Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century - H. V. Hilprecht
Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century - H. V. Hilprecht Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century - H. V. Hilprecht
662 EXPLORATIONS IN BIBLE LANDS pyramid of Medum, like the pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara, a step pyramid, which originally consisted of seven towers, of which only three remain, one rising above the other. In the year 1882. these towers were examined by Maspero, who gained an entrance, and through a long passage reached the sepulchral chamber of the pyramid. This he found had been plundered, and its coffin was missing. Twelve years The Step Pyramid of Medum later, Petrie continued the excavations here, being successful in discovering a small temple, which was erected on the east side of the pyramid and intended for the worship of the king who was buried there. It is a plain sanctuary built of limestone, consisting of only two chambers and ending at the foot of the pyramid in a court, in which stood an altar for offerings between two limestone tablets, rounded at the top. Neither inscriptions nor reliefs are found on the walls. Everything is plain and in the simplest form, and we should
DURING 19TH CENTURY: EGYPT 663 not have known to whom this little temple was dedicated, and who was buried in the pyramid, had not at a later time some visitors scribbled their names and the purposes of their visit. From these writings we learn that the pyramid of Medum belonged to the very ancient king Snofru, the predecessor of Cheops, and that in the sanctuary offerings were made to the manes of this Pharaoh. Consequently we have to regard the latter as the oldest known Egyptian temple. Thus we are now acquainted with the two pyramids of King Snofru, the one at Dahshur and the other at Medum. This fact agrees with what is stated in the inscriptions, in which two pyramids, one in the south and another one, are mentioned. In which of these the ruler was buried, and why he had built two such enormous tombs, remains an open question. Together with the pyramids at Medum we can fix the date of the large number of private tombs which are situated to the north and south of it. By order of Mariette they were examined, and a large number of interesting wall sculptures and fine statues were discovered in them. There can be no doubt that they were built about the same time as the pyramids, that is, at the beginning of the Old Empire. The sanctuary by the Medum pyramid is the only well preserved mortuary temple of all those which were built near the pyramid tombs. A kind of temple of the Old Empire was made known to us through the excavations carried on by the Berlin Museum from the winter of 1 898 to 1 900. was previously known that From inscriptions it the rulers of the Fifth Dynasty were particularly devoted to the worship of the Sun-god, Re, regarding themselves as his descendants. Each of these Pharaohs built a sanctuary to Re, consisting of a stone foundation with sloping walls, upon which an obelisk was Through the excavations at Abusir such a monu- erected. ment has actually been brought to light. Unfortunately
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662 EXPLORATIONS IN BIBLE LANDS<br />
pyramid of Medum, like <strong>the</strong> pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara,<br />
a step pyramid, which orig<strong>in</strong>ally consisted of seven towers,<br />
of which only three rema<strong>in</strong>, one ris<strong>in</strong>g above <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> year 1882. <strong>the</strong>se towers were exam<strong>in</strong>ed by Maspero,<br />
who ga<strong>in</strong>ed an entrance, and through a long passage reached<br />
<strong>the</strong> sepulchral chamber of <strong>the</strong> pyramid. This he found had<br />
been plundered, and its coff<strong>in</strong> was miss<strong>in</strong>g. Twelve years<br />
The Step Pyramid of Medum<br />
later, Petrie cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>the</strong> excavations here, be<strong>in</strong>g successful<br />
<strong>in</strong> discover<strong>in</strong>g a small temple, which was erected on <strong>the</strong> east<br />
side of <strong>the</strong> pyramid and <strong>in</strong>tended for <strong>the</strong> worship of <strong>the</strong><br />
k<strong>in</strong>g who was buried <strong>the</strong>re. It is a pla<strong>in</strong> sanctuary built<br />
of limestone, consist<strong>in</strong>g of only two chambers and end<strong>in</strong>g at<br />
<strong>the</strong> foot of <strong>the</strong> pyramid <strong>in</strong> a court, <strong>in</strong> which stood an altar<br />
for offer<strong>in</strong>gs between two limestone tablets, rounded at <strong>the</strong><br />
top. Nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>scriptions nor reliefs are found on <strong>the</strong> walls.<br />
Everyth<strong>in</strong>g is pla<strong>in</strong> and <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> simplest form, and we should