Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century - H. V. Hilprecht
Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century - H. V. Hilprecht Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century - H. V. Hilprecht
602 EXPLORATIONS IN BIBLE LANDS stronghold of the Jebusites and the City of David at this particular place. While the western hill is over a large area entirely waterless and without a spring of any kind, there gushes forth at the eastern base of the eastern hill the copious perennial St. Mary's Well, as it is now called, which doubtless corresponds to the ancient Gihon (i Kings I '.33). The two great problems of the topography of Jerusalem, with which all other important questions are really more or less connected, are the questions in regard to the course of the citv wall and the genuineness of the Church of the Sepulchre. These are themselves again closely connected with each other, for the answering of the latter question depends to a certain degree on the determination of the course of the wall. The excavations of the English and German Palestine societies in the last two decades have primarily had for their object this fixing of the course of the wall. Neither problem has yet been solved, but on some important points certainty has nevertheless been reached by the past excavations. The city, as Josephus tells us, was protected by three walls. To speak more accurately, the wall on the southern half was single, the steep slopes of the hills and the deepcut ravines forming a natural defence for the city. It was different in the north, where the plateau of the city connects with the remaining highland ; here there was always unobstructed access, on account of which the city on that side required especially strong fortifications. With the growth of the city there arose here in the course of time three lines of wall. The first wall is the one that ran around the city at the most remote period. As Nehemiah in rebuilding the wall kept to the old line, the wall of the pre-exilic city corresponds to his wall. Through the various excavations the course of this wall on the southern half has now been completely established. According to Josephus, it started on
DURING 19TB CENTURY: PALESTINE 003 the west from the place of the later Hippicus, the present David's Tower, at the citadel near the Jaffa Gate. While Bishop Gobat's school was being built on the southwestern part of the west ridge, remains of a wall were found, which Tobler correctly assigned to the oldest wall. A little to the south of this, Maudslay, in 1 874, found the artificially cut off scarp of rock which here supported the wall. In making his The so-called Tower of David excavations in the southeast of the Haram area on the socalled hill of Ophel, Warren likewise found a considerable portion of the wall. Farther south from the latter, also on the east side of the eastern hill, Guthe discovered various portions of it. But most important of all is the fact that the latest excavations of the English Palestine Exploration Fund under the direction of Bliss, in the year 1897, restored the connection between these points in the southwest corner as well as the southeast.
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DURING 19TB CENTURY: PALESTINE 003<br />
<strong>the</strong> west from <strong>the</strong> place of <strong>the</strong> later Hippicus, <strong>the</strong> present<br />
David's Tower, at <strong>the</strong> citadel near <strong>the</strong> Jaffa Gate. While<br />
Bishop Gobat's school was be<strong>in</strong>g built on <strong>the</strong><br />
southwestern<br />
part of <strong>the</strong> west ridge, rema<strong>in</strong>s of a wall were found, which<br />
Tobler correctly assigned to <strong>the</strong> oldest wall. A little to <strong>the</strong><br />
south of this, Maudslay, <strong>in</strong> 1 874, found <strong>the</strong> artificially cut off<br />
scarp of rock which here supported <strong>the</strong> wall.<br />
In mak<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
The so-called Tower of David<br />
excavations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast of <strong>the</strong> Haram area on <strong>the</strong> socalled<br />
hill of Ophel, Warren likewise found a considerable<br />
portion of <strong>the</strong> wall.<br />
Far<strong>the</strong>r south from <strong>the</strong> latter, also on<br />
<strong>the</strong> east side of <strong>the</strong> eastern hill, Gu<strong>the</strong> discovered various<br />
portions of it. But most important of all is <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong><br />
latest excavations of <strong>the</strong> English Palest<strong>in</strong>e Exploration Fund<br />
under <strong>the</strong> direction of Bliss, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> year 1897, restored <strong>the</strong><br />
connection between <strong>the</strong>se po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> southwest corner<br />
as well as <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast.