Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

Table 16.1. Summary of the most important orders of lichenized ascomycetes and their characteristic features. Orders have been grouped approximately
according to the phylogenetic summary by Grube and Winka (2002).
Order Number of species Features of sexual
reproduction
Lichen thallus Photobiont Taxonomic reference
Lichinales 237 (alllichenized) ascohymenial/apothecial
with prototunicate asci
crustose, foliose or
fruticose (often
gelatinous)
cyanobacteria Schultz et al.(2001)
Agyriales 98 (mostly lichenized) ascohymenial/apothecial
with bitunicate (nonfissitunicate)
asci
crustose or
squamulose
green algae (with
cyanobacteria in
cephalodia)
Lumbsch et al.(2001)
Gyalectales 108 (alllichenized) ascohymenial/apothecial
with unitunicate asci
mainly crustose mainly green
algae (especially
Trentepohlia)
Lumbsch et al.(2004)
Ostropales
(incl.Graphidales)
1854 (mainly
non-lichenized)
ascohymenial/apothecial
with unitunicate asci
crustose green algae Lumbsch et al.(2004)
Pertusariales 47 (alllichenized) ascohymenial/apothecial
with unitunicate asci
mainly crustose green algae Stenroos and DePriest
(1998)
Lecanorales 7108 (mostly lichenized) ascohymenial/apothecial
with rostrate
(non-fissitunicate) asci
all shapes green algae and/or
cyanobacteria
(see Section16.3)
Pyrenulales 286 (two-thirds
lichenized)
ascohymenial/perithecial
with bitunicate
(fissitunicate) asci
crustose green algae
Verrucariales 720 (mostly lichenized) ascohymenial/perithecial
with bitunicate
(non-fissitunicate) asci
crustose or foliose green algae Wedin et al.(2005)
Arthoniales 1200 (mostly lichenized) ascohymenial/apothecial
with bitunicate
(fissitunicate) asci
mainly crustose green algae Myllys et al.(1998)