Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores

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Figure 3 : Illustrative example of a sampling frame for time-location consisting of bars, hotels and street corners frequented by floating sex workers 1. Site 1 Weekday x 28. Site 10 Weekday x 55. Site 19 Weekday 2. Site 1 Weeknight 29. Site 10 Weeknight 56. Site 19 Weeknight 3. Site 1 Weekend 30. Site 10 Weekend x 57. Site 19 Weekend x 4. Site 2 Weekday x 31. Site 11 Weekday 58. Site 20 Weekday 5. Site 2 Weeknight 32. Site 11 Weeknight x 59. Site 20 Weeknight x 6. Site 2 Weekend x 33. Site 11 Weekend 60. Site 20 Weekend 7. Site 3 Weekday 34. Site 12 Weekday 61. Site 21 Weekday x 8. Site 3 Weeknight x 35. Site 12 Weeknight x 62. Site 21 Weeknight 9. Site 3 Weekend 36. Site 12 Weekend 63. Site 21 Weekend x 10. Site 4 Weekday x 37. Site 13 Weekday x 64. Site 22 Weekday 11. Site 4 Weeknight 38. Site 13 Weeknight 65. Site 22 Weeknight x 12. Site 4 Weekend x 39. Site 13 Weekend x 66. Site 22 Weekend 13. Site 5 Weekday 40. Site 14 Weekday 67. Site 23 Weekday 14. Site 5 Weeknight 41. Site 14 Weeknight x 68. Site 23 Weeknight x 15. Site 5 Weekend x 42. Site 14 Weekend 69. Site 23 Weekend 16. Site 6 Weekday 43. Site 15 Weekday x 70. Site 24 Weekday x 17. Site 6 Weeknight x 44. Site 15 Weeknight 71. Site 24 Weeknight 18. Site 6 Weekend 45. Site 15 Weekend 72. Site 24 Weekend x 19. Site 7 Weekday x 46. Site 16 Weekday x 73. Site 25 Weekday 20. Site 7 Weeknight 47. Site 16 Weeknight 74. Site 25 Weeknight x 21. Site 7 Weekend x 48. Site 16 Weekend x 75. Site 25 Weekend 22. Site 8 Weekday 49. Site 17 Weekday 23. Site 8 Weeknight x 50. Site 17 Weeknight x 24. Site 8 Weekend 51. Site 17 Weekend 25. Site 9 Weekday 52. Site 18 Weekday x 26. Site 9 Weeknight x 53. Site 18 Weeknight 27. Site 9 Weekend 54. Site 18 Weekend x x indicates selected cluster M = Number of PSUs (time-location clusters) in the sampling frame : 75 a = Planned number of clusters : 34 SI = Sampling interval : M/a = 2.21 RI = Random start between = 1.39 Cluster Selection Number : 1.39, 3.60, 5.81.8.02, etc. B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E SURV EY S APPEN DI X 3 317
In Figure 3, clusters were chosen by following the procedure outlined in Chapter 4, Figure 2, rounding the cluster selection number down if the decimal was below 0.5, and rounding up if the decimal was above 0.5. In this way, 34 time-location clusters were systematically chosen with equal probability. How to organize the field work There are many different ways that the fieldwork can be organized. Here is one suggested option. Since there are a total of 34 clusters to be completed in 3 weeks, the survey manager could plan to have the interviewers complete approximately 12 clusters during the first week, 12 clusters during the second week, and the remaining 10 clusters during the third week. If there were three teams each doing four clusters per week, it should be feasible to complete the work in a three-week time-frame. The first 12 clusters would be completed during the first week. From Figure 3, the first 12 cluster that were selected are the following: Site 1 on a weekday Site 2 on a weekday Site 2 on a weekend night Site 3 on a weeknight Site 4 on a weekday Site 4 on a weekend night Site 5 on a weekend night Site 6 on a weeknight Site 7 on a weekday Site 7 on a weekend night Site 8 on a weeknight Site 9 on a weeknight If a weekday or weeknight is chosen, then the specific day of the week on which the team should visit the site can be randomly chosen from among the five weekdays (Mon-Fri) during the first week of the survey. If a weekend is chosen, then either Friday or Saturday night can be randomly chosen. The two-hour time-frame should be agreed upon in advance, and be based upon information about what time the women are most likely to be at the site, and also be available for a 30-45 minute interview. The goal would be to complete 10 interviews from each timelocation cluster, being careful to keep track of the total number of women who come into contact with the site during the two-hour time-frame. The team would also need to record the number of refusals and the number of duplicates, from among those women who were selected to participate. Even if the 10 interviews were completed before the two hour time-frame was complete, it would still be necessary for someone to remain at the site for the full two-hour time period, so as to count the total number of women who came in contact with the site during the specified time period. This information would then be used as the measure of size for the cluster for calculation of sampling probabilities. A similar procedure would be used during the second and third week of the survey, to complete the 34 time-location clusters. 318 A PPEN DI X 3 B EHAV I OR A L SURV EI L L A NC E S U R V EY S
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BEHAVIORAL SURVEILLANCE SURVEYS GUI
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Family Health International (FHI) H
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Chapter 7 Analysis and interpretati
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3. Choosing populations for behavio
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G UIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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Recognizing that HIV surveillance d
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Different approaches to collecting
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The principal rationale for focusin
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It is not possible to validate data
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GUIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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The process of building partnership
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Funders of HIV prevention activitie
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What is to be measured ? Indicators
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Step 7 : Constructing a sampling fr
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Step 12 : Data collection and super
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choosing population groups GUIDELIN
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the spread of HIV. For this reason,
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In some circumstances, public healt
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The majority of sub-populations of
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In the end, the issue boils down to
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In looking at behaviors of hard-to-
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Maps derived from program planning
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Selecting primary sampling units (c
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...when measures of size are not av
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If there is no reason to believe th
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Figure 3 : Decision tree for first-
