Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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Index Page numbers with images are underlined, those with explanations of concepts are printed in bold. ABC transporters 280, 383, 439 Absidia 183 Absidia corymbifera 184 Absidia glauca 172, 176, 185 Absidia spinosa 173, 176, 184 Acaulospora 221 acervulus 231, 387 Achlya 86–91; aplanetic forms 93; asexual reproduction 87, 88; hyphae 80; relative sexuality 91; sex hormones 88–89, 90, 91; sexual reproduction 88–91 Achlya ambisexualis 88, 89, 91 Achlya bisexualis 88 Achlya colorata 69, 87–88 Achlya heterosexualis 88 Achlya klebsiana 87 Acrasiomycetes (acrasid cellular slime moulds) 40–41 Acrasis rosea 41 Acremonium 316, 339, 341 Acremonium chrysogenum 303, 349 Acremonium salmosynnematum 349 actin cap 9 actin filaments 9, 10, 51, 65–66, 158, 258, 271, 646; in ascospore formation 323; in graviperception 549; in penetration peg 381 actin-myosin 46, 51, 72; see also cytoskeleton actin ring 259, 271, 301 adaxial blob (drop) 493–494, 496 adhesins 277 adhesion pad 615 adhesives 66, 205, 364, 378, 381, 395, 438; in nematophagous fungi 683 adhesorium 59 adnate gills 523 adnexed gills 523 adult plant resistance; see host resistance aeciospore 613, Pl. 12 aecium 612, 613, 622, Pl. 12; caeoma 635; roestelioid aecium 632 Aegerita 701 Aegerita candida (teleom. Bulbillomyces farinosus) 506, 697, 699 Aegeritina 701 Aegeritina tortuosa (teleom. Subulicystidium longisporum) 697 aequi-hymenial gills 522 aero-aquatic fungi 506, 696–701; anamorph-teleomorph connections 697; ecophysiology 698–701 aethalium 50, Pl. 1 aflatoxins 304, 305, Pl. 4 Agaricus 532–536 Agaricus arvensis 532 Agaricus bisporus 15, 533; breeding 536; cultivation 525, 532–534; life cycle 535; mating system 506, 535; morphogenesis 534–535; var. burnettii 536; var. eurotetrasporus 536 Agaricus bitorquis 532 Agaricus brunnescens; see Agaricus bisporus Agaricus campestris 496, 521, 532; mating system 506 Agaricus macrosporus 532 Agaricus silvaticus 515, 532 Agaricus tabularis 532 Agaricus xanthodermus 532 age of fungi; see evolution ageing 271 agglutination 254, 265 aggregation; see Dictyostelium discoideum Agrobacterium transformation 536 agroclavine 354 AIDS 279, 306–307, 661–662, 664 air pollution monitoring, lichens 454; Rhytisma 442; Sporobolomyces roseus 669 Ajellomyces 290 Ajellomyces capsulatus 289; see Histoplasma capsulatum Ajellomyces dermatitidis; see Blastomyces dermatitidis Alatospora acuminata 685, 687 Albugo 122–125 Albugo bliti 124 Albugo candida 122, 123, 124–125, Pl. 2; haustorium 122; oospore 124 Albugo tragopogonis 122, 125 alcohol and fungi; see coprine alcoholic fermentation 254, 262 alder, leaf blister 251 Aleuria 417–419 Aleuria aurantia 243, 419, Pl. 6; mycorrhiza 419 aleuriaxanthin 419 algal parasites 127 alkaloids 354, 364, 539, 541; biosynthesis 354; commercial production 354; see Claviceps purpurea, Neotyphodium allergens; see asthma allyl amines 279, 280 Allomyces 155–160; Brachy-Allomyces 160; Cystogenes 159; Eu-Allomyces 156; life cycle 158; polyploidy 159; sex hormones (parisin and sirenin) 156 Allomyces anomalus 155, 160 Allomyces arbuscula 155, 157 Allomyces macrogynus 155, 158 Allomyces moniliformis 155, 159 Allomyces neo-moniliformis 159 Alternaria 469–471; plant diseases 472; sexual ancestors 469 Alternaria alternata 470 Alternaria brassicae 469, 471 Alternaria brassicicola 469 Alternaria solani 469 Alternaria tenuissima 469 alternate host 610 alternation of generations 155, 160, 229 alveoli 427 Amanita 540–541; poisoning 540 Amanita caesarea 540, Pl. 9 Amanita fulva 540 Amanita muscaria 526, 540–541, Pl. 9 Amanita pantherina 540 Amanita phalloides 540–541; poisoning 540 Amanita rubescens 521, 540; trama 524 Amanita vaginata 492, 540 Amanita verna 540 Amanita virosa 540 a-amanitin 539, 540 Amanitopsis 540 Amauroascus 290 Amauroderma rugosum 518
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Introduction to Fungi JohnWebster U
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To Philip M. Booth
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viii CONTENTS Chapter 6 Chytridiomy
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x CONTENTS 15.4 Rhytismataceae 440
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Preface to the first edition There
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Preface to the third edition Major
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Acknowledgements We are indebted to
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2 INTRODUCTION With photosynthetic
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4 INTRODUCTION Fig1.3 Transmission
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6 INTRODUCTION Fig1.5 Structural fo
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8 INTRODUCTION of mushroom-type fru
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10 INTRODUCTION Fig1.8 Diagrammatic
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12 INTRODUCTION Fig1.9 Tubular cont
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14 INTRODUCTION Fig1.11 Ion fluxes
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16 INTRODUCTION grow alongside each
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18 INTRODUCTION Fig1.15 Rhizomorphs
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20 INTRODUCTION carbon/nitrogen rat
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22 INTRODUCTION well shown by the X
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24 INTRODUCTION Fig1.17 Zoospore ty
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26 INTRODUCTION genera, e.g. Hypocr
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28 INTRODUCTION creating a momentum
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30 INTRODUCTION Fig1.22 Chlamydospo
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32 INTRODUCTION As mentioned on p.
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34 INTRODUCTION the cell wall (Tabl
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36 INTRODUCTION Fig1.24 The spatial
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38 INTRODUCTION Table1.2. The class
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2 Protozoa: Myxomycota (slime mould
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42 PROTOZOA: MYXOMYCOTA (SLIME MOUL
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3 Protozoa: Plasmodiophoromycota 3.
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56 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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58 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA F
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60 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA p
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62 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA I
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64 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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66 PROTOZOA: PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA a
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68 STRAMINIPILA: MINOR FUNGAL PHYLA
