Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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830 INDEX microconidium 291, 329, 343, 346, 435 microcyclic (rusts) 614 microcyst 41–42 microfilaments; see actin Micromucor 197 micronematous 230 microphore (in Phycomyces) 168 Microsphaera 401–403 Microsphaera (Erysiphe) alphitoides 390, 402, 403 Microsporum 235, 293, 294 microtubules 9–10, 79, 106, 158, 258, 270, 615, 646; arrangement in flagella 68; ascospore formation 323; nuclear migration 499 millet, ergot 349 Minimedusa polyspora 505 mint rust 613 mirror yeast 666 mites, dispersal of fungi 448 mitochondria 4, 155, 264; cristae of inner membrane 67, 68, 71, 165 mitogen 385 mitosporangium, mitospore 159 mitosporic fungi 32 mlo allele (barley) 397, 408, 475 Moesziomyces penicillariae 652 molecular clock 35 Mollisia 439 Mollisia cinerea 439, Pl. 7 Mollisia uda 691 Monilia 432 Monilinia fructicola 432 Monilinia fructigena 31, 430, 432, 433; sclerotium 432 Monilinia laxa 432 Monilinia polystroma 432 Moniliopsis (teleom. Thanatephorus) 594 Monoblepharidales 162–164; zoospore 162, 163 Monoblepharella 162 Monoblepharis 162–164; sexual reproduction 163 Monoblepharis macrandra 163, 164 Monoblepharis polymorpha 163 Monoblepharis sphaerica 164 monoclinous antheridium 85 monomitic basidiocarp construction 519 Monosporascus cannonballus 237 monoverticillate; see Penicillium conidiophores Montagnea 578 Morchella 427–428; cultivation 428; ectomycorrhiza 427–428; endobacteria 428; saprotrophic populations 427; sclerotia 428 Morchella angusticeps 427 Morchella conica 427 Morchella crassipes 427 Morchella deliciosa 427 Morchella elata 427 Morchella esculenta 427, Pl. 6 Morchella semilibera 427 morpholine-type fungicides 410 morphological heterothallism 200 Mortierella 197–200; zygospores 198, 200 Mortierella alpina 197 Mortierella capitata 200 Mortierella chlamydospora 197 Mortierella ericetorum 200 Mortierella humilis 197 Mortierella hyalina 198 Mortierella indohi 199 Mortierella isabellina 197 Mortierella polycephala 197 Mortierella ramanniana 197 Mortierella rostafinskii 199 Mortierella stylospora 197 Mortierella umbellata 198, 200 Mortierella (Umbelopsis) vinacea 25, 197 Mortierella wolfii 197 Mortierella zonata 197, 199 mucilage, in yeasts 659, 661; (in attachment) see adhesives Mucor 180–181 Mucor azygospora 179, 181 Mucor bainieri 179 Mucor circinelloides 181 Mucor fragilis 181 Mucor genevensis 175, 179 Mucor hiemalis 172–173, 176, 179, 181; azygospore 179 Mucor indicus 181 Mucor lusitanicus 181 Mucor miehei 181 Mucor mucedo 167, 172, 179 Mucor piriformis 173, 179 Mucor plasmaticus 173 Mucor plumbeus 30, 173, 182, 189 Mucor pusillus 178, 181 Mucor racemosus 181, 182 Mucor rouxii, yeast stage 167, 168, 181 Mucor spinosus 181 Mucorales 165–200; homothallism 173; mating behaviour 178–179; sex hormones 174; sexual reproduction 173–178; sporangium development 171–173 mucormycosis 181, 183 muscimol 539, 541 mushroom poisoning 415, 540, 555–556; Emperor Claudius 540 Mutinus caninus 589, 591–592 mycelial cords 15, 500, 502, 559; in mycorrhiza 526, 585 Myceliophthora roreri; see Crinipellis roreri mycelium 2; dikaryotic 3, 492, 497, 501; heterokaryotic 3, 227, 497; homokaryotic 2, 227, 496; monokaryotic 3, 492, 496; mycelial strands 15; rhizomorphs 16, 17–18 Mycena 166, 551–552; latex 551; orchid mycorrhiza 598 Mycena galericulata 551 Mycena