Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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INDEX 831 mycosporine-alanine 387 mycotoxins 302, 304, 305–306, 347, 348, 470 Mycotypha microspora 202 Mycovellosiella 483 Mycovellosiella fulva; see Cladosporium fulvum mycoviruses 329, 375–376; transmission 377; see Hypovirus Myriosclerotinia curreyana 430; see Myrioconium, Sclerotinia curreyana myxamoeba 49 Myxomycetes 47–53, Pl. 1 Myxotrichum chartarum 296, 297; taxonomic position 297, 444 Myzocytium 681 nasse apicale 241 necrotrophy 388, 432, 434, 438 Nectria 341–343, 689 Nectria cinnabarina 341–342, 344, 600, Pl. 5 Nectria coccinea 341 Nectria galligena (anam. Cylindrocarpon heteronema) 341, 343, 344, 348 Nectria haematococca 344 Nectria (anam. Heliscus) lugdunensis 687 Nectria mammoidea 345 Nectria radicicola (anam. Cylindrocarpon destructans) 348 Nematoctonus (teleom. Hohenbuehelia) 679, 681 nematodes 673 nematophagous fungi 63, 64, 349, 542, 673–685; adhesion 683; adhesive knobs 675, 676, 679; adhesive nets 675, 676; biological control 684; constricting rings 676–679; egg and cyst parasites 674, 684; endoparasitic fungi 674, 680–682; infection process 683; non-constricting rings 676; predatory fungi 673, 675–680; taxonomy 674; toxins 683; trap induction 682–683; trophic hyphae 673, 684 Neobulgaria 444 Neocallimastigales 150–153 Neocallimastix 151 Neocallimastix frontalis 151 Neocallimastix hurleyensis 151, 152 Neocallimastix patriciarum 151 Neoerysiphe galeopsidis 404 Neonectria 348 Neotyphodium (teleom. Epichloe) 355, 358; alkaloids 358–359, 360; mutualistic symbiosis 359; origin 359 Neotyphodium coenophialum 342 Neotyphodium lolii 358, 359 Neotyphodium typhinum 358 Neozygites 203 Neurospora 326–331; as a genetic tool 327; life cycle 327–330 Neurospora africana 327 Neurospora crassa 11, 229, 237, 320, 327, 329; biological clock 331; life cycle 327, 328, 329–330; mating behaviour 330–331 Neurospora dodgei 327 Neurospora intermedia 326 Neurospora sitophila 327 Neurospora terricola 327 Neurospora tetrasperma, ascospore 26, 228, 237; pseudohomothallism 323–324, 506 neurosporoxanthin 329 Nia vibrissa 577, 579, 693 Nigrospora 30 Nodulisporium 333, 334, 335 Nodulisporium tulasnei 335 Nostoc 221, 446, 456 Nowakowskiella 144–145 Nowakowskiella elegans 144, 145 Nowakowskiella profusa 129, 144 nuclei 4, 5, 79, 228, 497, 501, Pl. 12; conjugate division 499; nuclear migration 498 numbers of species of fungi 1, 226 numbers of spores 497 nutrient uptake 12–13, 14 nystatin 279 oak, powdery mildew 402, 403; wilt 369 oats, covered smut 643; crown rust 628; leaf necrosis 476; loose smut 642, 643; Victoria cultivar 476, 619 ocellus 186 ochratoxin A 304, 305 odours 371, 373, 424, 591, 630 Oedocephalum 419, 420, 504 Oedogoniomyces 162 Oidiodendron 295, 444 Oidiopsis 408 oidium 421, 502, 503, 538 Oidium 390 Oidium tuckeri 403 oilseed rape, leaf spot 439; blackleg 461, 463 oleaginous fungi 167 Olpidium 145–148; fossil 133; transmission of viruses 147–148; zoospores 146 Olpidium bornovanus 146–148 Olpidium brassicae 127, 146–147, 148 Omphalotus 546 Omphalotus olearius 501 one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis 327 onions, leaf blight 468; white rot 434 Onygena 290, 293 Onygena corvina 290, 293 Onygena equina 290, 293 Onygenales 289–297 oogamous fertilization 28, 77, 162 oogoniol 90 oogonium 29, 77, 86, 89, 101 Oomycota 24, 38, 64, 75–126, P. 2; hypha 