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76 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.1 A
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78 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.3 L
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80 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Table 5.1
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82 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA strains o
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84 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.5 S
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86 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The oogon
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88 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.9 A
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90 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA was the f
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92 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA Fig 5.12
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96 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA that desc
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100 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA In some
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102 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA haploid
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112 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA firmly t
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114 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA present,
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116 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA convinci
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120 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA and pars
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122 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA sterigma
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124 STRAMINIPILA: OOMYCOTA The spor
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128 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA N-acetylglucosa
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130 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.2 Flagel
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132 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA the reproducti
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134 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Table 6.1. Ord
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136 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.7 Synchy
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138 CHY TRIDIOMYCOTA already been d
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140 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.9 Synchyt
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142 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Canter & Jawors
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144 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA exit tube which
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146 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA some of the spe
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148 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA distinguished v
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150 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.17 Scanni
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152 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.18 Neocal
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154 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.19 Blasto
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156 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA and if dried sa
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158 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.21 Life c
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160 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA both thin-walle
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162 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA pathways. There
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164 CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Fig 6.25 Monobl
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166 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.1 Recent phylo
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168 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.3 Mucor rouxii
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170 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.5 Sporangiopho
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172 ZYGOMYCOTA The columella is cur
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174 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.8 Phycomyces b
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176 ZYGOMYCOTA Phycomyces, after ar
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178 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.11 Development
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180 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.12 Life cycle
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182 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.14 Mucor racem
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184 ZYGOMYCOTA that many workers co
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186 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.18 Phycomyces
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188 ZYGOMYCOTA the sporangiophore o
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190 ZYGOMYCOTA makes contact with a
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192 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.24 Thamnidium
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194 ZYGOMYCOTA (i.e. striate) wall
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196 ZYGOMYCOTA sporangiospores, eac
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198 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.30 Mortierella
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200 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.32 Mortierella
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202 ZYGOMYCOTA of germ tubes toward
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204 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.34 Basidiobolu
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206 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.36 Basidiobolu
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208 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.37 The eventfu
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210 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.39 Conidiobolu
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212 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 0 Carcass of
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214 ZYGOMYCOTA develop. These are t
