Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century - H. V. Hilprecht
Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century - H. V. Hilprecht Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century - H. V. Hilprecht
418 EXPLORATIONS IN BIBLE LANDS 1893 and 1895 respectively, at places and levels widely apart from each other, and containing identical inscriptions of Damiqilishu, a little-known " powerful king, king of (N)isin, King of Shumer and Akkad," * who " restored the great wall of (N)isin and called its name Damiqilishu-migir- Ninib" (" D. is the favorite of the god Ninib ") ; three, inscribed unbaked clay prisms of the same period ; a soapstone tablet of Dungi of Ur recording his constructing a temple to the goddess Damgalnunna in Nippur: 2 the very ancient exquisite stele of Ur-Enlil, a high officer in the service of Bel, 3 and several other valuable votive objects, sculptured and inscribed. Most of them were gathered in the loose earth, or in the rubbish which had accumulated at the foot of the mounds and along the ancient bed of the Shatt en-Nil. Haynes discovered even a brick stamp of Naram-Sin and fragments of others, and one redcolored stamped brick of the same great ruler, of which he speaks himself as not having been found in situ. From the material before us it becomes certain that this whole ridge must have been occupied from the earliest times to the Christian period. The numerous slippershaped coffins with their ordinary contents, a good many Kuflc and Arsacide coins, Hebrew bowls, the fragments of an egg-shell inscribed with Hebrew letters in black ink, and other antiquities taken by Haynes from rooms just beneath the crest of the long-stretched hill belonged to the latest inhabitants of Nippur in the first millennium of our era. The last three thousand years of Babylonian history are represented bv dated business documents found in crude brick structures lying one above another. The age of these houses can frequently be determined also from the different sizes of bricks employed in them, which are familiar to us 1 Comp. p. 382, note 2. 2 Comp. Hilprecht, /. c, vol. i, part 2, no. 123. 3 Comp. the illustration on the previous page (417)-
LURING 1QTH CENTURY: ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA 419 from the study of the successive strata in the southeast court The deepest trenches and tunnels cut by of the ziggurrat. Haynes into different parts of this ridge revealed abundant plano-convex bricks, crude and baked, with the well-known finger impressions which characterize the pre-Sargonic settlements everywhere in Babylonian ruins. In connection with the last statement it is interesting and important to know that not far from the place which indicates the business house of Murashu Sons on our plan of the ruins (p. 305, above), Haynes sank a shaft, 4 [?] feet square, through nearly ninety-eight feet of debris, the last eighteen or nineteen feet of which lie below the present level of the desert. Only the lowest thirtv feet of these ancient remains of human civilization thus examined deserve our attention, as the shaft was by far too narrow to determine details and differences in the higher strata which could claim a scientific value. Here, as at the temple mound, the lowest thirty feet consist principally of ashes, potsherds, and lumps of clay worked by the hand. " Numerous traces of fire abound everywhere." . . . " The fire or ash-pits are still clearly shown." "The ashes are often three or . . . more inches in depth." . . . " Occasionallv a decayed bone is met with." ..." Bits of charcoal and unconsumed brands charred " are mixed with ashes and earth. In view of Haynes' theory concerning the lowest strata of the court of the ziggurrat, it cannot surprise us to find that he connects all these traces with the daily life of the earliest inhabitants, and interprets them as " marking the places where the evening camp-fires were built bv the first semi-migratory dwellers on this spot." The lowest real brick structure observed bv the excavator was about thirty feet above the undisturbed soil ; in other words, at about the level of Naram-Sin's pavement in the temple mound. We are led to this period also by an examination of the crude bricks, which measured 17 inches
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418 EXPLORATIONS IN BIBLE LANDS<br />
1893 and 1895 respectively, at places and levels widely<br />
apart from each o<strong>the</strong>r, and conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g identical <strong>in</strong>scriptions<br />
of Damiqilishu, a little-known " powerful k<strong>in</strong>g, k<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
(N)is<strong>in</strong>, K<strong>in</strong>g of Shumer and Akkad," * who " restored <strong>the</strong><br />
great wall of (N)is<strong>in</strong> and called its name Damiqilishu-migir-<br />
N<strong>in</strong>ib" (" D. is <strong>the</strong> favorite of <strong>the</strong> god N<strong>in</strong>ib ") ;<br />
three, <strong>in</strong>scribed<br />
unbaked clay prisms of <strong>the</strong> same period ;<br />
a soapstone<br />
tablet of Dungi of Ur record<strong>in</strong>g his construct<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
temple to <strong>the</strong> goddess Damgalnunna <strong>in</strong> Nippur: 2 <strong>the</strong><br />
very ancient exquisite stele of Ur-Enlil, a high officer <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> service of Bel, 3 and several o<strong>the</strong>r valuable votive objects,<br />
sculptured and <strong>in</strong>scribed. Most of <strong>the</strong>m were ga<strong>the</strong>red<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> loose earth, or <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rubbish which had accumulated<br />
at <strong>the</strong> foot of <strong>the</strong> mounds and along <strong>the</strong> ancient<br />
bed of <strong>the</strong> Shatt en-Nil. Haynes discovered even a brick<br />
stamp of Naram-S<strong>in</strong> and fragments of o<strong>the</strong>rs, and one redcolored<br />
stamped brick of <strong>the</strong><br />
same great ruler, of which he<br />
speaks himself as not hav<strong>in</strong>g been found <strong>in</strong> situ.<br />
From <strong>the</strong> material before us it becomes certa<strong>in</strong> that this<br />
whole ridge must have been occupied from <strong>the</strong> earliest<br />
times to <strong>the</strong> Christian period. The numerous slippershaped<br />
coff<strong>in</strong>s with <strong>the</strong>ir ord<strong>in</strong>ary contents, a good many<br />
Kuflc and Arsacide co<strong>in</strong>s, Hebrew bowls, <strong>the</strong> fragments of<br />
an egg-shell <strong>in</strong>scribed with Hebrew letters <strong>in</strong><br />
black <strong>in</strong>k, and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r antiquities taken by Haynes from rooms just beneath<br />
<strong>the</strong> crest of <strong>the</strong> long-stretched hill belonged to <strong>the</strong> latest<br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants of Nippur <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first millennium of our era.<br />
The last three thousand years of Babylonian history are<br />
represented bv dated bus<strong>in</strong>ess documents found <strong>in</strong> crude<br />
brick structures ly<strong>in</strong>g one above ano<strong>the</strong>r. The age of <strong>the</strong>se<br />
houses can frequently be determ<strong>in</strong>ed also from <strong>the</strong> different<br />
sizes of bricks employed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, which are familiar to us<br />
1<br />
Comp. p. 382, note 2.<br />
2<br />
Comp. <strong>Hilprecht</strong>, /. c, vol. i, part 2, no. 123.<br />
3<br />
Comp. <strong>the</strong> illustration on <strong>the</strong> previous page (417)-