The effect of Osmopriming and Hydropriming on the different index ...

International Research Journal <strong>of</strong> Applied <strong>and</strong> Basic Sciences
© 2013 Available online at www.irjabs.com
ISSN 2251-838X / Vol, 4 (7): 1924-1931
Science Explorer Publications
<strong>The</strong> <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Osmopriming</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Hydropriming</strong> on
the different index <strong>of</strong> germination& early growth <strong>of</strong>
wheat under salty stress
Mahrokh Bol<strong>and</strong>i Amoghein 1 , Roqiyeh Shakeri Amoghein 1 , Ahmad Tobeh 1 <strong>and</strong>
Shahzad Jamaati-e-Somarin 2
1. Department <strong>of</strong> Agronomy <strong>and</strong> plant breeding, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, University <strong>of</strong> Mohaghegh Ardabili.
Ardabil. Iran.
2. Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
*Corresponding author: Shahzad Jamaati-e-Somarin. E-Mail: jamaati_1361@yahoo.com.
ABSTRACT:In order to investigation into the <strong>effect</strong>s <strong>of</strong> wheat seed's Osopriming <strong>and</strong>
<strong>Hydropriming</strong> in the plant extract <strong>and</strong> the seed soaking time on the germination under sality
stress, an examination was performed in two <strong>of</strong> stage (priming procedures <strong>and</strong> planted in the pot)
in factorial with 3 factors in a r<strong>and</strong>omized block design in Mohagegh Ardabili university's
Agricultural laboratory in 2009 which including factors: 1) types <strong>of</strong> Osmotic solution (3% Nacl
Solution (S 1 ) , 5% Mannitol (S 2 ), 25% sugar beet extract (S 3 ) <strong>and</strong> distilled water (S 4 ))2): Duration
<strong>of</strong> priming (4,8,10) Hours, 3) salinity with EC=(0(SS 0 ) , 3 (SS 3 ), <strong>and</strong> 6(SS 6 )) millimouse/ Square
Centimeter with three replications under controlled conditions (the same), respectively. <strong>The</strong>
results from statistical analysis showed the simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> priming for all the characteristics
under study, except <strong>of</strong> shoot dry weight <strong>and</strong> simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity for all the characteristics
under study in the experiment at 1% level was significantly simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> seed soaking time (4
hours) only on hypocotyle length was significantly. Interaction <strong>of</strong> salinity on seed priming for root
dry weight, longest root on the 5% level showed a statistical significant difference. Also shoot dry
weight has a positive <strong>and</strong> significant correlation with the first <strong>and</strong> second leaf length, root number
<strong>and</strong> root longest at the %1 level.
Key words: wheat, priming, sality, germination, hypocotyle length
INTRODUCTION
In most <strong>of</strong> the world especially barren <strong>and</strong> subarid ares such as Iran, soild salinity <strong>and</strong> water salinity are
one <strong>of</strong> the important factors in decline <strong>of</strong> agricultural products. In Iran 25/5 million hectare <strong>of</strong> areas are under
average salinity (4-16 ds/m) <strong>and</strong> 8 million hectare at high salinity (16-32ds/m), (khodadady et al, 2003).
According to Gasemi et al (1995), in Iran, approximately 30% <strong>of</strong> Faryab l<strong>and</strong> (up to 7/1 million Hectare) is
affected by salinity. Thus the use <strong>of</strong> plants <strong>and</strong> features that is salt- resistant <strong>and</strong> drought- resistant, is one <strong>of</strong>
the important ways in exploitation& increase in hectare functioning in the salt l<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> barren <strong>and</strong> subarid areas
in the world.
In plant's life cycle, germination& emergence have a specific importance, so that they can be considered
an important <strong>and</strong> determinant factor in the favorable establishment <strong>and</strong> final functioning. (Hadas, 1976;
Murungu et al, 2003). Germination <strong>and</strong> emergence can be improved through seed treatments such as osmotic
preparation (Akramyan et al, 2007). Vegetative growth stage in wheat, barely <strong>and</strong> some salt- resistant grasses
are more affected by the reproductive stage. When the plant enters the reproductive stage, salinity can disrupt
many acquisition processes <strong>of</strong> maximum activity <strong>of</strong> seed. (B<strong>and</strong>ehag et al, 2004).