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216 ZYGOMYCOTA apparent (Fig. 7.43e
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218 ZYGOMYCOTA mycorrhiza (AM). The
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220 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.4 6 Vesicular
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222 ZYGOMYCOTA interest (Allen, 199
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224 ZYGOMYCOTA Fig 7.47 Harpella me
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8 Ascomycota (ascomycetes) 8.1 Intr
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228 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) Fig 8.
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230 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) wall a
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236 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) 8.6 De
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246 ASCOMYCOTA (ASCOMYCETES) formin
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9 Archiascomycetes 9.1 Introduction
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252 ARCHIASCOMYCETES swollen tips w
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254 ARCHIASCOMYCETES as saprotrophi
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256 ARCHIASCOMYCETES In the followi
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258 ARCHIASCOMYCETES Fig 9.6 The cy
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260 ARCHIASCOMYCETES There are many
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262 HEMIASCOMYCETES (Yarrow, 1998;
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264 HEMIASCOMYCETES organelles and
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266 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.3 Sacchar
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268 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.5 The str
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270 HEMIASCOMYCETES template is una
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272 HEMIASCOMYCETES Following separ
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274 HEMIASCOMYCETES in habitats whi
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276 HEMIASCOMYCETES is extracted ra
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278 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.8 Example
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280 HEMIASCOMYCETES The azole-type
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282 HEMIASCOMYCETES form septa and
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284 HEMIASCOMYCETES Fig10.13 Eremot
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286 PLECTOMYCETES Table 11.1. Class
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288 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.2 Ascosphae
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290 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.4 Onygena.
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292 PLECTOMYCETES Histoplasma capsu
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294 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.5 Ctenomyce
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296 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.8 Gymnoascu
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298 PLECTOMYCETES they are xerophil
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300 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.12 Phialoco
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302 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.13 Conidiop
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304 PLECTOMYCETES Fig11.14 Importan
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306 PLECTOMYCETES Patulin Although
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308 PLECTOMYCETES unicellular chlam
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310 PLECTOMYCETES of the nest-like
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312 PLECTOMYCETES food spoilage (e.
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314 PLECTOMYCETES litter layer unde
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316 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PYRENOMYCETE
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13 Hymenoascomycetes: Erysiphales 1
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392 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: ERYSIPHALES
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Plate 2 Oomycota. (a) Salmon infect
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Plate 4 Archiascomycetes (a c) and
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Plate 6 Apothecia of operculate dis
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Plate 8 Thalli of lichens. (a) The
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Plate10 Fruitbodies of Homobasidiom
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Plate12 Urediniomycetes (a g) and U
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14 Hymenoascomycetes: Pezizales (op
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416 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: PEZIZALES (O
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430 HYMENOASCOMYCETES: HELOTIALES (
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16 Lichenized fungi (chiefly Hymeno
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448 LICHENIZED FUNGI (CHIEFLY HYMEN
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460 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.1 Sexua
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462 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.2 Lepto
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464 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.4 Stago
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466 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.7 Phoma
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468 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.9 Pleos
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470 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.10 Lewi
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472 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Table 17.2. S
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474 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.13 Bipo
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476 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.15 Toxi
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478 LOCULOASCOMYCETES is commonly f
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480 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.18 Spor
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482 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.19 Myco
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484 LOCULOASCOMYCETES incompatible
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486 LOCULOASCOMYCETES Fig17.24 Clad
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488 BASIDIOMYCOTA (Figs. 18.1d,e).