75–76; sexual reproduction 77, 78; taxonomy 80; zoospore 76, 77 ooplast 78, 86, 102, 110 oosphere 29, 102, 109 oospore 28, 29, 77, 102, 109–110, 164; centric, subcentric, subeccentric, eccentric types 86 oosporein 363 operculate discomycetes 414; see Pezizales operculum 241, 414, 417, 418; see ascus apical apparatus Ophiostoma 364–366; perithecium 364, 365, 366; versus Ceratocystis 364, 373 Ophiostoma himal-ulmi 366–367 Ophiostoma novo-ulmi 366; control of Dutch elm disease 368 Ophiostoma piceae 365 Ophiostoma ulmi 366, 367 Ophiostomatales 316, 364 opisthokont zoospore 24 -opsis form (of Uredinales) 613 Orbilia 675 Orbiliaceae 675 orchid mycorrhiza 550, 596, 597, 598 orellanine 539, 555 organohalogens, fungal origin 530 Orpinomyces 151 Oudemansiella canarii 489 Oudemansiella mucida 548 Oudemansiella radicata 547, 548; basidium 488 Ovulariopsis 406
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Introduction to Fungi JohnWebster U
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To Philip M. Booth
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viii CONTENTS Chapter 6 Chytridiomy
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x CONTENTS 15.4 Rhytismataceae 440
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Preface to the first edition There
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Preface to the third edition Major
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Acknowledgements We are indebted to
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2 INTRODUCTION With photosynthetic
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4 INTRODUCTION Fig1.3 Transmission
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6 INTRODUCTION Fig1.5 Structural fo
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8 INTRODUCTION of mushroom-type fru
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10 INTRODUCTION Fig1.8 Diagrammatic
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12 INTRODUCTION Fig1.9 Tubular cont
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14 INTRODUCTION Fig1.11 Ion fluxes
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16 INTRODUCTION grow alongside each
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18 INTRODUCTION Fig1.15 Rhizomorphs
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20 INTRODUCTION carbon/nitrogen rat
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22 INTRODUCTION well shown by the X
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24 INTRODUCTION Fig1.17 Zoospore ty
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26 INTRODUCTION genera, e.g. Hypocr
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28 INTRODUCTION creating a momentum
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30 INTRODUCTION Fig1.22 Chlamydospo
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32 INTRODUCTION As mentioned on p.
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34 INTRODUCTION the cell wall (Tabl
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36 INTRODUCTION Fig1.24 The spatial
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38 INTRODUCTION Table1.2. The class
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2 Protozoa: Myxomycota (slime mould
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42 PROTOZOA: MYXOMYCOTA (SLIME MOUL
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3 Protozoa: Plasmodiophoromycota 3.