galopus 551, 570 Mycena pura Pl. 3 Mycena sanguinolenta 551 Mycena stylobates 551 myclobutanil 479 mycobiont (of lichens) 446 Mycocentrospora filiformis 694 mycoheterotrophy 526 mycolaminarin 76, 83, 87, 107 mycoparasitism 97, 127, 191, 546, 556, 605 mycophagous insects 565, 591 mycorrhiza 218; see ectomycorrhiza, ericoid mycorrhiza, orchid mycorrhiza, VAM mycoses, Basidiobolus 207; Fusarium 343; Mucorales 181, 183; Pythium insidiosum 102; Scopulariopsis 369; see human pathogens Mycosphaerella 464, 480–481, 484; anamorphs 481; diseases 480, 481; pseudothecium 481, 482 Mycosphaerella dianthicola (anam. Cladosporium echinulatum) 482 Mycosphaerella graminicola (anam. Septoria tritici) 481, 483; genetic diversity 481 Mycosphaerella macrospora (anam. Cladosporium humile) 482 Mycosphaerella tassiana (anam. Cladosporium herbarum) 482
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Introduction to Fungi JohnWebster U
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To Philip M. Booth
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viii CONTENTS Chapter 6 Chytridiomy
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x CONTENTS 15.4 Rhytismataceae 440
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Preface to the first edition There
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Preface to the third edition Major
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Acknowledgements We are indebted to
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2 INTRODUCTION With photosynthetic
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4 INTRODUCTION Fig1.3 Transmission
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6 INTRODUCTION Fig1.5 Structural fo
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8 INTRODUCTION of mushroom-type fru
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10 INTRODUCTION Fig1.8 Diagrammatic
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12 INTRODUCTION Fig1.9 Tubular cont
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14 INTRODUCTION Fig1.11 Ion fluxes
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16 INTRODUCTION grow alongside each
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18 INTRODUCTION Fig1.15 Rhizomorphs
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20 INTRODUCTION carbon/nitrogen rat
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22 INTRODUCTION well shown by the X
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24 INTRODUCTION Fig1.17 Zoospore ty
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26 INTRODUCTION genera, e.g. Hypocr
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28 INTRODUCTION creating a momentum
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30 INTRODUCTION Fig1.22 Chlamydospo
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32 INTRODUCTION As mentioned on p.
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34 INTRODUCTION the cell wall (Tabl
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36 INTRODUCTION Fig1.24 The spatial
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38 INTRODUCTION Table1.2. The class
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2 Protozoa: Myxomycota (slime mould
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42 PROTOZOA: MYXOMYCOTA (SLIME MOUL
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3 Protozoa: Plasmodiophoromycota 3.