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490 BASIDIOMYCOTA wall is indeed th
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492 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.4 Life cycl
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494 BASIDIOMYCOTA dikaryotic ballis
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496 BASIDIOMYCOTA mushroom Agaricus
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498 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.9 Diagramma
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500 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.11 Diagramm
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502 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.13 Hyphal a
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504 BASIDIOMYCOTA Auricularia auric
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506 BASIDIOMYCOTA fungus Bulbillomy
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508 BASIDIOMYCOTA A 3 B 3 , A 3 B 4
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510 BASIDIOMYCOTA the small number
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512 BASIDIOMYCOTA Fig18.21 Phylogen
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19 Homobasidiomycetes 19.1 Introduc
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Fig19.2 The eight-clade phylogeneti
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518 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES There are th
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520 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES basidiocarp
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522 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agar media,
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524 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.9 Diff
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526 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES An equally i
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528 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.11 Car
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530 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES are common o
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532 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES biotechnolog
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534 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES 2 million to
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536 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Breeding of
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538 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES In culture,
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540 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES is used in a
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542 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES edible and s
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544 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.17 Sch
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546 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES in a sinuous
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548 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES growth often
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550 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES agg. (Fig. 1
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552 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES to form the
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554 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES phylogenetic
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556 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.21 Bas
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558 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES fungus is ac
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560 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES monokaryons
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562 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES logs, they m
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564 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES of peroxidas
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566 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES and their po
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568 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Fig19.27 Ste
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570 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES non-outcross
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572 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES (Talbot, 197
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574 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES P. pomaceus
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576 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES independentl
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578 HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES: GASTEROMYCE
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594 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Table 21.1
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596 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Simple app
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598 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES (Uetake et
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600 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES 21.3.1 Dac
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602 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.6 A
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604 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES the hymeni
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606 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.10
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608 HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Fig 21.13
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610 UREDINIOMYCETES: UREDINALES (RU
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23 Ustilaginomycetes: smut fungi an
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638 USTILAGINOMYCETES: SMUT FUNGI A
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24 Basidiomycete yeasts 24.1 Introd
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660 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS (Heterobas
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662 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS in that it
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664 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS 5-fluorocy
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666 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS and Xantho
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668 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.5 S
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670 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.7 P
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672 BASIDIOMYCETE YEASTS Fig 24.9 M
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674 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Table 25.1. Ex
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676 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.2 Scann
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678 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.4 (a c)
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680 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.6 Drech
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682 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.8 Endop
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684 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI with the cutic
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686 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI distribution.
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688 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.11 Two
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690 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.15 Dend
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692 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.18 Thre
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694 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Bandoni (1974)
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696 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI & Klug, 1976,
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698 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.21 Some
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700 ANAMORPHIC FUNGI Fig 25.23 Air-
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References Abbott, S. P. & Currah,
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704 REFERENCES Anderson, J. B. & Ul
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706 REFERENCES Baka, Z. A., Larous,
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708 REFERENCES Bartnicki-Garcia, S.
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710 REFERENCES Benny, G. L. (1992).
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712 REFERENCES Bock, K. R. (1962).