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Implications of alternative samplin
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Table 5 : Values of Z 1-α and Z 1-
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Table 6 : Sample size requirements
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equired. In this case, the pros and
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Should one- or two-tailed z-score v
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Other measurement issues for BSS Th
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A “low-tech” solution to the pr
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5 Weighting in multi-stage sampling
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Figure 6 : Procedures for calculati
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Calculating weights from sampling p
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Calculating standard errors with mu
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6 Adapting and using questionnaires
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Some attempts have in the past been
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Informed consent Confidentiality an
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Recommended Methods of Statistical
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where n is the sample size in the d
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Table 2 : Reported number of non-re
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False conclusions: the danger of co
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Analysis of trends in behavior over
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Changes in sampling methodology ove
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8 Using the data collected to impro
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Improving prevention programs As a
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Finally, information about HIV and
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Figure 9 : HIV and STD prevalence,
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9 Indicators This guide identifies
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The standard questionnaires are acc
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INDICATORS Page INDICATORS FOR YOUT
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INDICATORS Page INDICATORS FOR MEN
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KEY INDICATORS What follows is a fu
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The indicator uses promoted data. O
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To be counted the numerator for thi
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Strengths and limitations Some meas
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Adult Indicator 5 Consistent condom
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Adult Indicator 7 (men only) Number
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Adult Indicator 9 Consistent condom
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Adult Indicator 11 Population seeki
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Adult Indicator 12 Exposure to inte
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Youth Indicator 2 No incorrect beli
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Youth Indicator 4 Youth sexually ac
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Youth Indicator 6 Number of sexual
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Youth Indicator 8 Consistent condom
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Youth Indicator 10 Commercial sex a
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Youth Indicator 14 Exposure to inte
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Female Sex Worker Indicator 2 No in
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Female Sex Worker Indicator 5 Sex w
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Indicators for men who have sex wit
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Men Who Have Sex With Men Indicator
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Men who have sex with men Indicator
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Indicators for injecting drug users
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Injecting Drug User Indicator 3 Inj
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Injecting Drug User Indicator 8 Dru
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Injecting Drug User Indicator 10 Dr
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Suggested Reading Brown T, Sittitra
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Adult Target Grou
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The ADULT questionnaire includes th
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FHI 1999 HIV/AIDS/STD BEHAVIORAL SU
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POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS Commu
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors No.
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors (co
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Unmarried Male An
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The YOUTH questionnaire includes th
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No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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Stigma and Discrimination No. Quest
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FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL (FHI) H
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors No.
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors (co
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Men Who Have Sex
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The MSM questionnaire includes the
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STD Treatment seeking behaviours No
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No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Injecting Drug Us
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This questionnaire includes the fol
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Page 273 and 274: FHI 2000 HIV/AIDS/STD BEHAVIORAL SU
Page 289 and 290: EXAMPLE OF SUPERVISORS’ AND INTER
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Page 309 and 310: Q910 - Q912 : Knowledge of maternal
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Page 315 and 316: 3 APPENDIX WORKING EXAMPLES OF SAMP
Page 317 and 318: For the purposes of the BSS, the ke
Page 319 and 320: The second stage sampling procedure
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Page 329 and 330: Figure 4 : Example of targeted snow
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Page 351 and 352: Form 3 Assignment Information Sheet
Page 353 and 354: Form 4 Cluster Information Sheet Su
Page 355 and 356: TABLE OF CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS AND
Page 357 and 358: Step 2 : Calculate the expected num
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Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores

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