Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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248 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) Fig 8.17 Outline of a possible ascomycete phylogeny, presented as a consensus tree based on sequences of the RNA polymerase II gene. Lichenized fungi are printed in bold. Redrawn from Liu and Hall (2004), with permission. ß 2004 National Academy of Sciences,U.S.A.
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Introduction to Fungi JohnWebster U
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To Philip M. Booth
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viii CONTENTS Chapter 6 Chytridiomy
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x CONTENTS 15.4 Rhytismataceae 440
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Preface to the first edition There
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Preface to the third edition Major
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Acknowledgements We are indebted to
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2 INTRODUCTION With photosynthetic
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4 INTRODUCTION Fig1.3 Transmission
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6 INTRODUCTION Fig1.5 Structural fo
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8 INTRODUCTION of mushroom-type fru
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10 INTRODUCTION Fig1.8 Diagrammatic
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12 INTRODUCTION Fig1.9 Tubular cont
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14 INTRODUCTION Fig1.11 Ion fluxes
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16 INTRODUCTION grow alongside each
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18 INTRODUCTION Fig1.15 Rhizomorphs
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20 INTRODUCTION carbon/nitrogen rat
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22 INTRODUCTION well shown by the X
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24 INTRODUCTION Fig1.17 Zoospore ty
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26 INTRODUCTION genera, e.g. Hypocr
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28 INTRODUCTION creating a momentum
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30 INTRODUCTION Fig1.22 Chlamydospo
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32 INTRODUCTION As mentioned on p.
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34 INTRODUCTION the cell wall (Tabl
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36 INTRODUCTION Fig1.24 The spatial
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38 INTRODUCTION Table1.2. The class
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2 Protozoa: Myxomycota (slime mould
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42 PROTOZOA: MYXOMYCOTA (SLIME MOUL
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3 Protozoa: Plasmodiophoromycota 3.
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56 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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58 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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60 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA p
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62 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA I
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64 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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66 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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68 STRAMINIPILA: MINOR FUNGAL PHYLA
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76 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.1 A
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78 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.3 L
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80 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Table 5.1
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82 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA strains o
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84 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.5 S
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86 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The oogon
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88 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.9 A
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90 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA was the f
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92 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.12
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96 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA that desc
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100 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA In some
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102 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA haploid
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112 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA firmly t
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114 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA present,
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116 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA convinci
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120 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA and pars
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122 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA sterigma
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124 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The spor
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128 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA N-acetylglucosa
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130 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.2 Flagel
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132 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA the reproducti
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134 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Table 6.1. Ord
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136 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.7 Synchy
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138 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA already been d
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140 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.9 Synchyt
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142 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Canter & Jawors
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144 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA exit tube which
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146 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA some of the spe
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148 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA distinguished v
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150 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.17 Scanni
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152 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.18 Neocal
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154 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.19 Blasto
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156 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA and if dried sa
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158 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.21 Life c
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160 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA both thin-walle
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162 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA pathways. There
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164 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.25 Monobl
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166 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.1 Recent phylo
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168 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.3 Mucor rouxii
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170 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.5 Sporangiopho
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172 ZYGOMYCOTA The columella is cur
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174 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.8 Phycomyces b
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176 ZYGOMYCOTA Phycomyces, after ar
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178 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.11 Development
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180 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.12 Life cycle
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182 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.14 Mucor racem
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184 ZYGOMYCOTA that many workers co
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186 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.18 Phycomyces
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188 ZYGOMYCOTA the sporangiophore o
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190 ZYGOMYCOTA makes contact with a
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192 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.24 Thamnidium
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194 ZYGOMYCOTA (i.e. striate) wall
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196 ZYGOMYCOTA sporangiospores, eac
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198 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.30 Mortierella
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200 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.32 Mortierella
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202 ZYGOMYCOTA of germ tubes toward
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204 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.34 Basidiobolu
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206 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.36 Basidiobolu
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208 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.37 The eventfu
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210 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.39 Conidiobolu
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212 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 0 Carcass of
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214 ZYGOMYCOTA develop. These are t
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216 ZYGOMYCOTA apparent (Fig. 7.43e
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218 ZYGOMYCOTA mycorrhiza (AM). The
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220 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 6 Vesicular
Page 486: 222 ZYGOMYCOTA interest (Allen, 199
Page 490: 224 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.47 Harpella me
Page 494: 8 Ascomycota (ascomycetes) 8.1 Intr
Page 498: 228 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) Fig 8.