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56 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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58 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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60 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA p
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62 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA I
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64 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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66 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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68 STRAMINIPILA: MINOR FUNGAL PHYLA
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76 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.1 A
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78 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.3 L
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80 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Table 5.1
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82 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA strains o
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84 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.5 S
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86 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The oogon
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88 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.9 A
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90 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA was the f
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92 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.12
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96 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA that desc
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100 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA In some
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102 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA haploid
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112 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA firmly t
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114 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA present,
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116 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA convinci
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120 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA and pars
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122 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA sterigma
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124 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The spor
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128 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA N-acetylglucosa
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130 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.2 Flagel
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132 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA the reproducti
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134 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Table 6.1. Ord
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136 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.7 Synchy
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138 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA already been d
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140 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.9 Synchyt
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142 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Canter & Jawors
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144 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA exit tube which
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146 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA some of the spe
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148 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA distinguished v
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150 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.17 Scanni
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152 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.18 Neocal
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154 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.19 Blasto
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156 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA and if dried sa
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158 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.21 Life c
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160 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA both thin-walle
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162 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA pathways. There
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164 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.25 Monobl
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166 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.1 Recent phylo
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168 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.3 Mucor rouxii
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170 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.5 Sporangiopho
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172 ZYGOMYCOTA The columella is cur
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174 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.8 Phycomyces b
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176 ZYGOMYCOTA Phycomyces, after ar
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178 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.11 Development
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180 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.12 Life cycle
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182 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.14 Mucor racem
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184 ZYGOMYCOTA that many workers co
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186 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.18 Phycomyces
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188 ZYGOMYCOTA the sporangiophore o
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190 ZYGOMYCOTA makes contact with a
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192 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.24 Thamnidium
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194 ZYGOMYCOTA (i.e. striate) wall
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196 ZYGOMYCOTA sporangiospores, eac
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198 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.30 Mortierella
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200 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.32 Mortierella
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202 ZYGOMYCOTA of germ tubes toward
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204 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.34 Basidiobolu
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206 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.36 Basidiobolu
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208 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.37 The eventfu
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210 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.39 Conidiobolu
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212 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 0 Carcass of
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214 ZYGOMYCOTA develop. These are t
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216 ZYGOMYCOTA apparent (Fig. 7.43e
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218 ZYGOMYCOTA mycorrhiza (AM). The
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220 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 6 Vesicular
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222 ZYGOMYCOTA interest (Allen, 199
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224 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.47 Harpella me
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8 Ascomycota (ascomycetes) 8.1 Intr
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228 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) Fig 8.
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230 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) wall a
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236 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) 8.6 De
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246 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) formin
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9 Archiascomycetes 9.1 Introduction
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252 ARCHIASCOMYCETES swollen tips w
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254 ARCHIASCOMYCETES as saprotrophi
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256 ARCHIASCOMYCETES In the followi
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258 ARCHIASCOMYCETES Fig 9.6 The cy
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260 ARCHIASCOMYCETES There are many
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262 HEMIASCOMYCETES (Yarrow, 1998;
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264 HEMIASCOMYCETES organelles and
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266 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.3 Sacchar
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268 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.5 The str
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270 HEMIASCOMYCETES template is una
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272 HEMIASCOMYCETES Following separ
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274 HEMIASCOMYCETES in habitats whi
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276 HEMIASCOMYCETES is extracted ra
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278 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.8 Example
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280 HEMIASCOMYCETES The azole-type
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282 HEMIASCOMYCETES form septa and
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284 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.13 Eremot
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286 PLECTOMYCETES Table 11.1. Class
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288 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.2 Ascosphae
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290 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.4 Onygena.
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292 PLECTOMYCETES Histoplasma capsu
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294 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.5 Ctenomyce
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296 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.8 Gymnoascu
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298 PLECTOMYCETES they are xerophil
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300 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.12 Phialoco
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302 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.13 Conidiop
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304 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.14 Importan
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306 PLECTOMYCETES Patulin Although
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308 PLECTOMYCETES unicellular chlam
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310 PLECTOMYCETES of the nest-like
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312 PLECTOMYCETES food spoilage (e.