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56 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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58 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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60 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA p
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62 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA I
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64 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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66 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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68 STRAMINIPILA: MINOR FUNGAL PHYLA
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76 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.1 A
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78 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.3 L
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80 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Table 5.1
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82 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA strains o
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84 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.5 S
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86 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The oogon
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88 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.9 A
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90 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA was the f
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92 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.12
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96 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA that desc
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100 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA In some
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102 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA haploid
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112 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA firmly t
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114 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA present,
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116 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA convinci
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120 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA and pars
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122 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA sterigma
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124 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The spor
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128 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA N-acetylglucosa
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130 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.2 Flagel
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132 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA the reproducti
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134 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Table 6.1. Ord
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136 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.7 Synchy
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138 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA already been d
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140 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.9 Synchyt
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142 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Canter & Jawors
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144 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA exit tube which
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146 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA some of the spe
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148 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA distinguished v
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150 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.17 Scanni
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152 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.18 Neocal
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154 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.19 Blasto
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156 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA and if dried sa
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158 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.21 Life c
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160 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA both thin-walle
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162 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA pathways. There
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164 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.25 Monobl
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166 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.1 Recent phylo
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168 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.3 Mucor rouxii
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170 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.5 Sporangiopho
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172 ZYGOMYCOTA The columella is cur
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174 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.8 Phycomyces b
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176 ZYGOMYCOTA Phycomyces, after ar
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178 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.11 Development
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180 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.12 Life cycle
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182 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.14 Mucor racem
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184 ZYGOMYCOTA that many workers co
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186 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.18 Phycomyces
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188 ZYGOMYCOTA the sporangiophore o
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190 ZYGOMYCOTA makes contact with a
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192 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.24 Thamnidium
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194 ZYGOMYCOTA (i.e. striate) wall
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196 ZYGOMYCOTA sporangiospores, eac
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198 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.30 Mortierella
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200 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.32 Mortierella
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202 ZYGOMYCOTA of germ tubes toward
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204 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.34 Basidiobolu
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206 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.36 Basidiobolu
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208 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.37 The eventfu
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210 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.39 Conidiobolu
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212 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 0 Carcass of
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214 ZYGOMYCOTA develop. These are t
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216 ZYGOMYCOTA apparent (Fig. 7.43e
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218 ZYGOMYCOTA mycorrhiza (AM). The
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220 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 6 Vesicular
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222 ZYGOMYCOTA interest (Allen, 199
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224 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.47 Harpella me
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8 Ascomycota (ascomycetes) 8.1 Intr
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228 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) Fig 8.
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230 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) wall a
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236 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) 8.6 De
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246 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) formin
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9 Archiascomycetes 9.1 Introduction
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252 ARCHIASCOMYCETES swollen tips w
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254 ARCHIASCOMYCETES as saprotrophi
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256 ARCHIASCOMYCETES In the followi
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258 ARCHIASCOMYCETES Fig 9.6 The cy
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260 ARCHIASCOMYCETES There are many
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262 HEMIASCOMYCETES (Yarrow, 1998;
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264 HEMIASCOMYCETES organelles and
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266 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.3 Sacchar
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268 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.5 The str
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270 HEMIASCOMYCETES template is una
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272 HEMIASCOMYCETES Following separ
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274 HEMIASCOMYCETES in habitats whi
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276 HEMIASCOMYCETES is extracted ra
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278 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.8 Example
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280 HEMIASCOMYCETES The azole-type
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282 HEMIASCOMYCETES form septa and
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284 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.13 Eremot
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286 PLECTOMYCETES Table 11.1. Class
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288 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.2 Ascosphae
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290 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.4 Onygena.
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292 PLECTOMYCETES Histoplasma capsu
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294 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.5 Ctenomyce
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296 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.8 Gymnoascu
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298 PLECTOMYCETES they are xerophil
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300 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.12 Phialoco
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302 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.13 Conidiop
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304 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.14 Importan
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306 PLECTOMYCETES Patulin Although
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308 PLECTOMYCETES unicellular chlam
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310 PLECTOMYCETES of the nest-like
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312 PLECTOMYCETES food spoilage (e.
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314 PLECTOMYCETES litter layer unde
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316 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PYRENOMYCETE
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13 Hymenoascomycetes: Erysiphales 1
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392 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: ERYSIPHALES
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Plate 2 Oomycota. (a) Salmon infect
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Plate 4 Archiascomycetes (a c) and
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Plate 6 Apothecia of operculate dis
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Plate 8 Thalli of lichens. (a) The
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Plate10 Fruitbodies of Homobasidiom
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Plate12 Urediniomycetes (a g) and U
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14 Hymenoascomycetes: Pezizales (op
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416 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PEZIZALES (O
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430 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: HELOTIALES (
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16 Lichenized fungi (chiefly Hymeno
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448 LICHENIZED FUNGI (CHIEFLY HYMEN
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460 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.1 Sexua
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462 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.2 Lepto
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464 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.4 Stago
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466 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.7 Phoma
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468 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.9 Pleos
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470 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.10 Lewi
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472 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Table 17.2. S
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474 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.13 Bipo
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476 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.15 Toxi
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478 LOCULOASCOMYCETES is commonly f
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480 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.18 Spor
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482 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.19 Myco
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484 LOCULOASCOMYCETES incompatible
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486 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.24 Clad
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488 BASIDIOMYCOTA (Figs. 18.1d,e).