Page 1494:
714 REFERENCES Brasier, C. M., Kirk
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716 REFERENCES Burdsall, H. H. & Ba
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718 REFERENCES Carbone, I. & Kohn,
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720 REFERENCES Chang, S. T. & Yau,
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722 REFERENCES Coates, D., Rayner,
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724 REFERENCES Coustou, V., Deleu,
Page 1518:
726 REFERENCES Davey, C. B. & Papav
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728 REFERENCES de Vrije, T., Antoin
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730 REFERENCES Drechsler, C. (1960)
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732 REFERENCES Engel, H. & Schneide
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734 REFERENCES Fischer-Parton, S.,
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736 REFERENCES Fuller, M. S. & Olso
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738 REFERENCES Giesy, R. M. & Day,
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740 REFERENCES Gow, N. A. R. (1995)
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742 REFERENCES Guillot, J. & Guého
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744 REFERENCES Hartley, M. J. & Wil
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746 REFERENCES Hesseltine, C. W., W
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748 REFERENCES Horan, D. P., Chilve
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750 REFERENCES Ikediugwu, F. E. O.
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752 REFERENCES Jansson, H.-B. & Nor
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754 REFERENCES Kaltz, O. & Shykoff,
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756 REFERENCES Kimbeng, C. A. (1999
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758 REFERENCES Krassilov, V. A. & M
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760 REFERENCES Laidlaw, W. M. R. (1
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762 REFERENCES Letscher-Bru, V. & H
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764 REFERENCES Lu, B. C. (1964). Po
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766 REFERENCES Malik, M. M. S. (197
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768 REFERENCES McCreadie, J. W., Be
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770 REFERENCES Mims, C. W. (1982).
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772 REFERENCES Moore, D., Hock, B.,
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774 REFERENCES Müller, E. & Tomase
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776 REFERENCES Newsham, K. K., Low,
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778 REFERENCES Okada, G., Jacobs, K
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780 REFERENCES Park, D. (1974) Aqua
Page 1630:
782 REFERENCES Pfunder, M. & Roy, B
Page 1634:
784 REFERENCES Pukatzki, S., Kessin
Page 1638:
786 REFERENCES Read, S. J., Moss, S
Page 1642:
788 REFERENCES Rishbeth, J. (1961).
Page 1646:
790 REFERENCES Saenz, G. S. & Taylo
Page 1650: 792 REFERENCES Schimek, C., Eibel,
Page 1654: 794 REFERENCES Shattock, R. C. & Pr
Page 1658: 796 REFERENCES Sláviková, E. & Va
Page 1662: 798 REFERENCES Sridhar, K. R. & Bä
Page 1666: 800 REFERENCES Stubblefield, S. P.,
Page 1670: 802 REFERENCES Taylor, J. & Birdwel
Page 1674: 804 REFERENCES Trappe, J. M. (1979)
Page 1678: 806 REFERENCES van der Plaats-Niter
Page 1682: 808 REFERENCES Walker, R. F., West,
Page 1686: 810 REFERENCES Webster, J. (1964).
Page 1690: 812 REFERENCES Whalley, A. J. S. (1
Page 1694: 814 REFERENCES Witthuhn, R. C., Win
Page 1698: 816 REFERENCES Zeigler, R. S. (1998
Page 1704: INDEX 819 ascospore-delimiting memb
Page 1708: INDEX 821 Candida parapsilosis 227,
Page 1712: INDEX 823 Cordyceps capitata 362 Co
Page 1716: INDEX 825 Erysiphe polygoni 402 Ery
Page 1720: INDEX 827 hemicellulose 528 Hemilei
Page 1724: INDEX 829 Leveillula taurica 407 Le
Page 1728: INDEX 831 mycosporine-alanine 387 m
Page 1732: INDEX 833 Phallus ravenelii 591 Pha
Page 1736: INDEX 835 Puccinia coronata 476, 61
Page 1740: INDEX 837 scolytid beetles 366 Scop
Page 1744: INDEX 839 thallic conidiogenesis 30
Page 1748: INDEX 841 yeasts 3; see Archiascomy
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Introduction to Fungi, Third Edition

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