Priming is a process in which seed absorbs some water <strong>and</strong> then seed dries, until germination stage
starts but root doesn't appear. Various terms have been used for priming, priming with solutions, priming alone
<strong>and</strong> Osmorpriming or Osmo condition (khan, 1992). at all level <strong>of</strong> dry, primed seeds had germination rate <strong>and</strong>
seeding dry weight higher than control. Plants growing at the salt soil, because <strong>of</strong> osmotic features, also have
encountered salinity stress, that this factor decreases the speed <strong>of</strong> growth. This leads to disruption <strong>of</strong> cell
division <strong>and</strong> cell enlargement <strong>and</strong> all metabolic reactions <strong>of</strong> plant will be affected. Increasing <strong>of</strong> sodium&
chlorine ions also reduces anzyme activity <strong>and</strong> the absorption <strong>of</strong> essential ions including potassium, calcium,
ammonium <strong>and</strong> nitrat <strong>and</strong> makes unstable the structure <strong>of</strong> membrane. (khalesroo <strong>and</strong> Agalikhani, 1386;
Dimerkaya et al, 2006; Netondo et al, 2004). Priming word is used for describing seed soaking in Osmotic

Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 4 (7), 1924-1931, 2013
solutions with low water potential <strong>and</strong> with airing. Polyethylene glycol, potassium nitrate, k 3 PO 4 , KH 2 PO 4 ,
potassium sulfate, sodium chloride, glycerol <strong>and</strong> mannitol are examples <strong>of</strong> such compounds.
Today most <strong>of</strong> polyethylene glycol is used for osmopriming (Mishel <strong>and</strong> Kaufman, 1973). Immersion
before seed planting in water by control <strong>of</strong> absorption reduction the impact <strong>of</strong> advers fluctuations <strong>of</strong> climate <strong>and</strong>
soil, increases the germination <strong>and</strong> seedling growth. (Bradford, 1988). <strong>The</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> priming, increasing
percentage <strong>of</strong> germination, cutting time to germination, improving the seedling growth <strong>and</strong> strength in a wide
range <strong>of</strong> favorable <strong>and</strong> unfavorable environmental conditions.
This method is successful in the plants with tiny seeds such a canola <strong>and</strong> alfalfa <strong>and</strong> products with high
economic value <strong>and</strong> need the fast <strong>and</strong> smooth removal. (Omidi at el, 2005).
<strong>The</strong> results <strong>of</strong> some studies (Jalilian <strong>and</strong> Tavakoli Afshar, 1383) suggests that sugar beet seed
germination <strong>and</strong> Seeding establishment may be material destroy with the washing <strong>of</strong> seed by water& some
chemicals. In the shell <strong>of</strong> sugar beet seed there are materials such as phenols, ammonia, oil, oxalic Asid,
potassium Nitrat, betain <strong>and</strong> musilage that will be lost the advers <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> these materials on wash the seeds
with water however, It has been reported that pericarp around seed impedes the leaking <strong>of</strong> water <strong>and</strong> oxygen
into in (Katalan et al, 1994).
But, by increasing salinity the early growth <strong>of</strong> hydropriming seeds with regard to priming treatments with
salt Nacl were reduced. (Shakermi et al, 1889). But Yaghmur <strong>and</strong> Kaydan (2008) on the wheat <strong>and</strong> Gassemi
<strong>and</strong> Esmaeelipoor (2008), on a watermelon seed, expressed that priming with Nacl has a negative <strong>effect</strong> on
seed germination <strong>and</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> the watermelon seeds. Gassemi golezani showed that they achieved the
greater performance <strong>of</strong> chickpea seeds treated at 16 hour's hydropiming.
