabinet” was group of young African Americans who held federal jobs in Washington,
D.C. Every week, they met to discuss strategy. Who was their leader?
a. W.E.B. Du Bois
b. Walter White
c. Eleanor Roosevelt
d. A. Philip Randolph
e. Mary McLeod Bethune
203. Which legal case symbolized the discrimination which still existed against African Americans in the
1930s?
a. Scopes
b. Scottsboro
c. Schechter
d. Sacco & Vanzetti
page 393

204. “Although there were many inequities in the New Deal programs, blacks had opportunities to
obtain employment, some in areas previously closed to them.” Which New Deal programs discriminated
against African Americans?
a. housing
b. farm
c. both
d. neither
205. Which statement about New Deal programs is true?
a. African Americans were discriminated against in housing.
b. In the South, black tenant farmers and sharecroppers were driven off the land.
c. The New Deal hired African American artists, writers, and photographers.
d. all of the above
e. only B and C.
206. “Distinguished African-American writers served literary apprenticeships on the Federal Writers'
Project.” Which 1930s authors worked for the WPA?
a. Ralph Ellison
b. Richard Wright
c. Margaret Walker
d. Zora Neale Hurston
e. all of the above
207. Which statement about the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) is true?
a. The federal government red-lined neighborhoods.
b. This guaranteed that African Americans had to live in a ghetto.
c. both
d. neither
208. Which statement about New York City in 1935 is true?
a. There was a race riot in Harlem.
b. Half of the work force there was unemployed.
c. Mayor LaGuardia commissioned a report on life in Harlem.
d. The report was so bleak he never issued it to the public.
e. all of the above
209. The New Deal did ____ build public housing projects in Harlem.
a. did
b. did not
page 394

210. The Scottsboro case involved nine young African Americans in Alabama.
They were accused of rape, found guilty, and sentenced to die.
The Supreme Court ruled in their favor because
a. they were arrested on questionable evidence.
b. they were without proper legal counsel.
c. African American were not allowed on juries in Alabama.
211. The Scottsboro case ____ one of the most important civil rights cases.
a. was
b. was not
212. What was wrong with the Scottsboro case?
a. The accused were not able to hire a defense lawyer.
b. They were convicted by an all-white jury.
c. both
d. neither
213. Which did the Supreme Court overturn the convictions?
a. The accused were not able to hire a defense lawyer.
b. They were convicted by an all-white jury.
c. both
d. neither
Native Americans
214. What did the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 do?
a. restored the right of Native American tribes to control their reservations.
b. restored self government on the reservation.
c. both
d. neither
215. After the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, who governed the reservation?
a. the tribe
b. the federal government
c. both
d. neither
216. After the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, who owned the land on the reservation?
a. the tribe
b. the federal government
c. both
d. neither
page 395

The Supreme Court
CAUSES OF THE CONTROVERSY
217. The single biggest political controversy of the New Deal involved the ____ branch.
a. executive
b. legislative
c. judicial
218. Which statement is true?
a. The President and Congress supported the New Deal.
b. The Supreme Court did not.
c. both
d. neither
219. Which statement about the Supreme Court in the 1930s is true?
a. Seven out of nine justices had been appointed by conservative Republicans.
b. The majority believed in laissez-faire economics.
c. The Court threw out several New Deal programs.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
WHAT FDR DID
220. Which statement is true?
a. FDR was afraid the Supreme Court might throw out the Wagner Act and Social Security.
b. To prevent this, FDR wanted to pack the Court with his own appointees.
c. both
d. neither
221. Which statement about the Supreme Court in the 1930s is true?
a. President Roosevelt challenged the Court directly.
b. Roosevelt asked Congress for the power to appoint new justices.
c. His foes called the plan "Court-packing."
d. The controversy involved the U.S. Constitution.
e. all of the above
222. Which caused the Supreme Court controversy?
a. The Supreme Court struck down New Deal programs.
b. FDR wanted to protect the remaining New Deal programs.
c. FDR wanted to change the political make-up of the Supreme Court.
d. FDR wanted to increase the size of the Court.
e. all of the above
223. Which was an issue during the Supreme Court controversy?
a. the size
b. the make-up
c. both
d. neither
page 396

224. Which was an issue during the Supreme Court controversy?
a. the independence of the Supreme Court
b. the increasing power of the presidency
c. both
d. neither
225. In 1937, President Roosevelt attempted to ____ the number of Supreme Court justices in order to
create a Court more ____ to New Deal programs.
a. decrease; hostile
b. decrease; sympathetic
c. increase; hostile
d. increase; sympathetic
THE RESULTS
226. When FDR asked Congress to change the Supreme Court, what happened?
a. The public was outraged and Congress refused to pack the Court.
b. The Supreme Court upheld the Wagner Act and Social Security.
c. Members of the Court retired and FDR got to pick his own appointees.
d. all of the above
e. only A and B
227. In 1937, FDR’s legislation concerning the Supreme Court ____, but the
Court began accepting New Deal legislation as ____.
a. succeeded; constitutional
b. succeeded; unconstitutional
c. failed; constitutional
d. failed; unconstitutional
228. Which issue was not a result of the Supreme Court controversy?
a. FDR increased the size of the Court, from 9 to 15.
b. Three conservative Republicans retired from the Supreme Court.
c. FDR appointed three liberals to the Supreme Court.
d. Southern Democrats abandoned FDR.
229. The Supreme Court controversy ____ FDR and the New Deal.
a. weakened
b. strengthened
230. The Supreme Court controversy ____ FDR’s popularity.
a. increased
b. decreased
page 397

231. After the Supreme Court controversy, Southern Democrats allied themselves with
a. liberal Democrats of the New Deal.
b. conservative Republicans who opposed the New Deal.
c. both
d. neither
232. Which statement is true?
a. Southern Democrats feared a Supreme Court dominated by liberals.
b. Southern Democrats feared a liberal Court would overturn segregation.
c. both
d. neither
page 398