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314 PLECTOMYCETES litter layer unde
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316 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PYRENOMYCETE
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13 Hymenoascomycetes: Erysiphales 1
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392 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: ERYSIPHALES
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Plate 2 Oomycota. (a) Salmon infect
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Plate 4 Archiascomycetes (a c) and
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Plate 6 Apothecia of operculate dis
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Plate 8 Thalli of lichens. (a) The
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Plate10 Fruitbodies of Homobasidiom
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Plate12 Urediniomycetes (a g) and U
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14 Hymenoascomycetes: Pezizales (op
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416 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PEZIZALES (O
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430 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: HELOTIALES (
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16 Lichenized fungi (chiefly Hymeno
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448 LICHENIZED FUNGI (CHIEFLY HYMEN
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460 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.1 Sexua
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462 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.2 Lepto
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464 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.4 Stago
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466 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.7 Phoma
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468 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.9 Pleos
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470 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.10 Lewi
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472 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Table 17.2. S
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474 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.13 Bipo
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476 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.15 Toxi
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478 LOCULOASCOMYCETES is commonly f
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480 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.18 Spor
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482 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.19 Myco
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484 LOCULOASCOMYCETES incompatible
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486 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.24 Clad
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488 BASIDIOMYCOTA (Figs. 18.1d,e).
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490 BASIDIOMYCOTA wall is indeed th
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492 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.4 Life cycl
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494 BASIDIOMYCOTA dikaryotic ballis
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496 BASIDIOMYCOTA mushroom Agaricus
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498 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.9 Diagramma
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500 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.11 Diagramm
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502 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.13 Hyphal a
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504 BASIDIOMYCOTA Auricularia auric
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506 BASIDIOMYCOTA fungus Bulbillomy
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508 BASIDIOMYCOTA A 3 B 3 , A 3 B 4
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510 BASIDIOMYCOTA the small number
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512 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.21 Phylogen
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19 Homobasidiomycetes 19.1 Introduc
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Fig19.2 The eight-clade phylogeneti
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518 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES There are th
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520 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES basidiocarp
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522 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agar media,
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524 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.9 Diff
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526 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES An equally i
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528 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.11 Car
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530 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES are common o
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532 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES biotechnolog
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534 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES 2 million to
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536 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Breeding of
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538 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES In culture,
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540 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES is used in a
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542 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES edible and s
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544 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.17 Sch
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546 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES in a sinuous
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548 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES growth often
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550 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agg. (Fig. 1
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552 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES to form the
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554 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES phylogenetic
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556 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.21 Bas
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558 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES fungus is ac
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560 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES monokaryons
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562 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES logs, they m
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564 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES of peroxidas
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566 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES and their po
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568 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.27 Ste
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570 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES non-outcross
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572 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES (Talbot, 197
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574 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES P. pomaceus
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576 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES independentl
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578 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES: GASTEROMYCE
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594 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Table 21.1
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596 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Simple app
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598 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES (Uetake et
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600 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES 21.3.1 Dac
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602 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.6 A
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604 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES the hymeni
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606 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.10
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608 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.13
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610 UREDINIOMYCETES: UREDINALES (RU
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23 Ustilaginomycetes: smut fungi an
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638 USTILAGINOMYCETES: SMUT FUNGI A
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24 Basidiomycete yeasts 24.1 Introd
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660 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS (Heterobas
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662 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS in that it
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664 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 5-fluorocy
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666 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS and Xantho
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668 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.5 S
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670 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.7 P
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672 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.9 M
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674 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Table 25.1. Ex
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676 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.2 Scann
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678 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.4 (a c)
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680 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.6 Drech
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682 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.8 Endop
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684 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI with the cutic
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686 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI distribution.
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688 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.11 Two
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690 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.15 Dend
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692 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.18 Thre
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694 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Bandoni (1974)
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696 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI & Klug, 1976,
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698 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.21 Some
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700 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.23 Air-
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References Abbott, S. P. & Currah,
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704 REFERENCES Anderson, J. B. & Ul
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706 REFERENCES Baka, Z. A., Larous,
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708 REFERENCES Bartnicki-Garcia, S.
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710 REFERENCES Benny, G. L. (1992).
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712 REFERENCES Bock, K. R. (1962).