Improvement in different characteristics <strong>of</strong> primed seed with Nacl can be due to increased rate <strong>of</strong> cell
division by pretreatment <strong>of</strong> the seed. (Bose <strong>and</strong> Mishra, 1992). <strong>Hydropriming</strong> can increase the speeding <strong>and</strong>
percentage <strong>of</strong> seedling emergence, yield <strong>and</strong> it's components. <strong>The</strong>y also reported hydropriming <strong>effect</strong>s on lentil
seedling emergence percentage <strong>and</strong> rate, better that osmopriming in the farm. Priming can increase the activity
<strong>of</strong> Amylas anzyme <strong>and</strong> turning reserve materials into transitional materials <strong>and</strong> thus can enhance plant growth.
(kuar et al, 2002).
Priming can increase the germination rate in the farm, especially in unfavorable conditions including at
low temperature <strong>and</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> moisture also it can decrease physiological heterogeny in a pile <strong>of</strong> priming seed.
(Stil <strong>and</strong> Brad Ford, 1997).
Priming operation may be done in any plant for specific purposes (Rush, 1991). For the priming
operation in sugar beet is mentioned more benefits including increasing viability, germination rate at low
temperatures, increasing yeid, increasing germination strength <strong>and</strong> seedling establishment <strong>of</strong> fungal
contamination, increasing germination strength under drough <strong>and</strong> salinity conditions, reducing the need for
water for the germinate& the better establishment <strong>of</strong> plants per unit area. (Ruch, 1991). Reduction in the rate
<strong>and</strong> percentage <strong>of</strong> germination, probably, is due to poisoning caused by toxic ions <strong>and</strong> the osmotic potential
increase in the seed development environment (Smith <strong>and</strong> Dobrenz, 1987). khorshidibenam et al (1993),
showed the increasing salt concentration reduces the germination <strong>of</strong> wheat <strong>and</strong> also the increasing in salinity,
velocity <strong>and</strong> percentage <strong>of</strong> germination.
According to Gassemi el al (1997), the germinated seeds in salt areas have shorter stems& roots <strong>and</strong>
Sodium chloride, more than other salinity maker materials, has a prohibitive <strong>effect</strong> on the emergence <strong>of</strong>
germinal tissues also, the potential reduction in water because <strong>of</strong> salinity, can increase toxicity level.
<strong>Osmopriming</strong> technique had a significant <strong>effect</strong> on the parameters <strong>of</strong> root length, shoot length, seedling
dry weight, germination percentage <strong>and</strong> germination time ot the 1% level. <strong>Osmopriming</strong> high level had a
inhibition <strong>effect</strong> more than osmopriming low level on the shoot growth. (Omidi et al, 2005)
<strong>The</strong> aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to determine& the optimal time& the potential for priming Cv.Azar 2 wheat,
vassessing the successive periods <strong>of</strong> doble seed soaking <strong>and</strong> drying on seeds in natural conditions <strong>and</strong>
tension. On the other h<strong>and</strong> this study has been used, by attention to the application <strong>of</strong> different kinds <strong>of</strong> osmotic
sdutions especially the use <strong>of</strong> plant materials such as extracts <strong>of</strong> sugar beet <strong>and</strong> its probability <strong>effect</strong> on
acceleration <strong>of</strong> germination, growth <strong>and</strong> other index <strong>of</strong> plantlet growth then primed <strong>and</strong> unprimed seeds were
evaluated under salt strees conditions, especially in the beginning phase <strong>of</strong> germination to full deployment <strong>of</strong>
seedling in the invitro conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was performed in agricultural laboratory <strong>of</strong> Mohaghegh Ardabili University <strong>of</strong> Ardabil, a