Page 502: 230 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) wall a
Page 514: 236 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) 8.6 De
Page 534: 246 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) formin
Page 540: CLASSIFICATION 249 An outline of cu
Page 544: TAPHRINALES 251 9.2 Taphrinales The
Page 548: SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCETALES 253 about 5
Page 552: SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCETALES 255 importa
Page 556: SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCETALES 257 Fig 9.5
Page 560: PNEUMOCYSTIS 259 formation of the i
Page 564: 10 Hemiascomycetes 10.1 Introductio
Page 568: SACCHAROMYCES (SACCHAROMYCETACEAE)
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SACCHAROMYCES (SACCHAROMYCETACEAE)
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SACCHAROMYCES (SACCHAROMYCETACEAE)
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CANDIDA (ANAMORPHIC SACCHAROMYCETAL
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CANDIDA (ANAMORPHIC SACCHAROMYCETAL
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GALACTOMYCES (DIPODASCACEAE) 281 of
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SACCHAROMYCOPSIS (SACCHAROMYCOPSIDA
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11 Plectomycetes 11.1 Introduction
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ASCOSPHAERALES 287 ascocarps, and i
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ONYGENALES 289 infected larvae rath
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ONYGENALES 291 Onygenaceae as human
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ONYGENALES 293 disturb the soil. On
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ONYGENALES 295 Fig11.7 Friesian cat
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EUROTIALES 297 have gymnothecia wit
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EUROTIALES 299 penicilli, a further
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EUROTIALES 301 biseriate species As
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EUROTIALES 303 Cheese production in
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EUROTIALES 305 has similarities to
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EUROTIALES 307 are uncommon, with t
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EUROTIALES 309 Fig11.16 Eurotium re
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EUROTIALES 311 Fig11.18 Conidiophor
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EUROTIALES 313 Fig11.21 Elaphomyces
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12 Hymenoascomycetes: Pyrenomycetes
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SORDARIALES 317 The dark-coloured p
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SORDARIALES 319 vitamins by the sti
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SORDARIALES 321 Fig12.3 Schizotheci
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SORDARIALES 323 degenerates. Cultur
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SORDARIALES 325 Mating type factors
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SORDARIALES 327 kilns and bakeries
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SORDARIALES 329 Fig12.8 Neurospora
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SORDARIALES 331 heterokaryotic (A
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XYLARIALES 333 been placed in sever
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XYLARIALES 335 Daldinia concentrica
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HYPOCREALES 337 Fig12.13 serpens. T
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HYPOCREALES 339 mushroom mycelium.
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HYPOCREALES 341 Fig12.16 Conidiopho
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HYPOCREALES 343 Fig12.18 Canker cau
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HYPOCREALES 345 Fig12.21 Nectria ma
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HYPOCREALES 347 Fig12.22 Fusarium c
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CLAVICIPITALES 349 thick apical cap
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CLAVICIPITALES 351 Fig12.25 The hom
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CLAVICIPITALES 353 and dumb, and, b
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CLAVICIPITALES 355 alkaloid product
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CLAVICIPITALES 357 Fig12.29 Epichlo
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CLAVICIPITALES 359 Fig12.31 Endophy
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CLAVICIPITALES 361 artificially inf
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CLAVICIPITALES 363 conidia. The ass
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OPHIOSTOMATALES 365 Fig12.36 Ophios
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OPHIOSTOMATALES 367 Fig12.37 Asexua
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MICROASCALES 369 Fig12.38 Scopulari
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MICROASCALES 371 Fig12.40 Trichurus
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DIAPORTHALES 373 Aspects of pathoge
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DIAPORTHALES 375 enveloped by hypha
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 377 cAMP levels wer
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 379 Fig12.44 The in
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 381 with a hydropho
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 383 Fig12.47 (a) Co
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MAGNAPORTHACEAE 385 intracellular s
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GLOMERELLACEAE 387 Fig12.51 Colleto
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GLOMERELLACEAE 389 infection proces
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INTRODUCTION 391 Fig13.1 Summary of
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 393 of the Erysip
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 395 Fig13.3 An ex
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 397 leaf surface.
