Lexicon 480L | PDF - Freeverb3
Lexicon 480L | PDF - Freeverb3 Lexicon 480L | PDF - Freeverb3
Bank 10: the Compressor Programs Page One DLY Front Delay SLP Slope GAIN Maximum Gain THR Threshold Down ATC Attack Time Const RTC Release Time Const Page Two EXS Expander Slope EXG Expander Gain EXT Expander Thresh The Compressor/Expander Program Compressor is a stereo compressor program, with a user interface similar to several mastering compressors. The important thing to keep in mind as you use this program is: It always has unity gain at high levels. The compression is achieved by adding gain as the input level decreases. If you are accustomed to standard compressors, the following may be helpful: Many compressors currently available allow you to set the threshold — the level above which the output level will be decreased. The threshold in the 480L's compressor defines the level below which the output level is increased. Signal level that is above this threshold setting remains at unity gain. This allows you to leave peak values intact while increasing the overall program loudness. O u t p u t G a i n dBFS -10 dB -20 dB -30 dB -40 dB -50 dB -60 dB Slope = 2:00 to 1 -50 dB -40 dB -30 dB -20 dB -10 dB dBFS Input Gain Threshold = -10 dB Compressor with a 2:00=1 ratio, with threshold set at -10dB. About the parameters Page One DEL (Delay) DEL is a stereo delay line which allows the digital detectors time to adapt to the incoming signal. With Attack Time set to 30ms, input delays of 30ms or so are desirable. Much longer attack times are possible, and the delay can be set up to approximately 200ms. Delay is not a problem in a mastering situation, or when time alignment can be corrected. If delay through the compressor is not tolerable, shorter attack times can be used, but there will be some noise and distortion on transients. SLP (Slope or Compression Ratio) SLP varies from 1:1 (no compression), up to 99.99:1 (high compression). With high compression, the output level is constant as the input level decreases. At 2:1 compression the output level drops 3dB for every 6dB drop in input level. GAIN (Max Gain) GAIN sets the maximum gain the compressor will have. Typically this would be set between 6 and 12dB. More than 15dB will bring up noise on a low level signal, and noise pumping may be obvious. The maximum allowed is 24dB. THR (Threshold Dn) THR sets the level above which the compressor always has unity gain. Note that the level detected by the compressor circuitry is the average level; the 480L input lights read the peak level. Therefore, if the peak to average ratio of the music is 10dB, THR must be set to -10dB or greater, or the average output level can exceed 10dB — and the peak output will overload. This means that THR must be set carefully. As THR is lowered, the compressor maintains unity gain until the input level drops lower. If you are listening to the output, the gain will appear to decrease as this control is raised. Typically, you want to set THR to get the maximum gain possible without overload. 9-2
Bank 10: the Compressor Programs ATC (Attack Time Constant) ATC adjusts the speed with which the compressor responds to an increase in input level. The nominal value is about 30ms. The times on the slider move in factors of 2, from 7ms to about 1 second. Both 7ms and 15ms will cause some distortion and are not recommended unless delay through the program cannot be tolerated. High values of ATC can be used with large delays in a program-leveling application. The filter used for ATC is a non-linear filter. The number of dB/ second depends on the rate at which the input is changing. Fast changes will make a quicker attack, causing the gain to decrease quickly. RTC (Release Time Constant) RTC adjusts the release time constant. This filter maintains a constant number of dBs per second, regardless of the size of the change. Thus, the rate of increase in gain is constant. The value displayed for the release time is something of an approximation, since the ordinary meaning of “time constant” does not apply to this type of control. Page Two EXS (Expand Slope) EXS adjusts the slope of the expansion. It behaves similarly to the compression ratio, but it is important to keep in mind that the expander and the compressor in this program are not in series. They both respond to the same input level, but in different ways. For example, if some material is compressed with a 2:1 ratio, recorded, and then played back through the expander with a 2:1 expansion ratio, the original dynamics will be restored. The same will occur if two compressor programs are run in cascade. However, if the compressor and expander are both set to operate in the same program at the same time with identical THR points and slopes, the result will not‘ have the original dynamics. Consider a drop in input level of 6dB. For a 2:1 compression in level the output gain should increase 3dB, giving a net drop in output level of 3dB. However, for a 2:1 