factorial experiment based on a R<strong>and</strong>omized Complete Block Design with 3 factors <strong>and</strong> in two <strong>of</strong> stage (Priming
procedures <strong>and</strong> planted in the flower pot) that includes factors 1) types <strong>of</strong> Osmotic solutions 2) Duration <strong>of</strong> seed
soaking 3) salinity that is respectively 5,3,3 <strong>and</strong> 3 replications in the controlled conditions (uniform). Cv. Azar. 2
wheat production in Ardabil province were treated in different smotic solutions <strong>of</strong> 3% sodium chloride solution
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Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 4 (7), 1924-1931, 2013
(S 1 ), 5% Mannitol (S 2 ), 25% sugar beet extract (S 3 ), <strong>and</strong> distilled water (S 4 ) at different times, respectively
(4,8,10 hours). For taking sugar beet extract, 50gr <strong>of</strong> sugar beet seed in 400 liters <strong>of</strong> water for 2 hour, cleared
so that to take a smooth <strong>and</strong> uniform extract that about 25% <strong>of</strong> this extract were used for experiment. After
priming seeds <strong>and</strong> planting them in potes under salt stress (0(ss 0 ), 3(SS 3 ) 6(ss 6 ) millimouse by Centimeter with
control (Seeds the priming action on them has been done) were compared that for each <strong>of</strong> the osmotic solution,
different levels <strong>of</strong> osmotic pressure (Osmotic potential) using the vant H<strong>of</strong>f equation (Voet et al, 2001) were
used to calculate the description <strong>of</strong> any following stages:
1) seed priming
First 200 Cv.Azar 2 winnow wheat seeds in a small mug amount <strong>of</strong> 40cc including four solutions3%
sodium chloride osmopriming, Mannitol 5%, 25% sugar been seed extract <strong>and</strong> distilled water at 3 different
periods (4,8,10) hours, that beaker opening was been coverd with thin paraffin sheet into the germination set at
a temperature <strong>of</strong> 24 c <strong>and</strong> 50% moisture. After finish the soaking time, seeds were washed by distilled water&
for a week above the filter paper in the air-open <strong>of</strong> laboratory were laid to dry, this practice (seed soaking &
drying) was repeated twice. In duration <strong>of</strong> this time, moist weight <strong>of</strong> 25 seeds was measured& then was dried
into the glassy container, inside Aven machine in 105 C temperaturs for 2 hours from any treatment& was
weighted. By this practice, moisture percentage <strong>of</strong> any treatment (12 treatments) was obtained using the
following formula (Anonymus, 1993).
Moisture percentage <strong>of</strong> seed= secondary
moisture − intial
moistur
× 100
initial moisture
In this formula, the intial moisture is seed mass moist weight after being weighted <strong>and</strong> secondary
moisture is seed mass dry weight in Aven machine. Seed moisture content should be between 15-14% or even
20%, then 12% moisture content <strong>of</strong> all seed treatments intended to be fixed, <strong>and</strong> if seed moisture content was
addition, we can take to the desired moisture all <strong>of</strong> treatments at a temperature <strong>of</strong> 30 C in an oven set.
In this study because <strong>of</strong> approximate constancy <strong>of</strong> seed moisture content in all treatments, there was no
need to perform the above operations.
For each <strong>of</strong> mentioned osmotic solutions, was used different level <strong>of</strong> osmotic pressure which
obtained from vant H<strong>of</strong>f equation (voet et al, 2001) that contains (0,-3,-6) loads.
=CiRT
: the osmotic pressure according to load.
R: the gas constant (.0834).
T: the temperature <strong>of</strong> osmotic solution during the priming exercise according to degrees Kelvin.
i: the number <strong>of</strong> constituent ions osmotic solution composition.
C: extraction (g molecules x liter).