Organized Labor
The Problem
233. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. Many employers broke the unions in their industry.
b. The U.S. government supported collective bargaining.
c. both
d. neither
234. During the 1920s, did workers’ wages keep up with rising productivity and corporate profits?
a. yes
b. no
235. Who did not benefit from federal government policies in the 1920s?
a. Chamber of Commerce
b. Wall Street stockbrokers
c. investors in the stock market
d. American Federation of Labor
e. National Association of Manufacturers
236. In the 1920s, the Republican Party believed in all of the following, except:
a. open shop
b. collective bargaining
c. protectionism
d. laissez-faire
e. nativism
237. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. Many employers opposed unions.
b. The U.S. government supported collective bargaining.
c. both
d. neither
238. Which statement is true?
a. Before the 1930s, most industries had no union.
b. Ever since the 1930s, some industries have a union.
c. both
d. neither
239. Which statement is true?
a. Low purchasing power caused the Depression.
b. Unions raise purchasing power.
c. both
d. neither
page 399

The Solution
240. What best describes the relationship between the New Deal and organized labor?
a. hostile
b. cooperative
241. The Congress of Industrial Organization sought to organize workers into ____ unions.
a. craft
b. industrial
242. Who did not believe in collective bargaining?
a. Walter Reuther
b. John L. Lewis
c. Frances Perkins
d. Henry Ford
e. FDR
243. Which statement is true?
a. Unions go on strike to raise wages.
b. Unions raise purchasing power.
c. both
d. neither
page 400

The first labor law, 1933
244. In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act.
Which agency did it create?
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. WPA
d. FERA
e. NRA
245. What was the National Recovery Administration (NRA)?
a. central planning by government and industry
b. business and government cooperation
c. set wages, hours, and prices for each industry
d. allowed workers to organize into unions
e. all of the above
246. The National Industrial Recovery Act wanted to
a. restore prosperity to business.
b. raise wages for workers.
c. both
d. neither
247. What was the main function of the NRA from 1933 to 1935?
a. protect small business
b. provide electricity to farmers
c. regulate farm production and prices
d. provide jobs for young unemployed men
e. draft codes of fair competition in each industry
248. The goal of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) was to
a. encourage industrial recovery.
b. combat widespread unemployment.
c. both
d. neither
249. The NRA set out to do all of the following, except:
a. organize the national economy.
b. set codes for each industry
c. regulate wages and prices in each industry.
d. regulate competition in each industry.
e. prevent economic stability.
250. The NRA ____ competition within an industry.
a. increased
b. decreased
251. The National Recovery Administration allowed government planning of industry.
a. True
b. False
page 401

252. Under the NRA, the federal government and business ____ worked together to set up codes for
each industry.
a. did
b. did not
253. Under the NRA, the government supervised ____ in industry.
a. production
b. prices
c. both
d. neither
254. Under the NRA, the federal government ____ involved in state-directed planning.
a. was
b. was not
255. The NRA ____ government planning of industry.
a. was
b. was not
256. From 1933 to 1935, the Blue Eagle was the symbol of the
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. NRA
d. WPA
e. FERA
257. The Blue Eagle was a symbol that government would play an active role in the economy by joining
forces with ____ in a cooperative relationship.
a. business
b. labor
c. both
d. neither
258. If a business signed the code for its industry, it got to display the ____ in its store window and on
its products.
a. union label
b. blue eagle
c. American flag
d. Uncle Sam
259. If a business did not display the NRA blue eagle,
a. it was regarded as unpatriotic.
b. people refused to buy their products.
c. both
d. neither
page 402

260. Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act was controversial because it
a. allowed workers to organize into unions.
b. allowed workers to engage in collective bargaining.
c. both
d. neither
261. Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act ____ a victory for organized labor.
a. was
b. was not
262. Which group was horrified by Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act?
a. employees
b. employers
263. Which statement is correct?
a. Employers were opposed to unions and collective bargaining.
b. Businessmen were furious at FDR, the Democrats, and the New Deal.
c. both
d. neither
264. Which statement is true?
a. Big Business could afford the NRA codes.
b. Small businesses could not.
c. both
d. neither
265. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) favored
a. Big Business.
b. small business.
c. both
d. neither
266. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) ____ criticized by businessmen for establishing too
many controls.
a. was
b. was not
267. Which statement about the NRA is not true?
a. It brought about cooperation between employers and employees.
b. It set codes for fair business practices.
c. It set minimum wages and maximum hours in each industry.
d. It was a successful program for both small and big business.
e. It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
268. Which statement about the NRA is true?
a. It was a success and continues today.
b. It was invalidated by the Supreme Court.
c. both
d. neither
page 403

269. In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress can regulate only
a. interstate trade.
b. intrastate trade.
c. both
d. neither
270. Which law was written to replace the NRA?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
page 404

The second labor law, 1935
271. The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) ____ promote the growth of labor unions in the 1930s.
a. did
b. did not
272. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935
a. prevented the spread of unions.
b. recognized workers' right to organize and bargain collectively.
c. both
d. neither
273. Which is the nickname of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
274. Which made the federal government the main regulator of labor-management relations?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
275. Which set up the National Labor Relations Board?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
276. Which set up union elections?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
page 405

277. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
a. defined “unfair labor practice.”
b. outlawed blacklisting.
c. both
d. neither
278. What did the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) do?
a. It supervised union elections.
b. It prevented employers from firing a worker simply for joining the union.
c. both
d. neither
279. Which is regarded as organized labor’s “Bill of Rights”?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
280. Which is regarded as the “Magna Carta of Organized Labor”?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
281. Which allowed the CIO to organize the steel and auto industries?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
282. The Wagner Act
a. was the National Labor Relations Act.
b. required employers to recognize and bargain with a union.
c. created the NLRB to conduct union certification elections.
d. all of the above
283. In 1935, Congress passed the Wagner Act because the Supreme Court struck down the
a. AAA
b. CCC
c. FERA
d. NRA
e. TVA
page 406

