WINNER II pdf - Final Report - Cept
WINNER II pdf - Final Report - Cept
WINNER II pdf - Final Report - Cept
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<strong>WINNER</strong> <strong>II</strong> D1.1.2 V1.2<br />
Table 4-3 Far scatterer radii and attenuations for B2 and C3.<br />
Scenario FS min FS max FS loss<br />
B2 150 m 500 m 4 dB/µs<br />
C3 300 m 1500 m 2 dB/µs<br />
Step 2:<br />
For C3 create 20 delays as described for C2 model in section 4.2. step 5. For the shortest 18 delays create<br />
a typical urban C2 channel profile (powers and angles) as in section 4.2.<br />
Similarly, create 16 delays for B1 NLOS, and for the shortest 14 delays create a typical B1 NLOS<br />
channel profile as in section 4.2.<br />
The last two delays in B2 and C3 are assigned for far scatterer clusters.<br />
Step 3:<br />
Create typical urban channel powers P ’ for FS clusters substituting equation (4.5) of section 4.2 step 6<br />
−Ζn<br />
' 10<br />
with = 10 , where Ζ n ~ N(0, ζ ) is the per cluster shadowing term in [dB].<br />
P n<br />
Step 4:<br />
Next create excess delays due to far scatterer clusters as<br />
Attenuate FS clusters as FS loss, given in Table 4-3.<br />
Step 5:<br />
d<br />
BS −> FS −> MS<br />
− d<br />
LOS<br />
τ<br />
excess<br />
=<br />
(4.22)<br />
c<br />
Select directions of departure and arrival for each FS cluster according to far scatterer locations. i.e.<br />
corresponding to a single reflection from far scatterer.<br />
It is worth noticing that depending on the location of the mobile user within the cell the FS clusters may<br />
appear also at shorter delays than the maximum C2 or B1 NLOS cluster. In such cases the far scatterers<br />
do not necessarily result to increased angular or delay dispersion. Also the actual channel statistics of the<br />
bad urban users depend somewhat on the cell size.<br />
4.3 Path loss models<br />
Path loss models for the various <strong>WINNER</strong> scenarios have been developed based on results of<br />
measurements carried out within <strong>WINNER</strong>, as well as results from the open literature. These path loss<br />
models are typically of the form of (4.23), where d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver<br />
in [m], f c is the system frequency in [GHz], the fitting parameter A includes the path-loss exponent,<br />
parameter B is the intercept, parameter C describes the path loss frequency dependence, and X is an<br />
optional, environment-specific term (e.g., wall attenuation in the A1 NLOS scenario).<br />
⎛<br />
PL = Alog ( d[ m ])<br />
+ B + C log10<br />
⎜<br />
⎝<br />
f<br />
c<br />
[ GHz]<br />
5.0<br />
⎞<br />
⎟ + X<br />
⎠<br />
10<br />
(4.23)<br />
The models can be applied in the frequency range from 2 – 6 GHz and for different antenna heights. The<br />
path-loss models have been summarized in Table 4-4, which either defines the variables of (4.23), or<br />
explicitly provides a full path loss formula. The free-space path loss, PL free , that is referred to in the table<br />
can be written as<br />
PL<br />
free<br />
= 20log10(<br />
d)<br />
+ 46.4 + 20log10(<br />
fc<br />
5.0)<br />
(4.24)<br />
The distribution of the shadow fading is log-normal, and the standard deviation for each scenario is given<br />
in the table.<br />
Frequency dependencies of <strong>WINNER</strong> path-loss models<br />
The path loss models shown in Table 4-4 are based on measured data obtained mainly at 2 and 5 GHz.<br />
These models have been extended to arbitrary frequencies in the range from 2 – 6 GHz with the aid of the<br />
path loss frequency dependencies defined below. Following various results from the open literature, as<br />
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