2)planting primed seeds to investigation <strong>of</strong> some quantitative& qualitative characteristics:
First, we prepare 117 small experimental pots <strong>and</strong> soild <strong>of</strong> pots containing screened soild (1/3 manure,
3/1 s<strong>and</strong>, 1/3 soil), then thoroughly mixed together& then we fill all pots from soil, 2 cm before the pot edge after
planting 15 primed seeds from any treatment with desirable replication <strong>and</strong> mentioned osmotic solutions in any
pot& paste lable, fill them by soild <strong>and</strong> depending the treatment, irrigate each <strong>of</strong> the pots in three salinity levels
(0,3,6) millmouse to square centimeter. On the first day, for irrigation to 30mL from any solution was used <strong>and</strong> it
continued until green. On the fourth day, about 66% <strong>of</strong> seeds, germinated. For three weeks, seeds were the
germinated seeds under Fluorescent Lamps light were be allowed to growth. I this time, depend on soil need in
pot, every two days performed rogation from each solution. After that for root without any break <strong>and</strong> to obtain
some quantitative <strong>and</strong> qualitative traits such as leaf length, leaf number , root fresh weight, root dry weight ratio
to shoot dry weight, number <strong>of</strong> seedling, germination percentage, germination <strong>of</strong> rate <strong>and</strong> etc, removal took
place in the form <strong>of</strong> wash <strong>of</strong> pots.
Germination <strong>of</strong> rate (germination time mean) was determined using the following formula (Bewley <strong>and</strong>
Black, 1998):
Passing the time in days from the start <strong>of</strong> the experiment= tx
Number <strong>of</strong> germinated seed on day n x =x
Total germinated seeds in the end <strong>of</strong> test=N
Comparision <strong>of</strong> means has performed using by Duncan Test. Data analyzed by SAS s<strong>of</strong>tware <strong>and</strong>
drawing diagrams was done by s<strong>of</strong>tware EXELL.
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Hypocotyle length <strong>and</strong> root number
According to table 1, under study characteristic for coleptile length, simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity <strong>and</strong> priming
at the 1% level <strong>and</strong> simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> time at the 5% level, has been statistically significant. In table 2,
camparision <strong>of</strong> mean for this characteristic has showed longest coleoptile in the <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> zero salinity <strong>and</strong> -3
loads <strong>and</strong> in the <strong>effect</strong> 5% mannitol solution <strong>and</strong> distilled water in 4 hours soaking. In the other statement we
can say that hypocotyle length increased in without salinity <strong>and</strong> low salinity (-3 load) conditions, primed in
distilled water <strong>and</strong> in soaking time periods about 4 hours <strong>and</strong> showed high level. also, control placed in lowest
group <strong>and</strong> had a length equall 2/29 cm that seed primed by distilled water, showed highest level <strong>and</strong> equall 3/32
cm significant difference. (about 1/5). Table 1 demonstrates analysis <strong>of</strong> variance for root number trait that the
simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity <strong>and</strong> priming at 1 percent level is significant statistically.
In table 2 the mean comparision <strong>of</strong> this trait showed highest root numver in the <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity for seeds
at zero level <strong>and</strong> -3 load <strong>and</strong> the main <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> osopriming in 5% mannitol solution, distilled water <strong>and</strong> 25%
sugar beet extract for this trait, also has showed highest number in without salinity <strong>and</strong> low salinity conditions
<strong>and</strong> all <strong>of</strong> the solutions except <strong>of</strong> seeds that is primed by Nacl. Mamely, by increasing osmotic pressure
(osmotic potential less) <strong>and</strong> non- primed seeds root number than osmotic solutions, Mannitol, sugar beet seed
extract <strong>and</strong> distilled water has less significant difference. Jalali et al (2003), showed that salinity reduced
length& root number significantly table 3 shows the correlation between root number <strong>and</strong> the first <strong>and</strong> second
leaf length has a significant <strong>and</strong> positive relationship.
First <strong>and</strong> secondary leaf length
Table 3 showed a significant analysis <strong>of</strong> variance for first leaf length, the simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity <strong>and</strong>
priming at 1% level, statistically. In table 2 the mean compression, showed highest length <strong>of</strong> first leaf at zero
salinity level <strong>and</strong> -3 load& lowest length at -6 load level & in main <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> osmopriming in 5% mannitol solution
<strong>and</strong> 25% sugar beet extract. Soaking time was not significant for this trait. <strong>The</strong> first leaf length non- primed
control seed, the lowest leaf length (7,79cm) vc. (11/67 cm) in the treatments <strong>of</strong> sugar beet seed extract <strong>and</strong>
mannitol trait in the preferred treatments this has increased about 1/5 equal. In table 3 the analysis <strong>of</strong> variance,
as observed has showed a significant difference between the simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity <strong>and</strong> priming for this trait at
1 percentage level.