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490 BASIDIOMYCOTA wall is indeed th
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492 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.4 Life cycl
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494 BASIDIOMYCOTA dikaryotic ballis
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496 BASIDIOMYCOTA mushroom Agaricus
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498 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.9 Diagramma
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500 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.11 Diagramm
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502 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.13 Hyphal a
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504 BASIDIOMYCOTA Auricularia auric
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506 BASIDIOMYCOTA fungus Bulbillomy
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508 BASIDIOMYCOTA A 3 B 3 , A 3 B 4
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510 BASIDIOMYCOTA the small number
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512 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.21 Phylogen
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19 Homobasidiomycetes 19.1 Introduc
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Fig19.2 The eight-clade phylogeneti
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518 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES There are th
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520 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES basidiocarp
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522 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agar media,
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524 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.9 Diff
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526 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES An equally i
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528 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.11 Car
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530 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES are common o
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532 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES biotechnolog
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534 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES 2 million to
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536 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Breeding of
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538 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES In culture,
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540 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES is used in a
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542 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES edible and s
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544 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.17 Sch
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546 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES in a sinuous
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548 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES growth often
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550 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agg. (Fig. 1
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552 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES to form the
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554 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES phylogenetic
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556 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.21 Bas
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558 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES fungus is ac
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560 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES monokaryons
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562 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES logs, they m
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564 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES of peroxidas
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566 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES and their po
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568 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.27 Ste
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570 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES non-outcross
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572 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES (Talbot, 197
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574 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES P. pomaceus
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576 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES independentl
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578 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES: GASTEROMYCE
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594 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Table 21.1
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596 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Simple app
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598 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES (Uetake et
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600 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES 21.3.1 Dac
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602 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.6 A
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604 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES the hymeni
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606 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.10
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608 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.13
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610 UREDINIOMYCETES: UREDINALES (RU
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23 Ustilaginomycetes: smut fungi an
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638 USTILAGINOMYCETES: SMUT FUNGI A
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24 Basidiomycete yeasts 24.1 Introd
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660 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS (Heterobas
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662 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS in that it
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664 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 5-fluorocy
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666 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS and Xantho
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668 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.5 S
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670 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.7 P
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672 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.9 M
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674 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Table 25.1. Ex
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676 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.2 Scann
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678 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.4 (a c)
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680 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.6 Drech
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682 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.8 Endop
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684 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI with the cutic
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686 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI distribution.
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688 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.11 Two
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690 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.15 Dend
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692 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.18 Thre
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694 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Bandoni (1974)
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696 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI & Klug, 1976,
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698 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.21 Some
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700 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.23 Air-
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References Abbott, S. P. & Currah,
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704 REFERENCES Anderson, J. B. & Ul
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706 REFERENCES Baka, Z. A., Larous,
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708 REFERENCES Bartnicki-Garcia, S.
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710 REFERENCES Benny, G. L. (1992).
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712 REFERENCES Bock, K. R. (1962).
