Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores

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Assuring quality control before and during fieldwork If care is taken to exercise quality control during fieldwork, two main sources of error that interfere with the ability to collect valid data will be avoided. One source comes from people collecting the data, and the other from the people from whom the data is being collected. It is commonly said that people do not tell the truth about their sexual behaviors, and that they exaggerate, withhold information, or refuse to admit to behaviors that are culturally unacceptable. Experience has shown that there are techniques that can be used to increase the likelihood of honest sharing of information. When interviewers are well trained to discuss sensitive behaviors with respondents and make them feel at ease, research suggests that respondents will provide truthful information. The interview and supervisor guidelines found in Appendix 2 provide one example of a necessary tool for ensuring quality of fieldwork. Other quality control issues relate to interactions with the groups being surveyed. Often these surveys are conducted with communities who are vulnerable and therefore reticent to open up to strangers. Working through community organizations who have relationships with the target populations is an essential component of this work. In some cases, such as with men who have sex with men or injecting drug users, it will be necessary to use members of the respondent community (or those working with them) to do the interviewing because it cannot be expected that rapport can be built with sub-populations in a very short period of time. If interviewers do not come from the community, then they must be carefully chosen individuals who do not threaten the respondents in any way. A concern for the privacy and confidentiality of the community must be maintained at all times. Winning the trust of the community is part of the whole package of obtaining valid results. In summary, reliable and valid behavioral data can best be guaranteed by ensuring that: • Questionnaires are sufficiently pre-tested; • Interviewers are well-trained; • Questionnaire administration includes rapport-building and is consistently applied; • A confidential atmosphere is provided 72 C H A PTER 6 B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E S U R V EY S
GUIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL SURVEYS IN POPULATIONS AT RISK OF HIV C H A P T E R ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS of results7 Analysis and interpretation ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ • Recommended methods of statistical analysis • Bivariate analysis • Multivariate analysis • Analysis of trends in behavior over time • Sources of bias
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BEHAVIORAL SURVEILLANCE SURVEYS GUI
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Family Health International (FHI) H
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Chapter 7 Analysis and interpretati
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3. Choosing populations for behavio
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G UIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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Recognizing that HIV surveillance d
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Different approaches to collecting
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The principal rationale for focusin
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It is not possible to validate data
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GUIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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The process of building partnership
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Funders of HIV prevention activitie
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What is to be measured ? Indicators
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Step 7 : Constructing a sampling fr
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Step 12 : Data collection and super
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Page 39 and 40: The majority of sub-populations of
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Page 59 and 60: Table 6 : Sample size requirements
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Page 97 and 98: 8 Using the data collected to impro
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Page 105 and 106: 9 Indicators This guide identifies
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Page 113 and 114: KEY INDICATORS What follows is a fu
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Page 121 and 122: Adult Indicator 5 Consistent condom
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Page 125 and 126: Adult Indicator 9 Consistent condom
Page 127 and 128: Adult Indicator 11 Population seeki
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Page 131 and 132: Youth Indicator 2 No incorrect beli
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Youth Indicator 4 Youth sexually ac
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Youth Indicator 6 Number of sexual
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Youth Indicator 8 Consistent condom
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Youth Indicator 10 Commercial sex a
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Youth Indicator 14 Exposure to inte
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Female Sex Worker Indicator 2 No in
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Female Sex Worker Indicator 5 Sex w
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Indicators for men who have sex wit
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Men Who Have Sex With Men Indicator
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Men who have sex with men Indicator
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Indicators for injecting drug users
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Injecting Drug User Indicator 3 Inj
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Injecting Drug User Indicator 8 Dru
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Injecting Drug User Indicator 10 Dr
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Suggested Reading Brown T, Sittitra
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Adult Target Grou
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The ADULT questionnaire includes th
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FHI 1999 HIV/AIDS/STD BEHAVIORAL SU
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POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS Commu
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors No.
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors (co
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Unmarried Male An
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The YOUTH questionnaire includes th
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No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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Stigma and Discrimination No. Quest
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FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL (FHI) H
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors No.
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors (co
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Men Who Have Sex
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The MSM questionnaire includes the
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STD Treatment seeking behaviours No
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No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Injecting Drug Us
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This questionnaire includes the fol
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EXAMPLE OF SUPERVISORS’ AND INTER
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A “take-all” approach is to be
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• To probe for additional informa
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Part B: How to use the Long Distanc
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An example of a question for which
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Part C: Section-by-section review o
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Q109. If the respondent says he/she
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it is asking if the respondent has
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Section 5 : Non-regular partners Q5
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Q706 : This question determines the
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Q910 - Q912 : Knowledge of maternal
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in riskier behavior (i.e., not usin
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Section 5 : Non-paying partners Que
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3 APPENDIX WORKING EXAMPLES OF SAMP
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For the purposes of the BSS, the ke
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The second stage sampling procedure
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Notes: 1. It may not always be poss
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The information from the mapping ex
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In Figure 3, clusters were chosen b
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Fieldwork assignments when the “t
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Figure 4 : Example of targeted snow
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In some settings it may not be acce
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Figure 6 : Steps in using the segme
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Figure 9 : Map of hypothetical samp
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In-class sampling of school youth T
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Alternative to “in-class” sampl
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found at the various locations at d
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What should be done if, even after
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FIELDWORK FORMS The following set o
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Form I Cluster Selection Sheet (Pro
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Form 2 Cluster Selection Sheet (Equ
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Form 3 Assignment Information Sheet
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Form 4 Cluster Information Sheet Su
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TABLE OF CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS AND
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Step 2 : Calculate the expected num
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