In table 4, the mean comparision has showed the same result, that the highest length <strong>of</strong> secondary leaf
has obtained in simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity at zero load level <strong>and</strong> in 25% solution <strong>of</strong> sugar beet seed extract <strong>and</strong>
lowest length has obtained in control. <strong>The</strong>n, secondary leaf length in non- primed seeds becomes less& in
without salinity conditions &in solution <strong>of</strong> plant extract, the secondary leaf length has increased significantly.
Table 3 shows the correlation between secondary leaf length <strong>and</strong> the first leaf length has a significant <strong>and</strong>
positive relationship.
Longest root
According to table 1 the analysis <strong>of</strong> variance, longest root in simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity <strong>and</strong> priming at the
level <strong>of</strong> 1% in mutual <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity in priming at the level <strong>of</strong> 5%, has significant statistically. While in main
<strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity, the logest root in two level, -3 <strong>and</strong> -6 load osmotic pressure than the control group (without
salinity stress) are strongly discouraged. In table the mean camparision <strong>and</strong> in the main <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> osomproming
solution <strong>of</strong> distilled water <strong>and</strong> 25% sugar beet extract has produced, longest root with a significant difference
that non- primed seeds. According to figure 1, the longest root affected by salinity <strong>effect</strong> on priming, highest
length <strong>of</strong> root in all extracts <strong>and</strong> distilled water in tensions -3, -6 load in common group, showed minimal
reduction with significant difference. Than non- primed seed. According to this study, again highest length <strong>of</strong>
root is obtained in plant extract.
Jalali et al (2003), the results showed that salimity, germination percentage, root length <strong>and</strong> number,
shoot length , ratio <strong>of</strong> underground organs to shoot organs <strong>and</strong> seedling dry weight was significantly reduced.
Sanchez et al (2001), also reported that seed root length in cucumber <strong>and</strong> pepper, in <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> Hydropiming has
increased significantly. Salinity reduces germination percentage, germination <strong>of</strong> rate, root <strong>and</strong> shoot length, root
<strong>and</strong> shoot dry weight in treatment with 250 millimouse <strong>of</strong> sudiom chloride than control. (Mohammadi et al,
2004). longest root trait in Table 3 <strong>of</strong> correlation, has showed a significant <strong>and</strong> positive relationship with the first
leaf length, the secondary leaf length <strong>and</strong> root number at the 1% level.
Dry weight <strong>of</strong> root& shoots
Table 1 Analysis <strong>of</strong> variance <strong>of</strong> dry weight <strong>of</strong> shoots, shows that the simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity at the 1%
level is significant. In table 2 the comparision <strong>of</strong> mean, observed the highet dry weight <strong>of</strong> shoots in the main
<strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity with zero load <strong>and</strong> in solution <strong>of</strong> 25% sugar beet extract& in a common group with sodium
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chlorid 3%, Mannitol 5% <strong>and</strong> distilled water. This means that with increasing salinity reduced shoot dry weight
<strong>and</strong> primed seeds, especially in botanical extracts are among the highest seedling dry weight. In the control
(non- primed) this trait with osmotic solutions <strong>and</strong> distilled water is highest But with a significant difference us
less than sugar extract also in table 1, analysis <strong>of</strong> variance, root dry weight in the simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity at the
1% level <strong>and</strong> salinity <strong>effect</strong> on priming at the 5% level is significant, statistically. In table 2, 6 the comparision <strong>of</strong>
mean, is obtained the highest root dry weight in level <strong>of</strong> salinity zero load <strong>and</strong> -3 load <strong>and</strong> primed in distilled
water. In control, particularly, it has decreased with a significant difference than priming by distilled water. While
the figure2, <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> sanility on priming for this attribute, is obtained the greatest root dry weight in solution <strong>of</strong>
distilled water priming <strong>and</strong> salinity level -3 load, while with salinity level <strong>of</strong> zero load& 3% sodium chlorid priming
solution <strong>and</strong> distilled water, has placed in common group the lowest salinity level -6 load is obtained in all osmo
priming <strong>and</strong> control solutions.
