This Issue is Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Ivano Morelli

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1110 Natural Product Communications Vol. 1 (12) 2006 Hamburger et al. Acknowledgments - We thank Dr A. Vetter and Mrs A. Biertümpfel, TLL Jena and Dornburg, for the woad samples, Mrs M. Janka, FU Berlin, for technical assistance, Dr B. Weinreich, Adalbert-Raps- Forschungszentrum, TU München-Weihenstephan, for preparation of the SFE extract, Prof. G. Jahreis and P. Moeckel, Institute of Food Sciences, University of Jena, for fatty acid analysis, and T. Mohn, University of Basel, for assistance in preparation of figures. References [1] Hurry JB. (1930) The Woad Plant and its Dye. Oxford University Press, London. 249-256. [2] Chang HM, But PPH. (1986) Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Material Medica, vol. 1. World Scientific, Singapore. 94. [3] Tang W, Eisenbrand G. (1992) Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin. Springer, Berlin. 805-808. [4] Hamburger M. (2002) Isatis tinctoria – From the rediscovery of an ancient medicinal plant towards a novel anti-inflammatory phytopharmaceutical. Phytochemistry Reviews, 1, 333-344. [5] Danz H, Stoyanova S, Wippich P, Brattström A, Hamburger M. (2001) Identification and isolation of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory principle in Isatis tinctoria. Planta Medica, 67, 411-416. [6] Danz H, Stoyanova S, Thomet OAR, Simon HU, Dannhardt G, Ulbrich H, Hamburger M. (2002) Inhibitory activity of tryptanthrin on prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis. Planta Medica, 68, 875-880. [7] Rüster GU, Hofmann B, Hamburger M. (2004) Inhibitory activity of indolin-2-one derivatives on compound 48/80-induced histamine release from mast cells. Pharmazie, 59, 236-237. [8] Oberthür C, Jäggi R, Hamburger M. (2005) HPLC based activity profiling for 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity in Isatis tinctoria leaf extracts. Fitoterapia, 76, 324-332. [9] Ishihara T, Kohno K, Ushio S, Kurimoto M. (2000) Tryptanthrin inhibits nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by murine macrophages. European Journal of Pharmacology, 407, 197-204. [10] Kunikata T, Tatefuji T, Aga H, Iwaki K, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M.(2000) Indirubin inhibits inflammatory reactions in delayed-type hypersensitivity. European Journal of Pharmacology, 410, 93-100. [11] Recio MC, Cerdá-Nicolás M, Potterat O, Hamburger M, Rios JL. (2006) Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity in vivo of lipophilic Isatis tinctoria extracts and tryptanthrin. Planta Medica, 72, 539-546. [12] Recio MC, Cerdá-Nicolás M, Hamburger M, Rios JL. (2006) Anti-arthritic activity of a lipophilic woad (Isatis tinctoria) extract. Planta Medica, 72, 715-720. [13] Heinemann C, Schliemann-Willers C, Oberthür C, Hamburger M, Elsner P. (2004) Prevention of experimentally induced irritant contact dermatitis by extracts of Isatis tinctoria compared to pure tryptanthrin and its impact on UVB-induced erythema. Planta Medica, 70, 385-390. [14] Fischbach W, Becker W, Mossner J, Ohlemüller H, Koch W, Borner W. (1987) Leukocytic elastase in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases: A marker of inflammatory activity. Digestion, 37, 88-95. [15] Bieth JG. (1998) Leukocyte elastase. In Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes. Barett AJ, Rawlings ND, Woessner FF (Eds). Academic Press, London UK. 54-60. [16] Melzig MF, Löser B, Ciesielski S. (2001) Inhibition of neutrophil elastase activity by phenolic compounds from plants. Pharmazie, 56, 967-970. [17] Dittmann K, Gerhäuser C, Klimo K, Hamburger M. (2004) HPLC-based activity profiling of Salvia miltiorrhiza for MAO A and iNOS inhibitory activities. Planta Medica, 70, 909-913. [18] Rennert B, Melzig MF (2002) Free fatty acids inhibit the activity of Clostridium histolyticum collagenase and human neutrophil elastase. Planta Medica, 68, 767-769. [19] Macdonald SJ, Dowle MD, Harrison LA, Shah P, Johnson MR, Inglis GG, Clarke GD, Smith RA, Humphreys D, Molloy CR, Amour A, Dixon M, Murkitt G, Godward RE, Padfield T, Skarzynski T, Singh OM, Kumar KA, Fleetwood G, Hodgson ST, Hardy GW, Finch H (2001) The discovery of a potent, intracellular, orally bioavailable, long duration inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase - GW311616A a development candidate. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 11, 895-898.
