Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores

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Step 14 : Data analysis The penultimate step in the survey process is the analysis of the data collected. In addition to the calculation of behavioral indicators based upon the survey data collected, the analysis stage entails the application of sampling weights to the data (if necessary), the calculation of standard errors of the survey estimates, and the conduct of tests for the statistical significance of observed trends over time and/or differences among various response groups or sub-groups. These issues are discussed in detail in Chapter 7. Step 15 : Using the data to improve HIV prevention efforts This final step is the one that justifies the whole of the BSS effort. Primary responsibility for decisions about how data are used will rest with public health officials in the national AIDS program. They will decide how best to present data to different audiences to press for change. These audiences may include partners in HIV prevention both within the government and outside it, members of the respondent groups themselves and those who provide services to them, key decision-makers both nationally and internationally who can contribute resources to a more effective response to HIV. Behavioral data will usually be combined with other sources of HIV-related data such as that generated by a sentinel surveillance system, and packaged differently for different audiences. B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E SURV EY S CHAPTER 2 21
choosing population groups GUIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL SURVEYS IN POPULATIONS AT RISK OF HIV C H A P T E R 3 CHOOSING POPULATION GROUPS ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ • Choosing respondent groups by state of the epidemic • Defining potential respondents: eligibility criteria
Page 1 and 2: BEHAVIORAL SURVEILLANCE SURVEYS GUI
Page 3 and 4: Family Health International (FHI) H
Page 5 and 6: Chapter 7 Analysis and interpretati
Page 7 and 8: 3. Choosing populations for behavio
Page 9 and 10: G UIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
Page 11 and 12: Recognizing that HIV surveillance d
Page 13 and 14: Different approaches to collecting
Page 15 and 16: The principal rationale for focusin
Page 17 and 18: It is not possible to validate data
Page 19 and 20: GUIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
Page 21 and 22: The process of building partnership
Page 23 and 24: Funders of HIV prevention activitie
Page 25 and 26: What is to be measured ? Indicators
Page 27 and 28: Step 7 : Constructing a sampling fr
Page 29: Step 12 : Data collection and super
Page 33 and 34: the spread of HIV. For this reason,
Page 35 and 36: In some circumstances, public healt
Page 37 and 38: GUIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
Page 39 and 40: The majority of sub-populations of
Page 41 and 42: In the end, the issue boils down to
Page 43 and 44: In looking at behaviors of hard-to-
Page 45 and 46: Maps derived from program planning
Page 47 and 48: Selecting primary sampling units (c
Page 49 and 50: ...when measures of size are not av
Page 51 and 52: If there is no reason to believe th
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3 : Decision tree for first-
Page 55 and 56: Implications of alternative samplin
Page 57 and 58: Table 5 : Values of Z 1-α and Z 1-
Page 59 and 60: Table 6 : Sample size requirements
Page 61 and 62: equired. In this case, the pros and
Page 63 and 64: Should one- or two-tailed z-score v
Page 65 and 66: Other measurement issues for BSS Th
Page 67 and 68: A “low-tech” solution to the pr
Page 69 and 70: 5 Weighting in multi-stage sampling
Page 71 and 72: Figure 6 : Procedures for calculati
Page 73 and 74: Calculating weights from sampling p
Page 75 and 76: Calculating standard errors with mu
Page 77 and 78: 6 Adapting and using questionnaires
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Informed consent Confidentiality an
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GUIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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Recommended Methods of Statistical
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where n is the sample size in the d
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Table 2 : Reported number of non-re
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False conclusions: the danger of co
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Analysis of trends in behavior over
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Changes in sampling methodology ove
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8 Using the data collected to impro
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Improving prevention programs As a
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Finally, information about HIV and
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Figure 9 : HIV and STD prevalence,
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9 Indicators This guide identifies
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The standard questionnaires are acc
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INDICATORS Page INDICATORS FOR YOUT
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INDICATORS Page INDICATORS FOR MEN
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KEY INDICATORS What follows is a fu
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The indicator uses promoted data. O
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To be counted the numerator for thi
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Strengths and limitations Some meas
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Adult Indicator 5 Consistent condom
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Adult Indicator 7 (men only) Number
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Adult Indicator 9 Consistent condom
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Adult Indicator 11 Population seeki
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Adult Indicator 12 Exposure to inte
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Youth Indicator 2 No incorrect beli
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Youth Indicator 4 Youth sexually ac
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Youth Indicator 6 Number of sexual
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Youth Indicator 8 Consistent condom
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Youth Indicator 10 Commercial sex a
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Youth Indicator 14 Exposure to inte
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Female Sex Worker Indicator 2 No in
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Female Sex Worker Indicator 5 Sex w
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Indicators for men who have sex wit
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Men Who Have Sex With Men Indicator
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Men who have sex with men Indicator
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Indicators for injecting drug users
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Injecting Drug User Indicator 3 Inj
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Injecting Drug User Indicator 8 Dru
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Injecting Drug User Indicator 10 Dr
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Suggested Reading Brown T, Sittitra
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Adult Target Grou
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The ADULT questionnaire includes th
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FHI 1999 HIV/AIDS/STD BEHAVIORAL SU
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POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS Commu
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors No.
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors (co
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Unmarried Male An
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The YOUTH questionnaire includes th
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No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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Stigma and Discrimination No. Quest
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FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL (FHI) H
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors No.
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors (co
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Men Who Have Sex
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The MSM questionnaire includes the
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STD Treatment seeking behaviours No
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No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Injecting Drug Us
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This questionnaire includes the fol
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EXAMPLE OF SUPERVISORS’ AND INTER
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A “take-all” approach is to be
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• To probe for additional informa
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Part B: How to use the Long Distanc
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An example of a question for which
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Part C: Section-by-section review o
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Q109. If the respondent says he/she
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it is asking if the respondent has
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Section 5 : Non-regular partners Q5
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Q706 : This question determines the
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Q910 - Q912 : Knowledge of maternal
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in riskier behavior (i.e., not usin
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Section 5 : Non-paying partners Que
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3 APPENDIX WORKING EXAMPLES OF SAMP
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For the purposes of the BSS, the ke
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The second stage sampling procedure
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Notes: 1. It may not always be poss
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The information from the mapping ex
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In Figure 3, clusters were chosen b
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Fieldwork assignments when the “t
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Figure 4 : Example of targeted snow
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In some settings it may not be acce
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Figure 6 : Steps in using the segme
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Figure 9 : Map of hypothetical samp
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In-class sampling of school youth T
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Alternative to “in-class” sampl
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found at the various locations at d
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What should be done if, even after
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FIELDWORK FORMS The following set o
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Form I Cluster Selection Sheet (Pro
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Form 2 Cluster Selection Sheet (Equ
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Form 3 Assignment Information Sheet
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Form 4 Cluster Information Sheet Su
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TABLE OF CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS AND
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Step 2 : Calculate the expected num
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