Final report on link level and system level channel models - Winner

WINNER D5.4 v. 1.4
It is valid in distance ranges 100…2000 meters. BS and MS heights were 35 and 2 meters, respectively.
COST231-Hata model has not been originally designed to 5 GHz frequency range. Path loss difference
due to theoretical free-space propagation is 20*log 10 (5.3/2) = 8.5 dB. In the following figure 2 GHz
COST231-Hata model with free-space path-loss correction and macrocellular NLOS path-loss model
obtained from Helsinki measurements are shown.
Figure 5.87: Comparison of COST231-Hata model with free-space correction and path loss
obtained from urban macrocellular PL measurements in Helsinki. The measurement curve is
shown only up to 2 kms, which was the maximum measured range.
It is seen that due to different PL exponents the differences between PL predictions increase with
increasing MS-BS distance. At 2 kms the difference is ~7 dB. The few <strong>report</strong>ed outdoor PL
measurements around 5 GHz frequency range show that typical PL exponents in urban LOS areas are
close to free-space propagation exponent 2 [YMI+04], [YTL02] Yacoub, D.; Teich, W.;
Lindner, J., „Capacity of Vehicle-Bridge MIMO Channels”, TD(02)118, COST 273, 5th
Management Committee Meeting, Lisbon / Portugal, Sep. 19-20, 2002
[ZKVS02], [SG00], and for NLOS the <strong>report</strong>ed values vary between 3.5 and 5.8 [YMI+04], [YTL02]
Yacoub, D.; Teich, W.; Lindner, J., „Capacity of Vehicle-Bridge MIMO Channels”,
TD(02)118, COST 273, 5th Management Committee Meeting, Lisbon / Portugal, Sep. 19-20,
2002
[ZKVS02], [SG00]. In these cases the maximum MS-BS distances have been < 1000 meters.
Path losses and delay spreads between 430 and 5750 MHz frequencies have been compared in [Pa05].
Data was collected simultaneously at the same measurement points in multiple environments, and the
chip rate at each centre-frequency was 100 MHz. Measurements were made in urban environment in
Denver, which covered a combination of urban high-rise, urban low-rise and line-of sight propagation
paths. BS was installed on top of a five floor building at 17 meters, and maximum measured distances in
the case were up to 5 km. It was observed that line-of sight near the BS (100…300 meters) the path-loss
exponent was close to 2. In regions where radio paths become obstructed the path-loss exponents were
increasing, and they also showed frequency dependency: path-loss exponent increased from 4.3 to 5.4
between 430 and 5750 MHz. The shadow fading was normally distributed, and ranged between 3 and 6
dB.
In [MRA93] and [MEJ91] radio propagation differences between 900 and 1800 MHz centre-frequencies
have been compared in different environments. In both the studies it was found that path-loss values at
900 and 1800 MHz were highly correlated, and there was no significant difference in distance dependent
behaviour.
Path loss and delay spread results from Japanese urban metropolitan environment at 3 GHz, 8 GHz, and
15 GHz frequencies are <strong>report</strong>ed in [OTTH01]. The average building heights in were 20…30 meters, and
BS height both clearly above (macrocell) and at rooftop level (microcell) were measured. In the
measurements power delay profiles were recorded simultaneously for each of the three frequencies.
Shadow fading standard deviations did not show considerable differences between frequencies, but values
in the range 5…10 dB were obtained. Path loss frequency dependency was found to directly follow freespace
characteristics, i.e. 20log(f). Path loss exponents were not <strong>report</strong>ed.
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