284. The Wagner Act was passed so that
a. the federal government could clean up corrupt unions.
b. employers could not interfere in a worker’s right to join a union.
c. both
d. neither
285. It is illegal for an employer to ____ union members.
a. spy on
b. interrogate
c. discipline or discharge
d. blacklist
e. all of the above
286. Which statement about the Wagner Act is true?
a. It revolutionized American labor relations.
b. It took labor disputes out of the courts.
c. The federal government was in charge of settling labor disputes.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
287. After passage of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, what changed?
a. When workers went on strike, employers dragged them into court.
b. When workers went on strike, the federal government settled the dispute.
c. both
d. neither
288. Under the Wagner Act, if a worker is fired for joining the union, the ____ slaps the employer with
“unfair labor practices.”
a. NRA
b. NLRB
289. The law requires employers to
a. recognize the union
b. engage in collective bargaining with the union.
c. both
d. neither
290. The Wagner Act ____ still law.
a. is
b. is not
291. True or False: By raising wages, unions raise purchasing power.
a. True b. False
page 407

The Results
292. What was the Wagner Act?
a. the National Labor Relations Act
b. increased wages by promoting unions
c. prohibited employers from interfering in unions
d. the government arbitrated disputes between labor and management.
e. all of the above
293. During the 1930s, the ____ became the major umbrella organization of organized labor.
a. Knights of Labor (K of L)
b. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
c. American Federation of Labor (AF of L)
d. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
e. United Mine Workers of America (UMWA)
294. From 1937 to 1941, organized labor experienced a series of
a. victories
b. defeats
c. both
d. neither
295. During the late 1930s, the CIO organized millions of ____ workers.
a. skilled
b. unskilled
296. When a company finally agrees to bargain collectively, it signs a contract with
a. each individual worker.
b. the union.
297. What does a union contract cover?
a. wages
b. hours
c. working conditions
d. all of the above
e. only A and B
page 408

The organization
298. Which was born in 1886?
a. American Federation of Labor
b. Congress of Industrial Unions
299. Which was born in 1935?
a. The Wagner Act
b. The Congress of Industrial Organizations
c. both
d. neither
300. Which organized skilled workers in craft unions?
a. American Federation of Labor
b. Congress of Industrial Unions
301. Which organized all workers in an industry into one big union?
a. American Federation of Labor
b. Congress of Industrial Unions
302. Which led organized workers in the 1920s?
a. American Federation of Labor
b. Congress of Industrial Unions
303. Which led organized workers in the 1930s?
a. American Federation of Labor
b. Congress of Industrial Unions
304. Which was led by John L. Lewis?
a. American Federation of Labor
b. Congress of Industrial Unions
305. In the mid-1930s, progressive labor leaders formed the
a. American Federation of Labor.
b. Congress of Industrial Organization.
306. In the 1930s, who organized the autoworkers and the steelworkers?
a. American Federation of Labor
b. Congress of Industrial Unions
307. The CIO disagreed with the American Federation of Labor’s
a. conservatism
b. focus on skilled workers.
c. both
d. neither
308. The CIO organized workers based on their
a. race.
b. gender.
c. skill level.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
page 409

The GM sit-down strike, 1936-37
309. Who led a sit-down strike at the General Motors Plant in Flint, Michigan?
a. AF of L
b. UMWA
c. USWA
d. UAW
310. What is a sit-down strike?
a. Workers leave the factory and hold a picket line outside of the factory.
b. Workers refuse to leave the factory.
c. both
d. neither
311. What is a sit-down strike?
a. Management hires new workers to take the place of strikers.
b. Workers live next to the machines they work on.
c. both
d. neither
312. Employers hate sit-down strikes because when the police evict the strikers they might
a. hurt the strikers.
b. damage the machinery in the plant.
c. both
d. neither
313. After six weeks, what happened to the GM strike?
a. Management broke the union and the workers returned to work.
b. Management recognized the union and negotiated a contract.
c. both
d. neither
The Memorial Day Massacre, 1937
314. In Chicago, the steel industry refused to
a. recognize the union
b. engage in collective bargaining.
c. both
d. neither
315. Who led a strike at Republic Steel in Chicago?
a. AF of L
b. UMWA
c. USWA
d. UAW
316. What happened on Memorial Day in 1937?
a. The strikers held a rally and the police shot into the crowd, killing ten.
b. The NLRB forced the company to recognize the union and negotiate a contract.
c. both
d. neither
page 410

Third labor law, 1938
317. Which established the minimum wage?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
318. Which established maximum hours and overtime pay?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
319. Which ended child labor?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
320. What did the Fair Labor Standards Act do?
a. established the minimum wage
b. established the 40-hour work week
c. ended child labor
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
The exception to the rule
321. Which applied to farm workers?
a. minimum wage
b. The NLRB
c. Social Security
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
page 411

The end of the New Deal
322. What caused the recession of 1937-38?
a. FDR cut federal spending
b. FDR tried to balance the federal budget
c. both
d. neither
323. What was the last program of the New Deal?
a. CCC
b. TVA
c. WPA
d. Social Security
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
324. All the following helped end the New Deal, except:
a. FDR died.
b. the Supreme Court controversy.
c. some Republicans were elected to Congress in 1938.
d. conservative Democrats allied themselves with the Republicans.
e. the beginning of World War II.
325. Which crisis ended the New Deal?
a. banking crisis
b. farm crisis
c. unemployed crisis
d. Supreme Court controversy
e. foreign crisis
326. Which pulled the U.S. out of the Great Depression?
a. the Roosevelt alphabet programs
b. the coming of World War II
page 412