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BLUMERIA GRAMINIS 399 Fig13.5 Inter
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ERYSIPHE 401 that B. graminis survi
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ERYSIPHE 403 Fig13.9 Summer shoot o
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PHYLLACTINIA AND LEVEILLULA 405 Fig
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PHYLLACTINIA AND LEVEILLULA 407 Fig
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CONTROL OF POWDERY MILDEW DISEASES
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Plate1 Slimemoulds(Myxomycota).(a)W
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Plate 3 Chytridiomycota (a c) and Z
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Plate 5 Pyrenomycetes. (a) Daldinia
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Plate 7 Inoperculate Discomycetes (
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Plate 9 Fruit bodies of Homobasidio
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Plate11 Gasteromycetes (a f) and He
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PYRONEMA (PYRONEMATACEAE) 415 Table
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ALEURIA (PYRONEMATACEAE) 417 simult
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ASCOBOLUS (ASCOBOLACEAE) 419 Aleuri
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ASCOBOLUS (ASCOBOLACEAE) 421 Fig14.
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TUBER (TUBERACEAE) 423 of neighbour
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TUBER (TUBERACEAE) 425 Fig14.7 Tube
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MORCHELLA (MORCHELLACEAE) 427 surro
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15 Hymenoascomycetes: Helotiales (i
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 431 Fig15.1 Sclerot
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 433 Fig15.3 Monilin
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 435 Fig15.4 Non-vol
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SCLEROTINIACEAE 437 Fig15.6 Life cy
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DERMATEACEAE 439 Further, B. cinere
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RHYTISMATACEAE 441 Fig15.8 Infectio
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OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE HELOTI
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OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE HELOTI
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GENERAL ASPECTS OF LICHEN BIOLOGY 4
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Table 16.1. Summary of the most imp
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LECANORALES 455 listed in Table 16.
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LECANORALES 457 Fig16.8 Cladonia py
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17 Loculoascomycetes 17.1 Introduct
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PLEOSPORALES 461 Pseudoparaphyses a
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PLEOSPORALES 463 Fig17.3 Leptosphae
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PLEOSPORALES 465 Fig17.5 Ascochyta
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PLEOSPORALES 467 Fig17.8 Epicoccum
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PLEOSPORALES 469 used (Ellis, 1971b
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PLEOSPORALES 471 Fig17.11 Alternari
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PLEOSPORALES 473 Fig17.12 Helmintho
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PLEOSPORALES 475 Fig17.14 Curvulari
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PLEOSPORALES 477 1999). Victorin bi
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PLEOSPORALES 479 Fig17.17 Venturia
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DOTHIDEALES 481 Table 17.3. Some an
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DOTHIDEALES 483 Fig17.20 Wheat leaf
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DOTHIDEALES 485 Fig17.22 Cercospori
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18 Basidiomycota 18.1 Introduction
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DEVELOPMENT OF BASIDIA 489 Fig18.2
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BASIDIOSPORE DEVELOPMENT 491 Fig18.
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THE MECHANISM OF BASIDIOSPORE DISCH
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NUMBERS OF BASIDIOSPORES 495 Fig18.