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714 REFERENCES Brasier, C. M., Kirk
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716 REFERENCES Burdsall, H. H. & Ba
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718 REFERENCES Carbone, I. & Kohn,
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720 REFERENCES Chang, S. T. & Yau,
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722 REFERENCES Coates, D., Rayner,
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724 REFERENCES Coustou, V., Deleu,
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726 REFERENCES Davey, C. B. & Papav
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728 REFERENCES de Vrije, T., Antoin
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730 REFERENCES Drechsler, C. (1960)
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732 REFERENCES Engel, H. & Schneide
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734 REFERENCES Fischer-Parton, S.,
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736 REFERENCES Fuller, M. S. & Olso
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738 REFERENCES Giesy, R. M. & Day,
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740 REFERENCES Gow, N. A. R. (1995)
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742 REFERENCES Guillot, J. & Guého
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744 REFERENCES Hartley, M. J. & Wil
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746 REFERENCES Hesseltine, C. W., W
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748 REFERENCES Horan, D. P., Chilve
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750 REFERENCES Ikediugwu, F. E. O.
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752 REFERENCES Jansson, H.-B. & Nor
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754 REFERENCES Kaltz, O. & Shykoff,
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756 REFERENCES Kimbeng, C. A. (1999
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758 REFERENCES Krassilov, V. A. & M
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760 REFERENCES Laidlaw, W. M. R. (1
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762 REFERENCES Letscher-Bru, V. & H
Page 1594:
764 REFERENCES Lu, B. C. (1964). Po
Page 1598:
766 REFERENCES Malik, M. M. S. (197
Page 1602:
768 REFERENCES McCreadie, J. W., Be
Page 1606:
770 REFERENCES Mims, C. W. (1982).
Page 1610:
772 REFERENCES Moore, D., Hock, B.,
Page 1614:
774 REFERENCES Müller, E. & Tomase
Page 1618:
776 REFERENCES Newsham, K. K., Low,
Page 1622:
778 REFERENCES Okada, G., Jacobs, K
Page 1626:
780 REFERENCES Park, D. (1974) Aqua
Page 1630:
782 REFERENCES Pfunder, M. & Roy, B
Page 1634:
784 REFERENCES Pukatzki, S., Kessin
Page 1638:
786 REFERENCES Read, S. J., Moss, S
Page 1642:
788 REFERENCES Rishbeth, J. (1961).
Page 1646:
790 REFERENCES Saenz, G. S. & Taylo
Page 1650:
792 REFERENCES Schimek, C., Eibel,
Page 1654:
794 REFERENCES Shattock, R. C. & Pr
Page 1658:
796 REFERENCES Sláviková, E. & Va
Page 1662:
798 REFERENCES Sridhar, K. R. & Bä
Page 1666:
800 REFERENCES Stubblefield, S. P.,
Page 1670:
802 REFERENCES Taylor, J. & Birdwel
Page 1674:
804 REFERENCES Trappe, J. M. (1979)
Page 1678: 806 REFERENCES van der Plaats-Niter
Page 1682: 808 REFERENCES Walker, R. F., West,
Page 1686: 810 REFERENCES Webster, J. (1964).
Page 1690: 812 REFERENCES Whalley, A. J. S. (1
Page 1694: 814 REFERENCES Witthuhn, R. C., Win
Page 1698: 816 REFERENCES Zeigler, R. S. (1998
Page 1702: 818 INDEX amerospore 23 2-aminopyri
Page 1706: 820 INDEX biological control 263; o
Page 1710: 822 INDEX Clavaria 575-576; ericoid
Page 1714: 824 INDEX Digitatospora marina 693
Page 1718: 826 INDEX gene conversion 319, 423
Page 1722: 828 INDEX Hypocrea virens (anam. Tr
Page 1726: 830 INDEX microconidium 291, 329, 3
Page 1732: INDEX 833 Phallus ravenelii 591 Pha
Page 1736: INDEX 835 Puccinia coronata 476, 61
Page 1740: INDEX 837 scolytid beetles 366 Scop
Page 1744: INDEX 839 thallic conidiogenesis 30
Page 1748: INDEX 841 yeasts 3; see Archiascomy
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Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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