The long-term impact of the New Deal
327. The New Deal restructured what?
a. the economy
b. the politics
c. both
d. neither
Economic changes
328. During the 1930s, the U.S. government drifted toward all of the following, except:
a. liberalism
b. progressivism
c. conservativism
d. welfare statism
e. modernism
329. The New Deal tried to protect people against
a. unemployment
b. old age
c. bank failures
d. all of the above
e. only A and B
330. The New Deal ____ provide a social safety net.
a. did
b. did not
331. The New Deal ____ encourage the rise of labor unions.
a. did
b. did not
332. The New Deal lowered all of the following, except:
a. unemployment
b. homelessness
c. hunger
d. the GNP
333. What did the New Deal do?
a. preserved capitalism
b. radically increased the power of the federal government
c. both
d. neither
334. The New Deal did all of the following, except:
a. helped organized labor.
b. created a social safety net.
c. increased the power of the federal government.
d. brought full employment and economic prosperity.
e. turned the Democrats into the dominant political party.
page 413

335. Which was not a reform to prevent the causes of the Depression?
a. regulations and agencies to police the securities and banking industries
b. a federal labor policy that recognized the legitimacy of organized labor
c. the idea of security for the individual American
d. work relief programs
336. The New Deal preserved all of these past traditions, except:
a. democracy
b. laissez-faire
c. Progressivism
d. the free enterprise system.
337. What economic changes did the New Deal bring?
a. the death of laissez-faire economics.
b. the beginning of government regulation of the economy.
c. both
d. neither
338. What economic changes did the New Deal bring?
a. the beginning of Big Government
b. the beginning of the Welfare State.
c. both
d. neither
339. What economic changes did the New Deal bring?
a. the beginning of deficit spending.
b. the beginning of organized labor.
c. both
d. neither
Political changes
340. Which statement is true?
a. In 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party took power in Germany.
b. During the Depression, many democracies in Europe fell to fascism.
c. both
d. neither
341. Which statement about the New Deal is true?
a. It preserved democracy in the U.S.
b. During the 1930s, the U.S. did not go to the far left or far right.
c. During the Depression, the U.S. did not experience communism or fascism.
d. all of the above
e. only A and B
342. Which statement is true?
a. The presidency grew more powerful under FDR.
b. FDR created the Executive Office of the President.
c. both
d. neither
page 414

343. What happened during the 1930s?
a. The Democrats became the majority party.
b. The Republicans became the minority party.
c. both
d. neither
344. Ever since the New Deal, what is the main base of the Democratic Party?
a. workers
b. African Americans
c. both
d. neither
345. What political changes did the New Deal bring?
a. The Democratic Party became the biggest political party.
b. The Republicans became the minority party.
c. both
d. neither
346. The New Deal caused the massive switchover to the Democratic Party by
a. African Americans.
b. farmers
c. both
d. neither
347. The New Deal changed the ____ of the federal government.
a. size
b. power
c. both
d. neither
page 415

Popular Culture
348. Which did not have an impact in the 1930s?
a. radio
b. movies
c. television
d. cars
e. appliances
349. Which was not invented in the 1930s?
a. Spam
b. mock apple pie
c. Ritz crackers
d. Dream Whip
350. Which not a popular dish during the Depression?
a. beans and cornbread
b. meatloaf
c. chili
d. steak
e. macaroni and cheese
351. Which movie produced in the 1930s was in color?
a. “Wizard of Oz”
b. “Duck Soup”
c. “Star Wars”
d. “Ghostbusters”
352. Why did people go to the movies during the Depression?
a. status
b. escapism
353. Which type of movies was not popular during the Depression?
a. musicals
b. science fiction
c. comedies
d. gangsters
e. Westerns
354. Which was not a radio show in the 1930s?
a. “Amos and Andy”
b. “Fibber McGee and Molly”
c. “The Lone Ranger”
d. George Burns and Gracie Allen
e. “Rush Limbaugh”
355. Which radio show created a national panic?
a. “Star Wars”
b. “The Thing”
c. “I Was A Teenage Werewolf”
d. “War of the Worlds”
page 416

356. In 1931, Congress designated ____ as the national anthem.
a. “This Land is Your Land”
b. "God Bless America"
c. “From Sea to Shining Sea”
d. "The Star Spangled Banner"
e. “Somewhere Over the Rainbow”
357. What was the most popular musical on Broadway in the 1930s?
a. “Porgy & Bess”
b. “South Pacific”
c. “West Side Story”
d. “Hair”
358. In 1935, the Parker Brothers invented which board game?
a. Parcheesi
b. Monopoly
c. Checkers
d. Chess
359. In the 1930s, what was invented?
a. the encyclopedia
b. the almanac
c. the paperback novel
d. the Farmer’s Almanac
360. Which was invented in the 1930s?
a. the button
b. Velcro
c. the zipper
361. The 1930s was the era of ____ and the Big Bands.
a. jazz
b. blues
c. swing
362. Who did not write mysteries in the 1930s?
a. Agatha Christie
b. Dashielle Hammett
c. Raymond Chandler
d. Perry Mason
363. In 1935, what did Andrew Mellon donate to the public?
a. The Smithsonian
b. The National Gallery of Art
c. The Metropolitan Opera House
d. The Museum of Modern Art
364. Which structure did not open in the 1930s?
a. Rockefeller Center
b. Empire State Building
c. Golden Gate Bridge
d. World Trade Center
page 417

Big Events of the 1930s
365. In 1931, who was the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
a. Jane Addams
b. Eleanor Roosevelt
c. Frances Perkins
d. Marian Anderson
e. Zora Neale Hurston
366. In 1933, who came to power in Germany?
a. Hitler
b. Mussolini
c. Haile Selassie
d. Franco
367. In 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, who supported the Popular Front?
a. Sinclair Lewis
b. Ernest Hemingway
c. Fiorello LaGuardia
d. Cesar Chavez
e. FDR
368. In 1936, the King of ____ resigned in order to marry Wallis Simpson, an American divorcee.
a. France
b. England
c. Germany
d. Russia
e. Japan
369. In 1937, what was the Hindenburg?
a. an American fighter jet that landed on Normandy Beach
b. a German dirigible that crashed on the beach in New Jersey
c. a Russian submarine that sank off the coast of San Francisco
page 418

