Challenges to Rural Poverty Reduction in Viet Nam - Oxfam Blogs

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Participatory poverty monitoring in rural communities in Viet Nam 32 many households secured large loans to fund college or university education for their children. However, after graduating, young people could not find work and returned home to work on the family farm or in casual waged employment. There are a number of reasons for graduates’ failure to find work: subjects studied are often only suitable for public services, which have few available positions or which require “relations” to find a job; there are few job opportunities in local enterprises, and some graduates do not want to work away from home; education for rural young people, particularly those who study at colleges and secondary vocational schools at provincial level, is often of low quality. 1.3. Diverse poverty groups Disadvantaged groups are classified as the “chronically” poor 8 , temporarily poor (those who can possibly escape from poverty), vulnerable poor, and near-poor /people who just escaped from poverty. The “Chronically” poor FIGURE 1.3. Poverty trends in 20 surveyed villages, 2007 - 2010 There are many “chronically poor” people in ethnic minority groups in remote areas (Figure 1.3). In lowland, Kinh villages the percentage of the chronically poor is very low (Dong Tam village-ĐL, M’Hang village-ĐL, and Chan Nuoi 2 village-ĐB). On average 23 percent of the surveyed households are “chronically poor”. Chronically poor households often suffer from a shortage of labour, because their members tend to be elderly, have small children or suffer illness or disability. The chronically poor ethnic minority people often have little or poor quality land, are unable to speak Vietnamese and mostly work as wage labourers. Other chronically poor households have members with drug dependency problems. The chronically poor are particularly vulnerable. Chronically poor households are often short of food, have no savings and rely on relatives and the local SOURCE: Statistics of household interviews Note: Poverty Statistics 2007-2010 according to the old income poverty line of the Government. community for support. As a result they are particularly vulnerable to illness, disease or natural disasters. Many also have difficulty accessing credit. Chronic poverty is intergenerational. Families with many children, little productive land and who cannot invest in their children’s education remain poor across generations (Box 1.4). 8 “Chronically” poor households are those classified as poor households for four consecutive years (2007 - 2010). Households which are not included in the list of poor households for four consecutive years are considered “non-poor”. The remainder regularly change status.
Five-year Synthesis Report Part 1: Poverty Trends and Key Themes of Rural Poverty Reduction BOX 1.4. Some Chronically poor households have many children 33 Mr. T.M, 39 years-old, of the Kh’mer ethnic group in Soc Chua village, Thuan Hoa commune (Cau Ngang, Tra Vinh) heads a chronically poor household with no productive land. He earns a living as a tractor driver. Mr T.M has 11 children who are responsible for feeding themselves. His eight school-age children do not go to school. Before 2007, Mr T.M’s household was often short of food. In 2008, Mr T.M. tried to breed cows and ducks but with little success. In 2009, his wife gave birth to their eleventh child. Their eldest daughter, who was 14 years old, had to leave school in the 7 th grade to work as a maid in the city. She was occasionally able to send one or two million VND home to help buy food. Two sons moved to Chau Thanh district to tend ducks for an acquaintance’s family. They send about 700,000 VND per month. The younger children, who do not attend school, occasionally work cleaning rice, “assisting people by holding rice bags”. In 2010, Mr T.M. had a vasectomy. With their children’s money he and his wife began breeding chicken and tended two cows on contract for other people. They bought a second-hand motorbike. They also sent two children to primary school. In 2011, they tended four cows and sold cow dung. They also gained access to electricity. His wife had an accident and she had to stay at home. Mr T.M’s household also struggled with inflation and rising costs: “Text books cost us more than 200,000 VND, and contribution to school was 70,000 VND. Currently we owe 4 million VND of rice, seasoning powder, and cooking oil”. Relative living standards Average Poor Poultry breeding Gave birth to 11 th child Eldest daughter stopped school at 7 th grade to go to work Working children remit money home Wife had accident Extremely poor Second and third son tend ducks for wages, send home money monthly Chicken breeding, bought second hand motorbike, sent two children to school Tended cows which gave birth to 2 calves, had electricity meter installed 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 The temporarily poor Households in the “temporarily poor” group make up the largest proportion poor households. The temporarily poor have labour and the desire to improve their lives, but lack capital, technical knowledge, and access to markets. Typical households are young newly established families. Such households, if provided support can probably escape from poverty. Many households have made use of Govvernment support or market opportunities and, when possible, apply advanced farming techniques. Poor households with specific vulnerabilities Some households are poor for specific reasons. These include those who live in disasterprone areas, those who live in isolation, drug users and the Kh’mer, who have limited or no productive land. The poor in disaster-prone areas. In disaster-prone areas poor households who
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Part 3 Toward Sustainable Rural Pov
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