Challenges to Rural Poverty Reduction in Viet Nam - Oxfam Blogs

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Participatory poverty monitoring in rural communities in Viet Nam 94 TABLE 5.1. Percent of people working away from home, 2007-2011 (%) Commune General Males Females 2007 2011 2007 2011 2007 2011 Thuan Hoa 2 1 3 2 1 0 Ban Lien 1 3 2 5 0 2 Thanh Xuong 4 6 7 8 2 3 Luong Minh 1 12 2 15 1 8 Duc Huong 17 19 24 28 10 11 Xy 2 2 3 3 0 0 Cu Hue 8 7 8 9 8 5 Phuoc Dai 2 4 3 7 1 1 Phuoc Thanh 1 2 1 2 1 1 Thuan Hoa 15 23 16 26 15 20 Average 5 8 7 10 3 5 SOURCE : Household interviews Most people working away from home are young (18-35) and unmarried. In ethnic minority mountainous areas, most migrants seek seasonal and informal work in rural areas. In low-lying areas migrants also seek work in formal sectors in urban areas. Motivations for working away from home Migrants seek better jobs and higher incomes. In urban areas, industrial zones or areas with a high concentration of commodity production, there is a strong demand for low and unskilled labour. Urbanization goes together with re-division of labour. Essential services in the informal sector that are not wanted by urban people (such as house maid, sales support, mason, cargo loading, street vending, scrap vending) have become opportunities for rural migrants. Better transport, communications and ease of migration regulations are promoting migration (Box 5.2).
Five-year Synthesis Report Part 2: Challenges to Rural Poverty Reduction in Viet Nam BOX 5.2. Why migrate? • Flooding (Duc Huong - Ha Tinh) and droughts (Luong Minh - Nghe An, Phuoc Dai - Ninh Thuan) are increasingly unpredictable and cause more damage, resulting in heavy looses to plantations and livestock. • No or little productive land (Kh’mer people in Thuan Hoa - Tra Vinh). Mechanization of agriculture also reduces the demand for local workers, whilst demand for house maids and sales support in urban areas is increasing, creating opportunities for Kh’mer women. • Most young people finishing secondary education (Duc Huong - Ha Tinh) or primary education (Thuan Hoa Tra Vinh) do not have the opportunity to continue their studies, so many migrate to the city to find work and help their families. • Better transport and new inter-provincial bus routes make it easy for migrant workers to return home (Duc Huong - Ha Tinh, Luong Minh - Nghe An, Cu Hue - Dak Lak, Thuan Hoa - Tra Vinh). • Mobile phones mean people working away from home can easily connect with employers, job brokers, and family. • In Luong Minh - Nghe An, men want to avoid temptations such as drug use, and women want to find husbands elsewhere. • In coffee harvest season in the Central Highlands, farming season (weeding, planting, harvesting corns, cutting sugarcanes, picking cashew nuts), there is a big demand for unskilled workers, which are seasonal opportunities for people who have time available due to a lack of land for production, or those that can only harvest 1 season a year (Duc Huong - Ha Tinh, Thuan Hoa - Tra Vinh, Phuoc Dai - Ninh Thuan, Phuoc Thanh - Ninh Thuan). • After the global financial crisis in 2009, many companies went to rural areas, even far ethnic minority mountainous areas (Luong Minh - Nghe An), to recruit workers with little education. 95 Few ethnic minority mountainous people work away from home. Few have access to the social networks and information necessary to find work. As historically there have been few ethnic minority migrants there are no trusted and known contacts in low-lying areas. Some young people want to work away from home, but have to rely on unknown job brokers, which can be risky. Long distances and travel costs are also an obstacle. Traditional gender roles mean there are fewer ethnic minority migrant women. Married women rarely leave the house unaccompanied, and are expected to work at home, taking care of their husbands, children and household farms. Women tend also to be less educated and are less likely to speak Vietnamese (Box 5.3). The priority for selfsufficiency of food and under developed labour market in ethnic minority mountainous communities also discourages migration. In some villages, households with members working away from home and leaving their fields under-farmed are regarded as “lazy”.
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PARTICIPATORY POVERTY MONITORING IN
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PREFACE 1 7 In early 2007, Viet Nam
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ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS 10 ActionAi
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12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The last five
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14 and improve monitoring and evalu
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16 TABLE 1. The monitoring points C
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18 transparency, and accountability
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20 TABLE 2. Characteristics of the
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Part 1 Poverty Trends and Key Theme
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Participatory poverty monitoring in
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