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714 REFERENCES Brasier, C. M., Kirk
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716 REFERENCES Burdsall, H. H. & Ba
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718 REFERENCES Carbone, I. & Kohn,
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720 REFERENCES Chang, S. T. & Yau,
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722 REFERENCES Coates, D., Rayner,
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724 REFERENCES Coustou, V., Deleu,
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726 REFERENCES Davey, C. B. & Papav
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728 REFERENCES de Vrije, T., Antoin
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730 REFERENCES Drechsler, C. (1960)
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732 REFERENCES Engel, H. & Schneide
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734 REFERENCES Fischer-Parton, S.,
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736 REFERENCES Fuller, M. S. & Olso
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738 REFERENCES Giesy, R. M. & Day,
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740 REFERENCES Gow, N. A. R. (1995)
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742 REFERENCES Guillot, J. & Guého
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744 REFERENCES Hartley, M. J. & Wil
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746 REFERENCES Hesseltine, C. W., W
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748 REFERENCES Horan, D. P., Chilve
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750 REFERENCES Ikediugwu, F. E. O.
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752 REFERENCES Jansson, H.-B. & Nor
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754 REFERENCES Kaltz, O. & Shykoff,
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756 REFERENCES Kimbeng, C. A. (1999
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758 REFERENCES Krassilov, V. A. & M
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760 REFERENCES Laidlaw, W. M. R. (1
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762 REFERENCES Letscher-Bru, V. & H
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764 REFERENCES Lu, B. C. (1964). Po
Page 1598:
766 REFERENCES Malik, M. M. S. (197
Page 1602:
768 REFERENCES McCreadie, J. W., Be
Page 1606:
770 REFERENCES Mims, C. W. (1982).
Page 1610:
772 REFERENCES Moore, D., Hock, B.,
Page 1614:
774 REFERENCES Müller, E. & Tomase
Page 1618:
776 REFERENCES Newsham, K. K., Low,
Page 1622:
778 REFERENCES Okada, G., Jacobs, K
Page 1626:
780 REFERENCES Park, D. (1974) Aqua
Page 1630:
782 REFERENCES Pfunder, M. & Roy, B
Page 1634:
784 REFERENCES Pukatzki, S., Kessin
Page 1638:
786 REFERENCES Read, S. J., Moss, S
Page 1642:
788 REFERENCES Rishbeth, J. (1961).
Page 1646:
790 REFERENCES Saenz, G. S. & Taylo
Page 1650:
792 REFERENCES Schimek, C., Eibel,
Page 1654:
794 REFERENCES Shattock, R. C. & Pr
Page 1658:
796 REFERENCES Sláviková, E. & Va
Page 1662:
798 REFERENCES Sridhar, K. R. & Bä
Page 1666:
800 REFERENCES Stubblefield, S. P.,
Page 1670:
802 REFERENCES Taylor, J. & Birdwel
Page 1674: 804 REFERENCES Trappe, J. M. (1979)
Page 1678: 806 REFERENCES van der Plaats-Niter
Page 1682: 808 REFERENCES Walker, R. F., West,
Page 1686: 810 REFERENCES Webster, J. (1964).
Page 1690: 812 REFERENCES Whalley, A. J. S. (1
Page 1694: 814 REFERENCES Witthuhn, R. C., Win
Page 1698: 816 REFERENCES Zeigler, R. S. (1998
Page 1702: 818 INDEX amerospore 23 2-aminopyri
Page 1706: 820 INDEX biological control 263; o
Page 1710: 822 INDEX Clavaria 575-576; ericoid
Page 1714: 824 INDEX Digitatospora marina 693
Page 1718: 826 INDEX gene conversion 319, 423
Page 1722: 828 INDEX Hypocrea virens (anam. Tr
Page 1728: INDEX 831 mycosporine-alanine 387 m
Page 1732: INDEX 833 Phallus ravenelii 591 Pha
Page 1736: INDEX 835 Puccinia coronata 476, 61
Page 1740: INDEX 837 scolytid beetles 366 Scop
Page 1744: INDEX 839 thallic conidiogenesis 30
Page 1748: INDEX 841 yeasts 3; see Archiascomy
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Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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