NPC Natural Product Communications Variation in Artemisinin and Flavonoid Content in Different Extracts of Artemisia annua L. 2006 Vol. 1 No. 12 1111- 1115 Anna Rita Bilia a* , Caterina Gabriele a , Maria Camilla Bergonzi a , Pedro Melillo de Malgalhaes b and Franco Francesco Vincieri a a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff, 6, Sesto Fiorentino- 50019-Florence, Italy b Divisão de Agrotecnologia, CPQBA-UNICAMP, C.P. 6171, 13.081.970 Campinas, SP, Brazil ar.bilia@unifi.it Received: June 30 th , 2006; Accepted: October 24 th , 2006 Dedicated to the memory of Professor Ivano Morelli. Artemisia annua L. is a promising and potent antimalarial drug. This activity has been ascribed to its content of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is stage specific and very effective against drug-resistant Plasmodium species and which has low toxicity. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of artemisinin is enhanced by the flavonoids of the extract, as recently proposed by the authors. Different extracts (tinctures, infusions and decoctions), obtained from a cultivar selected by the University of Campinas (0.52% artemisinin), were analyzed in order to prove the selectivity of the solvents to obtain high yields of both artemisinin and flavonoids. Tinctures 40 and 60% v/v showed a greater power of extraction in comparison with infusions and decoctions. The best performance was obtained using 60% v/v tincture. The extraction efficiency for artemisinin was 40% and for flavonoids was 29.5%. Among aqueous extracts, the best results were obtained by preparing an infusion with boiling water, left to cool for 15 minutes before filtration. The extraction efficiency for artemisinin was 57.5% and for flavonoids was 8.2%. If leaves are boiled for several minutes the artemisinin concentration is decreased, probably due to the heat instability of this constituent. Also microwave could represent a valid alternative method to extract the phytocomplex, the extraction efficiency for artemisinin was 41.0% and that for flavonoids was 7.7%. Keywords: Artemisia annua L., extracts, artemisinin, flavonoids, HPLC/DAD/MS. Artemisia annua L. (sweet or annual wormwood) is an annual herb endemic to the northern parts of Chahar and Suiyuan provinces in China, where it is known as ‘quinghao’ and has been used as a remedy for chills and fevers for more than 2000 years [1, 2]. Traditionally, the plant is used to prepare a drink, as indicated in the Compendium of Treatments (Ben Cao Gang Mu), written in 1596 AD by Li Shizhen: “take a handful of qinghao, soak it in a sheng (liter) of water, and squeeze out the juice and drink it all” [3, 4]. Nowadays the (daily) dose of A. annua given in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of various fevers, including malaria, is 4.5–9 g of dried plant material, extracted by heating with water [5, 6]. Surprisingly, only a few clinical studies based on the use of either extracts of the plant or traditional preparations are available. The first was carried out in 1992 in China: 144 malaria patients were treated with tablets containing either an ethanolic dried extract of A. annua or capsules using the same extract, but formulated in oil [7, 8]. Both treatments were found to be effective in reducing parasitaemia and fever at doses equivalent to 80.8 g (tablets) and 73.6 g (capsules) raw herb, given over a three-day period. In the most recent literature, after development of high artemisinin-yielding plants (>0.5% per dried weight), clinical trials using either teas or decoctions have also been reported. The principal aim of such
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