People
Politics
370. The Louisiana Senator who started the "share the wealth" movement.
a. Charles Coughlin
b. John Maynard Keynes
c. Huey Long
d. John Steinbeck
e. Francis Townsend
371. The Catholic priest whose radio broadcasts denounced the New Deal.
a. Charles Coughlin
b. John Maynard Keynes
c. Huey Long
d. John Steinbeck
e. Francis Townsend
372. The California physician who proposed that everyone 60 years of age or older get $200 a month
as a government pension.
a. Charles Coughlin
b. John Maynard Keynes
c. Huey Long
d. John Steinbeck
e. Francis Townsend
373. Who was organized labor’s best friend in Congress?
a. John L. Lewis
b. Frances Perkins
c. Robert Wagner
d. Walter Reuther
e. Andrew Mellon
Economics
374. He believed in deficit spending.
a. Adam Smith
b. David Ricardo
c. Thorstein Veblen
d. Milton Friedman
e. John Maynard Keynes
375. The economist who influenced FDR and the New Deal.
He believed deficit spending by the federal government could pull the U.S. out of the Depression.
a. Charles Coughlin
b. John Maynard Keynes
c. Huey Long
d. John Steinbeck
e. Francis Townsend
page 419

Authors
376. Author of The Grapes of Wrath.
a. Margaret Mitchell
b. Richard Wright
c. Dale Carnegie
d. John Steinbeck
e. Sinclair Lewis
377. Author of The Sun Also Rises.
a. Margaret Mitchell
b. Richard Wright
c. Ernest Hemingway
d. John Steinbeck
e. Sinclair Lewis
378. Author of Gone with the Wind.
a. Margaret Mitchell
b. Richard Wright
c. Dale Carnegie
d. John Steinbeck
e. Sinclair Lewis
379. Author of Native Son.
a. Margaret Mitchell
b. Richard Wright
c. Dale Carnegie
d. John Steinbeck
e. Sinclair Lewis
380. Author of How to Win Friends and Influence People.
a. Margaret Mitchell
b. Richard Wright
c. Dale Carnegie
d. John Steinbeck
e. Sinclair Lewis
381. Author of It Can’t Happen Here.
a. Margaret Mitchell
b. Richard Wright
c. Dale Carnegie
d. John Steinbeck
e. Sinclair Lewis
page 420

Entertainers
382. In 1936, the federal government hired him to perform his folk songs.
a. Bob Dylan
b. Leadbelly
c. Woody Guthrie
d. John Denver
383. Who was not a Hollywood movie star in the 1930s?
a. Judy Garland
b. Mae West
c. Greta Garbo
d. Marilyn Monroe
e. Groucho Marx
384. Who was not on the radio in the 1930s?
a. Jack Benny
b. George Burns and Gracie Allen
c. Orson Welles
d. Edward R. Murrow
e. Rush Limbaugh
385. Who was not a Big Band leader in the 1930s?
a. Benny Goodman
b. Duke Ellington
c. Glenn Miller
d. Guy Lombardo
e. Tommy Dorsey
386. Who was was the first white band leader to integrate his Big Band?
a. Benny Goodman
b. Duke Ellington
c. Glenn Miller
d. Guy Lombardo
e. Tommy Dorsey
page 421

Terms
Symbols of the Depression
387. A long period of abnormally low rainfall, especially one that adversely affects growing or living conditions.
a. hurricane
b. volcano
c. desert
d. drought
388. The shantytowns built during the early Depression.
a. Dust Bowl
b. Bread line
c. Bonus March
d. Hoovervilles
e. Fireside Chats
389. President Roosevelt's radio addresses to the nation.
a. Dust Bowl
b. Bread line
c. Bonus March
d. Hoovervilles
e. Fireside Chats
390. A line of people waiting to receive food given by a charitable organization or public agency.
a. Dust Bowl
b. Bread line
c. Bonus March
d. Hoovervilles
e. Fireside Chats
391. The drought on the Great Plains during the 1930s.
a. Dust Bowl
b. Bread line
c. Bonus March
d. Hoovervilles
e. Fireside Chats
392. The name given to a region of the western and southwestern Great Plains as a result of a severe
drought in the 1930s.
a. Dust Bowl
b. Bread line
c. Bonus March
d. Hoovervilles
e. Fireside Chats
page 422

Economics
393. The amount by which government spending exceeds its income over a particular period of time.
a. a balanced budget
b. pump-priming
c. deficit spending
d. social spending
e. budget surplus
394. An economic theory that advocates government monetary and fiscal programs designed to
increase employment and stimulate business activity.
a. laissez-faire economics
b. Keynesian economics
395. The ____ policy relates to the national currency.
a. fiscal
b. monetary
396. The total market value of all the goods and services produced by a nation during a specified period.
a. Gross National Product
b. Federal Reserve Board
c. buying on margin
d. laissez-faire economics
e. Keynesian economics
397. Engagement in risky business transactions on the chance of quick or considerable profit.
a. regulation
b. voluntarism
c. speculation
d. collective bargaining
e. deflation
398. A U.S. banking system that consists of 12 federal banks, with each one serving member banks in
its own district. This system has broad regulatory powers over the money supply and the credit structure.
a. Gross National Product
b. Federal Reserve Board
c. Securities and Exchange Commission
d. National Labor Relations Board
e. Reconstruction Finance Corporation
399. A social system whereby the government assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens,
as in matters of health care, education, employment, and social security.
a. socialism
b. communism
c. welfare state
d. voluntarism
e. rugged individualism
page 423