This meant that shoot dry weight is affected by salinity more than root, as the in non-salinity <strong>and</strong> low
salinity (-3 loads) <strong>and</strong> primed in distilled water <strong>and</strong> salt solutions, root dry weight has increased. Demir kaya et
al (2006), reported that priming increases germination rate& percentage <strong>and</strong> seedling dry weight <strong>and</strong> reduces
abnormal seedling in sunflower under drought stress.
Also increasing the salinity level, makes decrease the dry weight <strong>of</strong> hypocotyle <strong>and</strong> seedling biomass,
significantly. Table 3, the simple correlation <strong>of</strong> studied traits, shows that shoot dry weight, length <strong>of</strong> first leaf,
second shows length, root number, longest root have a positive <strong>and</strong> more significant relationship. While root dry
weight <strong>and</strong> longest root <strong>and</strong> has a negative <strong>and</strong> significant relationship with length <strong>of</strong> first <strong>and</strong> second leaf.
Table 1. Summary <strong>of</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> variance for some studied traits at sality various levels, <strong>Osmopriming</strong> <strong>and</strong>
during <strong>of</strong> priming.
Means <strong>of</strong> squares
Treatments df Hypocotyle
length
First leaf
lengh
Table 2. Summary <strong>of</strong> means comparison for the main studied <strong>effect</strong>s on some traits at sality various levels, <strong>Osmopriming</strong>
<strong>and</strong> during <strong>of</strong> priming using Duncan Test.
Treatments
Hypocotyle
length ) cm(
Longest
root ) cm(
Dry weight
<strong>of</strong> root )g(
First
leaf
lengh
)cm(
Second
leaf
lengh
Second
leaf lengh
)cm(
Root
number
Root
numbe
r
Longest
root
Dry weight
<strong>of</strong> root
Dry weight
<strong>of</strong> shoots
Replication 2 0.004 ns 4.21 ns 0.07 ** 0.44 ns 0.93 ns 0.0002 ns 0.0000002 ns
Sality (A) 2 1.92 ** 25.41 ** 5.78 ** 2.70 ** 16.89 ** 0.03 ** 0.00004 **
Priming (B) 4 5.003 ** 75.43 ** 0.25 ** 1.20 ** 10.44 ** 0.0006 ns 0.0000009
ns
Time(C) 2 0.41 * 7.69 ns 0.006 ns 0.01 ns 0.97 ns 0.0001 ns 0.0000001
ns
Interaction A×B 8 0.16 ns 3.08 ns 0.01 ns 0.27 ns 0.99 * 0.0004 ns 0.000001 *
Interaction A×C 4 0.11 ns 1.25 ns 0.02 ns 0.23 ns 0.12 ns 0.0002 ns 0.0000003
ns
Interaction B×C 8 0.05 ns 1.93 ns 0.003 ns 0.06 ns 0.33 ns 0.0005 ns 0.0000002
ns
Interaction A×B×C 16 0.20 ns 2.49 ns 0.02 ns 0.08 ns 0.42 ns 0.0002 ns 0.0000002
ns
Error 88 0.17 4.26 0.02 0.26 0.56 0.0002 0.0000005
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> variation - 13.67 19.45 19.66 16.95 13.64 24.01 0.07
(%)
ns, * <strong>and</strong> ** show non-significance <strong>and</strong> significance at 5 <strong>and</strong> 1% level, respectively.