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497 BASIDIOSPORE GERMINATION AND HY
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BASIDIOSPORE GERMINATION AND HYPHAL
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 501 Fig18.12 S
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 503 Fig18.14 A
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 505 Fig18.16 S
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MATING SYSTEMS IN BASIDIOMYCETES 50
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MATING SYSTEMS IN BASIDIOMYCETES 50
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RELATIONSHIPS 511 colonized by this
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CLASSIFICATION 513 These taxonomic
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INTRODUCTION 515 Fig19.1 Examples o
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STRUCTURE AND MORPHOGENESIS OF BASI
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IMPORTANCE OF HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES 52
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EUAGARICS CLADE 533 Fig19.14 Basidi
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EUAGARICS CLADE 535 primordium has
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EUAGARICS CLADE 537 psychromorbidus
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EUAGARICS CLADE 539 Fig19.15 Second
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EUAGARICS CLADE 541 (see Figs. 19.1
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EUAGARICS CLADE 545 flesh of the fr
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EUAGARICS CLADE 549 Fig19.19 Gravit
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EUAGARICS CLADE 551 Control of witc
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BOLETOID CLADE 555 fungus (P. namek
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BOLETOID CLADE 557 consumption. The
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BOLETOID CLADE 559 such timbers tha
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POLYPOROID CLADE 561 Fig19.23 Basid
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POLYPOROID CLADE 563 Fig19.24 Trame
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POLYPOROID CLADE 565 distinct compo
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RUSSULOID CLADE 567 Fig19.26 Basidi
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RUSSULOID CLADE 569 predominantly b
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RUSSULOID CLADE 571 Fig19.28 The bo
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HYMENOCHAETOID CLADE 573 one of a g
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GOMPHOID PHALLOID CLADE 575 bodies
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20 Homobasidiomycetes: gasteromycet
Page 1224:
EVOLUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF GASTEROM
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE EUAGARICS CLA
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE BOLETOID CLAD
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
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GASTEROMYCETES IN THE GOMPHOID PHAL
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21 Heterobasidiomycetes 21.1 Introd
Page 1256:
CERATOBASIDIALES 595 affected (Sneh
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CERATOBASIDIALES 597 Fig 21.2 Rhizo
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DACRYMYCETALES 599 Fig 21.4 Dacrymy
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AURICULARIALES 601 of basidiospores
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AURICULARIALES 603 Fig 21.7 Life cy
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TREMELLALES 605 conjugation of comp
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TREMELLALES 607 Fig 21.12 Life cycl
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22 Urediniomycetes: Uredinales (rus
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 611 Fig
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UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 613 Homo
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Page 1300:
Page 1304:
UREDINALES: THE RUST FUNGI 619 form
Page 1308:
PUCCINIA GRAMINIS, THE CAUSE OF BLA
Page 1312:
Page 1316:
Page 1320:
OTHER CEREAL RUSTS 627 race charact
Page 1324:
PUCCINIA AND UROMYCES 629 Fig 22.13
Page 1328:
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PUCCINIACEAE 6
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MELAMPSORACEAE 635 Fig 22.15 Sectio
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THE ‘TRUE’ SMUT FUNGI (USTILAGI
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Page 1368:
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MICROBOTRYALES (UREDINIOMYCETES) 65
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
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EXOBASIDIALES (USTILAGINOMYCETES) 6
Page 1384:
INTRODUCTION 659 Fig 24.1 Basidiomy
Page 1388:
HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 661 Tabl
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 663 Fig
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HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 665 wide
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 667 Fig 24.4
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UREDINIOMYCETE YEASTS 669 Fig 24.6
Page 1408:
USTILAGINOMYCETE YEASTS 671 Fig 24.
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25 Anamorphic fungi (nematophagous
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 675 We owe much
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 677 Fig 25.3 Ar
Page 1424:
NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 679 Fig 25.5 Da
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 681 Fig 25.7 Ne
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NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI 683 (group 1),
Page 1436:
AQUATIC HYPHOMYCETES (INGOLDIAN FUN
Page 1440:
Page 1444:
Page 1448:
Page 1452:
Page 1456:
Page 1460:
AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 697 Table 25.3.
Page 1464:
AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 699 Fig 25.22 Pr
Page 1468:
AERO-AQUATIC FUNGI 701 means of dis
Page 1472:
REFERENCES 703 Aist, J. R. & Israel
Page 1476:
REFERENCES 705 Arnold, D. L., Blake
Page 1480:
REFERENCES 707 Barr, D. J. S. (1987
Page 1484:
REFERENCES 709 Beakes, G. W. & Gloc
Page 1488:
REFERENCES 711 Beuchat, L. R. (1995
Page 1492:
REFERENCES 713 Bourett, T. M., Czym
Page 1496:
REFERENCES 715 Brown, J. S., Whan,
Page 1500:
REFERENCES 717 Callac, P. (1995). B
Page 1504:
REFERENCES 719 Castlebury, L. A., R
Page 1508:
REFERENCES 721 Chiu, S. W. & Moore,
Page 1512:
REFERENCES 723 Cooke, L. R. & Littl
Page 1516:
REFERENCES 725 Culvenor, C. C., Bec
Page 1520:
REFERENCES 727 Degousée, N., Gupta
Page 1524:
REFERENCES 729 Dissing, H. (1986).