400. A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing
business activity, falling prices, and unemployment.
a. deflation
b. inflation
c. recession
d. depression
e. chaos
401. The ability to purchase, generally measured by income.
a. income
b. salary
c. wages
d. investments
e. purchasing power
402. The lowest rate of interest on bank loans at a given time and place, offered to preferred borrowers.
a. investments
b. buying on margin
c. prime rate
d. investments
e. Dow Jones
403. Government action taken to stimulate the economy.
a. a balanced budget
b. pump-priming
c. deficit spending
d. social spending
e. budget surplus
404. Construction projects, such as highways or dams, financed by public funds and constructed by a
government for the benefit or use of the general public.
a. public relief
b. public utilities
c. public works
d. public domain
e. public interest
page 424

405. A private business organization, subject to governmental regulation, that provides an essential
commodity or service, such as water, electricity, transportation, or communication, to the public.
a. public relief
b. public utilities
a. public works
d. public domain
e. public assistance
406. Aid, such as money or food, given to homeless and other financially needy people, the aged, or
the inhabitants of a disaster-stricken area.
a. public relief
b. public utilities
a. public works
d. public domain
e. public assistance
407. An economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulation of or interference in commerce
beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic
laws.
a. Keynesian economics
b. laissez-faire economics
408. The lowest wage, determined by law, that an employer may pay an employee for a specified job.
a. starvation wages
b. minimum wage
c. the glass ceiling
d. overtime pay
409. A monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is equal in value to and exchangeable
for a specified amount of gold.
a. Gross National Product
b. Federal Reserve Board
c. Securities and Exchange Commission
d. gold standard
e. Reconstruction Finance Corporation
page 425

Organized labor
410. An organization of wage earners formed for the purpose of serving the members' interests with
respect to wages and working conditions.
a. sit-down strike
b. organized labor
c. collective bargaining
d. labor union
411. Negotiation between organized workers and their employer or employers to determine wages,
hours, rules, and working conditions.
a. sit-down strike
b. organized labor
c. collective bargaining
d. labor union
412. A work stoppage in which the workers refuse to leave their place of employment until their
demands are considered or met.
a. sit-down strike
b. organized labor
c. collective bargaining
d. labor union
Politics
413. Favoring traditional views and values; tending to oppose change.
a. liberal
b. conservative
414. Favoring proposals for reform, open to new ideas for progress.
a. liberal
b. conservative
415. The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reform introduced during the
1930s by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
a. The Square Deal
b. The New Deal
c. The Great Society
d. The New Frontier
page 426

Groups of people
416. FDR’s informal advisors.
a. Dust Bowl
b. Brain Trust
c. Bonus March
d. Hoovervilles
e. Fireside Chats
417. The World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932.
a. Dust Bowl
b. Brain Trust
c. Bonus March
d. Hoovervilles
e. Fireside Chats
418. When the government sends people back to their country of origin.
a. repatriation
b. immigration
c. migration
d. internal migration
e. devaluation
419. One who wanders from place to place without a permanent home or a means of livelihood.
a. migrant
b. vagrant
c. vigilante
d. outlaw
e. escapism
420. One who takes or advocates the taking of law enforcement into one's own hands.
a. migrant
b. vagrant
c. vigilante
d. outlaw
e. escapism
421. An itinerant worker who travels from one area to another in search of work.
a. migrant
b. vagrant
c. vigilante
d. outlaw
422. The tendency to escape from daily reality or routine by indulging in daydreaming, fantasy, or entertainment.
a. migrant
b. vagrant
c. vigilante
d. outlaw
e. escapism
page 427

423. One who farms land owned by another and pays rent.
a. migrant worker
b. tenant farmer
c. sharecropper
424. One who farms land owned by another.
Instead of paying rent, he hands over a percentage of the crops.
a. migrant worker
b. tenant farmer
c. sharecropper
page 428

Famous Quotations
“The American system of rugged individualism.”
425. Who believed in this?
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
c. John Steinbeck
d. John Maynard Keynes
e. Huey Long
426. The speaker meant that each individual must
a. depend on the government to help him.
b. look out for himself or herself.
“A car in every garage and a chicken in every pot.”
427. Whose campaign slogan was this?
a. Herbert Hoover
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
c. Huey Long
d. George Norris
e. Fiorello LaGuardia
"Billions of dollars' of profits - and paper profits - had disappeared.
The grocer, the window-cleaner, and the seamstress had lost their capital.
In every town there were families which had suddenly dropped from showy
affluence into debt. Investors who had dreamed of retiring to live on their fortunes
now found themselves back once more at the very beginning of the long road to riches.
Day by day the newspapers printed the grim reports of suicides."
428. The above quote refers to which event?
a. The Red Scare
b. Prohibition
c. Stock market crash
d. Red Summer of 1919
e. Teapot Dome scandal
"Recovery is just around the corner."
429. Who said this?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
430. The speaker was referring to what event?
a. World War I
b. World War II
c. Great Depression
d. Prohibition
e. all of the above
page 429

"We're the first nation in the history of the world to go to the poorhouse in an automobile."
431. Who said this?
a. Woody Guthrie
b. Will Rogers
c. Bob Hope
d. W.C. Fields
"Liquidate labor, liquidate stocks, liquidate real estate . . . values will be adjusted, and enterprising
people will pick up the wreck from less-competent people."
432. Who said this in 1931?
a. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
b. John Maynard Keynes
c. Harry Hopkins
d. Andrew Mellon
e. Herbert Hoover
433. By this, he meant that employers should ____ workers.
a. hire more
b. lay off
"Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
434. This was a popular ____ during the Depression.
a. song
b. movie
435. What was the people’s mood during the Depression?
a. light-hearted
b. despair
c. moody
d. philosophical
“Too little and too late.”
436. This is what people said in 1932 when President ____ set up the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation.
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
“This campaign is more than a contest between two men. It is more than a contest between two
parties. It is a contest between two philosophies of government."
437. The speaker was referring to which presidential election?
a. 1920
b. 1924
c. 1928
d. 1932
e. 1936
page 430

