Challenges to Rural Poverty Reduction in Viet Nam - Oxfam Blogs

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Participatory poverty monitoring in rural communities in Viet Nam 98 depend on relationships with people from their home village or province when they get into trouble or have problems with the local authorities and their employers. Migrants working in the formal sector also encounter difficulties. Falling real wages mean migrant workers save less and remit less money home. Rising prices also cause tension in the work place. Many workers in small companies and workshops do not enjoy social benefits. Migrant workers rarely participate in activities organised by local communities or mass organizations. The role of trade unions in private and foreign invested enterprises is limited, and has not been able to serve as a representative voice of workers and to protect their benefits. Parents working away from home can disrupt their children’s education. In Cau Ngang - Tra Vinh, many migrant parents of Kh’mer ethnic groups take their children with them. Other children from poor households have to leave school to work to help their parents. Reports of missing women from ethnic minority groups, affects those who remain behind. In Luong Minh - Nghe An, since 2010 five people in Xop Mat village and sixteen in Cham Puong village have gone missing. Some apparently left for China. 5.2. Local casual jobs Trends Local casual jobs (for between a day and two weeks) are popular. In 2010, the percentage of people with local casual jobs (12%) is 1.5 times higher than those working away from home (8%). In mountainous ethnic minority communes, the number of people doing local casual jobs is much higher than the number of people working away from home. Local casual employment is unstable, seasonal and depends on the weather and the progress of construction work. In some areas, the number of casual construction jobs increased because of programmes to replace temporary houses and reclaim land (Thuan Hoa - Ha Giang, Ban Lien - Lao Cai). In other areas there are fewer jobs as construction projects are completed (Phuoc Dai - Ninh Thuan, Phuoc Thanh - Ninh Thuan), mechanization reduces the opportunities for the poor (Thuan Hoa - Tra Vinh) or less timber is transported (Xy- Quang Tri). In 2011, the Government issued Resolution 11 to cut public spending and many local construction projects have been delayed, postponed or cancelled. There are more local casual jobs for men than women. Most local job opportunities involve heavy labour (masonry, loading and unloading, carrying timber, carpentry). Where jobs are seasonal (planting rice, harvesting, weeding, planting rubber trees) both men and women can find work (Table 5.3).
Five-year Synthesis Report Part 2: Challenges to Rural Poverty Reduction in Viet Nam TABLE 5.3. Percent of people doing local casual jobs, 2011 (%) Commune Male Female Average Thuan Hoa 18 7 13 Ban Lien 3 2 2 Thanh Xuong 25 11 19 99 Luong Minh 4 4 4 Duc Huong 3 2 3 Xy 21 13 17 Cu Hue 15 15 15 Phuoc Dai 10 5 8 Phuoc Thanh 3 3 3 Thuan Hoa 33 26 29 Average 14 9 12 SOURCE: Households interviews More poor households have local casual jobs than non-poor households at most monitoring points. Poor households often lack land for production, or only possess land without irrigation (producing only one crop per year), lack capital for investment in husbandry, but lack social network or have young children or old people that need care; so they choose to work as manual labourers near home. Motivation for local casual jobs Local urban centres. People look for casual employment in local urban centres. For example, there are many Thai people in Thanh Xuong - Dien Bien looking for jobs in neighbouring Dien Bien Phu city, or Kh’mer people in Thuan Hoa - Tra Vinh looking for jobs at the neighbouring Cau Ngang town. Agricultural commodity areas. Plantations and large intensive farms tend to have a high demand for seasonal labour (coffee harvest in Cu Hue - Dak Lak, planting rice in Thanh Xuong - Dien Bien, cutting rice in Thuan Hoa - Tra Vinh). Where subsistence farming and labour exchange practises still dominate there is little demand for additional labour (Ban Lien - Lao Cai, Luong Minh - Nghe An, Duc Huong - Ha Tinh, Phuoc Thanh - Ninh Thuan). Government and enterprise investment. Construction projects provide work for unskilled workers, although some ethnic minorities prefer farming, and only seek such jobs if absolutely necessary. Many people are not used to the working hours at construction sites or prefer to be paid daily rather than monthly (the norm in most construction sites). Wealthy households with land often hire local labours at the high season. Kinh people living in the mountainous areas who have land to plant fruit trees, industrial crops or animal husbandry (such as cassava, sugar cane in Phuoc Thanh - Ninh Thuan, raising cows, cassava, sugarcane, bananas in Phuoc Thanh - Ninh Thuan, coffee in Cu Hue - Dak Lak) are also important sources of employment.
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PARTICIPATORY POVERTY MONITORING IN
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PREFACE 1 7 In early 2007, Viet Nam
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ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS 10 ActionAi
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12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The last five
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14 and improve monitoring and evalu
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16 TABLE 1. The monitoring points C
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18 transparency, and accountability
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20 TABLE 2. Characteristics of the
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Part 1 Poverty Trends and Key Theme
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Participatory poverty monitoring in
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