Page 1528:
REFERENCES 731 Edgar, J. A., Frahn,
Page 1532:
REFERENCES 733 Falk, S. P., Gadoury
Page 1536:
REFERENCES 735 Foster, S. J. & Fitt
Page 1540:
REFERENCES 737 Gauger, W. L. (1975)
Page 1544:
REFERENCES 739 Haptoglossa heteromo
Page 1548:
REFERENCES 741 Griffith, J. M., Dav
Page 1552:
REFERENCES 743 Hampson, M. C. (1988
Page 1556:
REFERENCES 745 Heath, M. C. & Skala
Page 1560:
REFERENCES 747 Hohl, H. R. & Iselin
Page 1564:
REFERENCES 749 Huang, B., Li, Z. G.
Page 1568:
REFERENCES 751 Ingold, C. T. & Zobe
Page 1572:
REFERENCES 753 Jiang, J., Stephenso
Page 1576:
REFERENCES 755 Kendrick, B., ed. (1
Page 1580:
REFERENCES 757 Ko, W. H. (1980). Ho
Page 1584:
REFERENCES 759 concern: cytological
Page 1588:
REFERENCES 761 Latunde-Dada, A. O.,
Page 1592:
REFERENCES 763 Lingappa, B. T. (195
Page 1596:
REFERENCES 765 Luttrell, E. S. (198
Page 1600:
REFERENCES 767 Markovich, N. A. & K
Page 1604:
REFERENCES 769 Menge, J. A. (1984).
Page 1608:
REFERENCES 771 Molina, R., Trappe,
Page 1612:
REFERENCES 773 Moss, M. O. & Long,
Page 1616:
REFERENCES 775 inoperculaten Discom
Page 1620:
REFERENCES 777 Obermayer, W. & Poel
Page 1624:
REFERENCES 779 Ott, S., Meier, T. &
Page 1628:
REFERENCES 781 Percudani, R., Trevi
Page 1632:
REFERENCES 783 Pommer, E.-H. (1995)
Page 1636:
REFERENCES 785 Raper, J. R. (1939).
Page 1640:
REFERENCES 787 Reynolds, D. R. (197
Page 1644:
REFERENCES 789 Roncal, T., Cordobé
Page 1648:
REFERENCES 791 Sánchez, C. (2004).
Page 1652:
REFERENCES 793 K. A. Powell, A. Ren
Page 1656:
REFERENCES 795 Silliker, M. E., Mon
Page 1660:
REFERENCES 797 Solla, A. & Gil, L.
Page 1664:
REFERENCES 799 Stensrud, Ø., Hywel
Page 1668:
REFERENCES 801 Swann, E. C. & Taylo
Page 1672:
REFERENCES 803 Thines, E., Weber, R
Page 1676:
REFERENCES 805 Uchida, W., Matsunag
Page 1680:
REFERENCES 807 Verstrepen, K. J., D
Page 1684:
REFERENCES 809 Waters, H., Butler,
Page 1688:
REFERENCES 811 Weeks, R. J., Padhye
Page 1692:
REFERENCES 813 Willetts, H. J. & Bu
Page 1696:
REFERENCES 815 Xu, J.-T. & Mu, C. (
Page 1700:
Index Page numbers with images are
Page 1704:
INDEX 819 ascospore-delimiting memb
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INDEX 821 Candida parapsilosis 227,
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INDEX 823 Cordyceps capitata 362 Co
Page 1716:
INDEX 825 Erysiphe polygoni 402 Ery
Page 1720:
INDEX 827 hemicellulose 528 Hemilei
Page 1724:
INDEX 829 Leveillula taurica 407 Le
Page 1728:
INDEX 831 mycosporine-alanine 387 m
Page 1732:
INDEX 833 Phallus ravenelii 591 Pha
Page 1736:
INDEX 835 Puccinia coronata 476, 61
Page 1740:
INDEX 837 scolytid beetles 366 Scop
Page 1744:
INDEX 839 thallic conidiogenesis 30
Page 1748:
INDEX 841 yeasts 3; see Archiascomy
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Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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