“The grass will grow in the streets of a hundred cities.”
438. During the 1932 election campaign, President Hoover ____ try to make
voters fear the Democratic candidate.
a. did
b. did not
“We are at the end of our rope. There is nothing more we can do.”
439. Upon leaving office in 1932, which president revealed that he had lost all hope and confidence.
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
“These unhappy times call for the building of plans . . . that build from the bottom up and not
from the top down, that put their faith once more in the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic
pyramid.”
440. Who said this in 1932?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
441. The speaker put his faith in
a. Big Business
b. the common man
“The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands bold, persistent
experimentation. It is common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try
another. But above all, try something.”
442. In 1932, FDR made it clear that he ____ going to experiment with the economy.
a. was
b. was not
“I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people."
443. Whose campaign slogan was this in 1932?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
“Happy days are here again.”
444. Who played this song during his 1932 campaign?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
445. Who won the 1932 election?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover
b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
page 431

“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
446. FDR said this in his
a. first inaugural address.
b. second inaugural address.
c. fireside chat.
447. What was the first crisis that FDR faced in 1933?
a. unemployment crisis
b. banking crisis
c. farm crisis
d. insurance crisis
e. foreign crisis
“Government must prime the pump.”
448. Which economist said this?
a. Milton Friedman
b. Thorstein Veblen
c. John Maynard Keynes
d. Alan Greenspan
e. Adam Smith
449. By this, he meant that ____ spending would prompt ____ spending.
a. consumer; government
b. government; consumer
“Relief, Recovery, and Reform.”
450. By this, FDR was explaining
a. the causes of the Depression.
b. the goals of the New Deal.
451. By “relief,” FDR meant that government would
a. put money in people’s pockets.
b. pass laws to prevent a future Depression.
c. attack rising unemployment and the falling GNP.
452. By “recovery,” FDR meant that government would
a. put money in people’s pockets.
b. pass laws to prevent a future Depression.
c. attack rising unemployment and the falling GNP.
page 432

453. By “reform,” FDR meant that government would
a. put money in people’s pockets.
b. pass laws to prevent a future Depression.
c. attack rising unemployment and the falling GNP.
“Democracy has disappeared in several other great nations, not because the people of those
nations disliked democracy, but because they had grown tired of unemployment and insecurity, of seeing
their children hungry while they sat helpless in the face of government confusion and government
weakness through lack of leadership. Finally, in desperation, they chose to sacrifice liberty in the hope of
getting something to eat. We in America know that our defense lies in the protection of economic security.”
454. In this 1933 speech, FDR was speaking about the recent rise of
a. Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany.
b. Stalin and the new Communist Party in the Soviet Union.
“The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby
repealed.”
455. This marked the end of
a. the Depression.
b. World War II.
c. the stock market crash.
d. Prohibition.
456. This was the ____ Amendment.
a. 18th
b. 19th
c. 20th
d. 21st
e. 22nd
“People don’t eat in the long run. They eat today.”
457. In 1933, Harry Hopkins said this to ____ of government creating jobs.
a. supporters
b. critics
“Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations,
to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted
activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid and protection.”
458. This excerpt comes from which law?
a. Hatch Act
b. Wagner Act
c. Securities Act
d. Glass-Steagall Act
e. Fair Labor Standards Act
f. Federal Emergency Banking Act
page 433

"I came to Washington to work for God, FDR, and the millions of forgotten, plain common workingmen."
459. Who was FDR’s Secretary of Labor?
a. Harry Hopkins
b. John Maynard Keynes
c. Frances Perkins
d. Harold Ickes
e. Walter Reuther
“It Can’t Happen Here.”
460. Who was the author of this book?
a. Margaret Mitchell
b. Richard Wright
c. Dale Carnegie
d. John Steinbeck
e. Sinclair Lewis
461. The book was about how the ____ could become popular in the U.S.
a. Populists
b. Progressives
c. New Dealers
d. Communists
e. Fascists
“Out of this modern civilization, economic royalists carved new dynasties. The royalists of the
economic order have conceded that political freedom was the business of Government, but they have
maintained that economic slavery was nobody’s business.”
462. When he decided to run for a second term in 1936, FDR began blasting the
a. poor
b. wealthy
“This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny.”
463. When he accepted his renomination in 1936, FDR said the New Deal was going to
a. end.
b. continue.
“I should like to have it said of my first Administration that in it the forces of selfishness
and of lust for power met their match. I should like to have it said of my second Administration
that in it these forces met their master.”
464. In 1936, at Madison Square Garden in New York City, FDR said the New Deal was going to
a. end.
b. continue.
page 434

“I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished.”
465. In 1937, FDR said the New Deal was going to
a. end.
b. continue.
466. In 1937, the New Deal ____ building public housing.
a. began
b. did not begin
“The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have
much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.”
467. In his second inaugural address, FDR said he would continue to raise the
living standard for the
a. rich
b. poor
c. middle class
“The hope behind this statute is to save men and women from the rigors of the poor house as
well as from the haunting fear that such a lot awaits them when journey's end is near.”
468. In 1937, the Supreme Court justice declared Social Security to be
a. constitutional.
b. unconstitutional.
“No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”
469. As First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt always took the side of
a. organized labor.
b. African Americans.
c. both
d. neither
“How To Win Friends and Influence People.”
470. Who wrote this 1938 motivational book?
a. Margaret Mitchell
b. Richard Wright
c. Dale Carnegie
d. John Steinbeck
e. Sinclair Lewis
“Okie used to mean you was from Oklahoma. Now it means you’re scum. Don’t mean nothing
itself, it’s the way they say it.”
471. When Dust Bowl refugees arrived in California, they were
a. welcomed.
b. ill-treated.
page 435