expansion, the output gain should drop 6dB, giving a net output of -12dB. If both the compressor and expander are operated at the same time, the net result will be an output gain decrease of 3dB, representing a net expansion of the signal. EXT (Expander Threshold) EXT sets the level below which expansion starts. When the expansion is intended to apply to the whole program, or perhaps just to the peaks of the program, EXT should be set to about 10 or 12dB, similar to the setting of the THR control of the compressor. If the expander is to be used as a noise gate, EXT should be set much higher, to just below the level of the noise. EXM (Expand Maximum Attenuation) EXM sets the maximum attenuation reached by the expander. It is similar in operation to the GAIN control of the expander. Programs — BANK 10: Compressor/Expander 1 2.00=1 COMP DLY SLP GAIN THR ATC RTC 27.45ms 2.00=1 9dB 21dB 15ms 91ms EXS EXG EXT 2.00=1 10dB -48dB 2 6.24=1 DLY SLP GAIN THR ATC RTC 12.56ms 6.24=1 12dB 16dB 7ms 91ms EXS EXG EXT 1.88=1 7dB -40dB 3 18.28=1 COMP DLY SLP GAIN THR ATC RTC 20.38ms 18.28=1 10dB 20dB 15ms 91ms EXS EXG EXT 2.00=1 10dB -48dB 4 Transfer DLY SLP GAIN THR ATC RTC 40.26ms 1.33=1 10dB 10dB 30ms 73ms EXS EXG EXT 1.00=1 0dB 0dB 5 Vox Easy DLY SLP GAIN THR ATC RTC 12.56ms 5.00=1 8dB 15dB 7ms 73ms EXS EXG EXT 1.88=1 7dB -40dB 9-3
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Bank 10: the Compressor Programs<br />
Page One<br />
DLY<br />
Front Delay<br />
SLP<br />
Slope<br />
GAIN<br />
Maximum Gain<br />
THR<br />
Threshold Down<br />
ATC<br />
Attack Time Const<br />
RTC<br />
Release Time Const<br />
Page Two<br />
EXS<br />
Expander Slope<br />
EXG<br />
Expander Gain<br />
EXT<br />
Expander Thresh<br />
The Compressor/Expander Program<br />
Compressor is a stereo compressor program, with a<br />
user interface similar to several mastering compressors.<br />
The important thing to keep in mind as you use<br />
this program is: It always has unity gain at high levels.<br />
The compression is achieved by adding gain as the<br />
input level decreases.<br />
If you are accustomed to standard compressors, the<br />
following may be helpful:<br />
Many compressors currently available allow you to set<br />
the threshold — the level above which the output level<br />
will be decreased. The threshold in the <strong>480L</strong>'s compressor<br />
defines the level below which the output level<br />
is increased. Signal level that is above this threshold<br />
setting remains at unity gain. This allows you to leave<br />
peak values intact while increasing the overall program<br />
loudness.<br />
O<br />
u<br />
t<br />
p<br />
u<br />
t<br />
G<br />
a<br />
i<br />
n<br />
dBFS<br />
-10 dB<br />
-20 dB<br />
-30 dB<br />
-40 dB<br />
-50 dB<br />
-60 dB<br />
Slope = 2:00 to 1<br />
-50 dB -40 dB -30 dB -20 dB -10 dB dBFS<br />
Input Gain<br />
Threshold = -10 dB<br />
Compressor with a 2:00=1 ratio, with threshold set at<br />
-10dB.<br />
About the parameters<br />
Page One<br />
DEL (Delay)<br />
DEL is a stereo delay line which allows the digital<br />
detectors time to adapt to the incoming signal. With<br />
Attack Time set to 30ms, input delays of 30ms or so are<br />
desirable. Much longer attack times are possible, and<br />
the delay can be set up to approximately 200ms. Delay<br />
is not a problem in a mastering situation, or when time<br />
alignment can be corrected. If delay through the compressor<br />
is not tolerable, shorter attack times can be<br />
used, but there will be some noise and distortion on<br />
transients.<br />
SLP (Slope or Compression Ratio)<br />
SLP varies from 1:1 (no compression), up to 99.99:1<br />
(high compression). With high compression, the output<br />
level is constant as the input level decreases. At 2:1<br />
compression the output level drops 3dB for every 6dB<br />
drop in input level.<br />
GAIN (Max Gain)<br />
GAIN sets the maximum gain the compressor will<br />
have. Typically this would be set between 6 and 12dB.<br />
More than 15dB will bring up noise on a low level signal,<br />
and noise pumping may be obvious. The maximum<br />
allowed is 24dB.<br />
THR (Threshold Dn)<br />
THR sets the level above which the compressor always<br />
has unity gain. Note that the level detected by the<br />
compressor circuitry is the average level; the <strong>480L</strong><br />
input lights read the peak level. Therefore, if the peak<br />
to average ratio of the music is 10dB, THR must be set<br />
to -10dB or greater, or the average output level can<br />
exceed 10dB — and the peak output will overload. This<br />
means that THR must be set carefully. As THR is<br />
lowered, the compressor maintains unity gain until the<br />
input level drops lower. If you are listening to the output,<br />
the gain will appear to decrease as this control is<br />
raised. Typically, you want to set THR to get the<br />
maximum gain possible without overload.<br />
9-2