Dry weight
<strong>of</strong> shoots
)g(
Zero load 3.16a 10.89a 10.70a 3.19a 6.11a 0.013a 0.003a
Sality levels ) A (-3 3.13a 11.18a 7.20b 3.17a 5.53b 0.010b 0.003a
load
-6 load 2.79b 9.76b 1.62c 2.76b 4.89c 0.003c 0.00000b
control 2.29c 7.79c 4.42c 2.71b 4.50c 0.007b 0.0019b
3% Nacl Solution 3.01b 10.37b 6.45b 2.94ab 5.35b 0.009ab 0.002ab
<strong>Osmopriming</strong>)B (5%
3.29a 11.67a 6.41b 3.15a 5.73ab 0.009ab 0.002ab
Mannitol
25% sugar beet extract 3.22ab 11.76a 8.29a 3.17a 5.97a 0.010a 0.002ab
distilled water 3.32a 11.46a 6.98b 3.22a 5.98a 0.009ab 0.0028a
b
4 hours 3.10a 11.03a 6.40a 3.04a 5.67a 0.009a 0.002a
Duration <strong>of</strong> priming )C (8 3.06ab 10.60a 6.35a 3.02a 5.47a 0.009a 0.002a
hours
10 hours 2.92b 10.20a 6.35a 3.05a 5.39a 0.009a 0.002a
Means with similar letter did not show significant differences.
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Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 4 (7), 1924-1931, 2013
zero 3 millimouse/ Square Centimeter 6 millimouse/ Square Centimeter
8
7
a
a
longest root(cm)
6
5
4
3
2
bcde
ef
f
bc
bc
de
bc
b
bcd
bc
bcd
bc
cde
1
0
control 3% Nacl Solution 5% Mannitol 25% sugar beet extract distilled water
osmopriming
Fig. 1. Longest root as affected by the treatment combination <strong>of</strong> sality various levels <strong>and</strong> solution <strong>of</strong> osmopriming
zero 3 millimouse/ Square Centimeter 6 millimouse/ Square Centimeter
0.0045
0.004
ab
ab
a
dry weight root(g)
0.0035
0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
c
abc
ab
bc
c
abc
c
0.001
0.0005
0
d d d d d
control 3% Nacl Solution 5% Mannitol 25% sugar beet extract distilled water
osmopriming
Fig. 2. Dry weight root as affected by the treatment combination <strong>of</strong> sality various levels <strong>and</strong> solution <strong>of</strong> osmopriming
Table 3. Simple correlation between final studied traits at sality stress
Hypocotyl First leaf Second leaf Root Longest Dry weight
Traits e length lengh lengh number root <strong>of</strong> root
Dry weight <strong>of</strong>
shoots
Hypocotyle length
1
First leaf lengh
-0.129 1
Second leaf lengh 0.009 0.540 **
1
Root number
-0.135 0.811 **
0.535 **
1
Longest root
0.033 0.307 **
0.830 **
0.241 **
1
Dry weight <strong>of</strong> root -0.071 0.629 **
0.800 **
0.619 **
0.730 **
1
Dry weight <strong>of</strong> shoots 0.061 -0.174 *
-0.177 *
-0.119 -0.302 **
-0.338 **
ns, * <strong>and</strong> ** show non-significance <strong>and</strong> significance at 5 <strong>and</strong> 1% probability level, respectively.
1
CONCLUSIONS
Highest length <strong>of</strong> hypocotyle, length <strong>of</strong> first <strong>and</strong> second leaf, root number, root dry weight& shoot is
obtained at salinity levels <strong>of</strong> zero <strong>and</strong> -3 loads or in non- salinity <strong>and</strong> low salinity <strong>and</strong> primed with distilled water,
(Hydroproming) is the best answer. Although priming with herbal extract has followed the some result. Thus,
priming technique for all studied traits except <strong>of</strong> shoot dry weight, root dry weigh <strong>and</strong> simple <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> salinity on
the studied traits at the 1% level, is significant. Also by increasing salinity levels, the amount <strong>of</strong> studied traits in
this work were reduced seed soaking time (4 hours) only on coleoptile elongation in the stress. So, Accoding to
this study the herbal extract can be used for <strong>effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> priming positive action compared
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Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 4 (7), 1924-1931, 2013
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