"And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New
Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out, tractored out. Car-loads, caravans,
homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and
two hundred thousand. They streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless - restless as
ants, scurrying to find work to do - to lift, to push, to pull, to pick, to cut - anything, any burden
to bear, for food. The kids are hungry. We got no place to live. Like ants scurrying for work, for
food, and most of all for land."
472. Who published this in 1939?
a. Margaret Mitchell
b. Richard Wright
c. Dale Carnegie
d. John Steinbeck
e. Sinclair Lewis
"So long, it's been good to know yuh;
So long, it's been good to know yuh;
So long, it's been good to know yuh.
This dusty old dust is a-gettin' my home,
And I got to be driftin' along."
473. Who wrote this song?
a. Carl Sandburg
b. Robert Frost
c. Woody Guthrie
d. Bob Dylan
“We must be the great arsenal of Democracy.”
474. When FDR said this in 1940, who had just invaded France?
a. Germany
b. Britain
c. Russia
“What does the Negro want? His answer is very simple. He wants only what all other Americans
want. He wants opportunity to make real what the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution and
the Bill of Rights say, what the Four Freedoms establish. While he knows these ideals are open to no
man completely, he wants only his equal chance to obtain them.”
475. Who wrote this?
a. W.E.B. Du Bois c. Mary McLeod Bethune
b. Walter White d. Langston Hughes
“No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice . . . “
476. This is the ____ Amendment.
a. 18th
b. 19th
c. 20th
d. 21st
e. 22nd
page 436

The Answers
page 437

The New Deal
1. b
2. e
3. a
4. a
5. d
6. d
7. b
8. c
9. c
10. d
11. a
12. b
13. a
14. e
15. b
16. d
17. c
18. c
19. c
20. b
21. e
22. d
23. e
24. a
25. a
26. c
27. a
28. c
29. c
30. d
31. c
32. a
33. c
34. c
35. c
36. c
37. d
38. c
39. c
40. c
41. d
42. b
43. a
44. c
45. d
46. c
47. c
48. c
49. a
50. c
51. e
52. c
53. a
54. b
55. e
56. a
57. b
58. c
59. b
60. a
61. a
62. c
63. d
64. a
65. b
66. b
67. c
68. a
69. d
70. e
71. a
72. e
73. c
74. a
75. c
76. c
77. c
78. c
79. e
80. d
81. d
82. c
83. c
84. b
85. a
86. b
87. e
88. c
89. a
90. d
91. c
92. c
93. c
94. c
95. c
96. c
97. c
98. c
99. b
100. c
101. e
102. b
103. a
104. d
105. c
106. a
107. c
108. c
109. c
110. d
111. c
112. b
113. c
114. a
115. b
116. d
117. e
118. b
119. a
120. e
121. d
122. c
123. d
124. d
125. e
126. e
127. e
128. c
129. a
130. d
131. c
132. e
133. b
134. e
135. a
136. c
137. d
138. d
139. c
140. c
141. d
142. c
143. c
144. a
145. f
146. d
147. c
148. a
149. b
150. c
151. e
152. e
153. e
154. e
155. b
156. b
157. e
158. a
159. e
160. b
161. a
162. d
163. d
164. a
165. c
166. e
167. e
168. c
169. e
170. d
171. a
172. b
173. c
174. c
175. d
176. c
177. c
178. e
179. c
180. d
181. b
182. c
183. c
184. a
185. c
186. c
187. d
188. b
189. c
190. c
191. b
192. b
193. a
194. e
195. c
196. c
197. a
198. e
199. b
200. c
201. e
202. e
203. b
204. c
205. d
206. e
207. c
208. e
209. a
210. c
211. a
212. b
213. b
214. c
215. a
216. a
217. c
218. c
219. d
220. c
221. e
222. e
223. c
224. c
225. d
226. d
227. c
228. a
229. a
230. b
231. b
232. c
233. a
234. b
235. d
236. b
237. a
238. c
239. c
240. b
241. b
242. d
243. c
244. e
245. e
246. b
247. e
248. b
page 438

249. e
250. b
251. a
252. a
253. c
254. a
255. a
256. c
257. c
258. b
259. c
260. c
261. a
262. b
263. c
264. c
265. a
266. a
267. d
268. b
269. a
270. b
271. a
272. b
273. b
274. b
275. b
276. b
277. c
278. c
279. b
280. b
281. b
282. d
283. d
284. b
285. e
286. d
287. b
288. b
289. c
290. a
291. a
292. e
293. d
294. a
295. b
296. b
297. d
298. a
299. c
300. a
301. b
302. a
303. b
304. b
305. b
306. b
307. c
308. e
309. d
310. b
311. b
312. b
313. c
314. c
315. c
316. b
317. e
318. e
319. e
320. d
321. e
322. c
323. e
324. a
325. e
326. b
327. c
328. c
329. d
330. a
331. a
332. d
333. c
334. d
335. d
336. b
337. c
338. c
339. c
340. c
341. d
342. c
343. c
344. c
345. c
346. a
347. c
348. c
349. d
350. d
351. a
352. b
353. b
354. e
355. d
356. d
357. a
358. b
359. c
360. c
361. c
362. d
363. b
364. d
365. a
366. a
367. b
368. b
369. b
370. c
371. a
372. e
373. c
374. e
375. b
376. d
377. c
378. a
379. b
380. c
381. e
382. c
383. d
384. e
385. d
386. a
387. d
388. d
389. e
390. b
391. a
392. a
393. c
394. b
395. b
396. a
397. c
398. b
399. c
400. d
401. e
402. c
403. b
404. c
405. b
406. a
407. b
408. b
409. d
410. d
411. c
412. a
413. b
414. a
415. b
416. b
417. c
418. a
419. b
420. c
421. a
422. e
423. b
424. c
425. a
426. b
427. a
428. c
429. c
430. c
431. b
432. d
433. b
434. a
435. b
436. c
437. d
438. a
439. c
440. d
441. b
442. a
443. d
444. d
445. d
446. a
447. b
448. c
449. b
450. b
451. a
452. c
453. b
454. a
455. d
456. d
457. b
458. b
459. c
460. e
461. e
462. b
463. b
464. b
465. b
466. a
467. b
468. a
469. c
470. c
471. b
472. d
473. c
474. a
475. c
476. e