Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores

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Injecting Drug User Indicator 11 Drug injectors seeking voluntary HIV tests Definition Numerator : Number of respondents who have ever voluntarily requested an HIV test, received the test and received their results. Denominator : Total number of respondents. Measurement tools Injecting drug user questionnaire Q1114, Q1115, Q1116 What it measures This measure is identical to Adult Indicator 11, except that the denominator is restricted to injecting drug users. Like Adult Indicator 11, it may also be measured using the time reference period of 12 months. Injecting Drug User Indicator 12 Exposure to interventions Definition Denominator : Number of respondents reporting having been exposed to specific HIV prevention interventions Numerator : Total number of respondents surveyed. Measurement tools Injecting drug user questionnaire Section 12 What it measures This measure is identical to Adult Indicator 11, except that the denominator is restricted to injecting drug users. The interventions specified in this indicator will be those that are aimed specifically at reducing the risk of HIV transmission to and from injecting drug users. 156 C H A PTER 9 B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E S U R V EY S
Suggested Reading Brown T, Sittitrai W, Carl G, et al.: Geographic and Social Mapping of Commercial Sex: A Manual of Procedures (in draft). Program on Population, East-West Center, Honolulu Hawaii and Thai Red Cross Research Center. 1999. Catania J, Binson D, Van Der Straten A, et al.: Surveying sexual behavior in the AIDS era and beyond. In Annual Review of Sex Research. Edited by Rosen RC. Mt Vernon: Society of the Sceinctific Study of Sexuality; 1996. Catania JA, Gibson DR, Chitwood DD, Coates TJ: Methodological problems in AIDS behavioral research: influences on mearsurement error and participation bias in studies of sexual behavior. Psych Bull 1990, 108:339-362. Catania J, Gibson D, Marin B, et al.: Response bias in assessing sexual behaviours relevant to HIV transmission. Eval Progr Plann 1990, 13:19-29. Dare OO, Cleland JG: Reliability and validity of survey data on sexual behaviour. Health Transit Rev. 1994; 4 Suppl: 93-110 Family Health International/Impact Project, UNAIDS: Meeting the Behavioral Data Collection Needs of National HIV/AIDS and STD Programmed. A Joint IMPACT/FHI/ UNAIDS Workshop: Report and Conclusions. Family Health International; 1998. Fishbein M, Peqnegnat W: Evaluating AIDS prevention interventions using behavioral and biological outcome measures. Sex Transm Dis. 2000 Feb; 27(2): 101-10. Hogle J, Sweat M: AIDSCAP Evaluation Module 5: Qualitative Methods for Evaluation Research in HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs. Family Health International/AIDS Control and Prevention Project (AIDSCAP); 1996. Konings E, Bantebya G, Carael M, Bagenda D, Mertens T: Validating population surveys for the measurement of HIV/STD prevention indicators. AIDS 1995, 9:375-382. Lemp GF, Hirozawa Am, Givertz D, Nieri GN, Anderson L, Lindegren ML, Janssen RS, Katz M: Seroprevalence of HIV and risk behaviors among young homosexual and bisexual men. The San Francisco/Berkeley Young Men’s Survey. JAMA 1994 Aug 10; 272(6):449-54. Mills S; Saidel T; Bennett A; Rehle T; Hogle J; Brown T; Magnani R: HIV risk behavioral surveillance: a methodology for monitoring behavioral trends. AIDS. 1998; 12 Suppl 2:S37-46. Peqnegnat W, Fishbein M, Celentano D, et al.: NIMH/APPC Workgroup on Behavioral and Biological Outcomes in HIV/STD Prevention Studies: A Position Statement. Sex Transm Dis. 2000 Mar; 27(3):127-32. UNAIDS: National AIDS Programmes: A guide to monitoring and Evaluation. UNAIDS Document 00/17E, Geneva; 2000. Watters J, Biernacki P: Targeted Sampling options for the study of hidden populations. Journal Social Problems, Vol.36, No.4, 1989. Zenilman JM, Weisman CS, Rompalo Am, et al.: Condom use to prevent incident STDs: the validity of self-reported condom use. Sex Transm Dis 1995, 22:15-21. B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E SURV EY S CHAPTER 9 157
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BEHAVIORAL SURVEILLANCE SURVEYS GUI
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Family Health International (FHI) H
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Chapter 7 Analysis and interpretati
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3. Choosing populations for behavio
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G UIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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Recognizing that HIV surveillance d
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Different approaches to collecting
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The principal rationale for focusin
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It is not possible to validate data
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GUIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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The process of building partnership
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Funders of HIV prevention activitie
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What is to be measured ? Indicators
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Step 7 : Constructing a sampling fr
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Step 12 : Data collection and super
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choosing population groups GUIDELIN
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the spread of HIV. For this reason,
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In some circumstances, public healt
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The majority of sub-populations of
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In the end, the issue boils down to
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In looking at behaviors of hard-to-
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Maps derived from program planning
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Selecting primary sampling units (c
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...when measures of size are not av
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If there is no reason to believe th
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Figure 3 : Decision tree for first-
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Implications of alternative samplin
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Table 5 : Values of Z 1-α and Z 1-
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Table 6 : Sample size requirements
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equired. In this case, the pros and
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Should one- or two-tailed z-score v
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Other measurement issues for BSS Th
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A “low-tech” solution to the pr
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5 Weighting in multi-stage sampling
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Figure 6 : Procedures for calculati
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Calculating weights from sampling p
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Calculating standard errors with mu
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6 Adapting and using questionnaires
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Some attempts have in the past been
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Informed consent Confidentiality an
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Recommended Methods of Statistical
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where n is the sample size in the d
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Table 2 : Reported number of non-re
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False conclusions: the danger of co
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Analysis of trends in behavior over
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Changes in sampling methodology ove
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8 Using the data collected to impro
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Improving prevention programs As a
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Finally, information about HIV and
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Figure 9 : HIV and STD prevalence,
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9 Indicators This guide identifies
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The standard questionnaires are acc
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INDICATORS Page INDICATORS FOR YOUT
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INDICATORS Page INDICATORS FOR MEN
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KEY INDICATORS What follows is a fu
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The indicator uses promoted data. O
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Page 121 and 122: Adult Indicator 5 Consistent condom
Page 123 and 124: Adult Indicator 7 (men only) Number
Page 125 and 126: Adult Indicator 9 Consistent condom
Page 127 and 128: Adult Indicator 11 Population seeki
Page 129 and 130: Adult Indicator 12 Exposure to inte
Page 131 and 132: Youth Indicator 2 No incorrect beli
Page 133 and 134: Youth Indicator 4 Youth sexually ac
Page 135 and 136: Youth Indicator 6 Number of sexual
Page 137 and 138: Youth Indicator 8 Consistent condom
Page 139 and 140: Youth Indicator 10 Commercial sex a
Page 141 and 142: Youth Indicator 14 Exposure to inte
Page 143 and 144: Female Sex Worker Indicator 2 No in
Page 145 and 146: Female Sex Worker Indicator 5 Sex w
Page 147 and 148: Indicators for men who have sex wit
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Page 151 and 152: Men who have sex with men Indicator
Page 157 and 158: Indicators for injecting drug users
Page 159 and 160: Injecting Drug User Indicator 3 Inj
Page 165 and 166: Injecting Drug User Indicator 8 Dru
Page 167: Injecting Drug User Indicator 10 Dr
Page 171 and 172: QUESTIONNAIRE For Adult Target Grou
Page 173 and 174: The ADULT questionnaire includes th
Page 175 and 176: FHI 1999 HIV/AIDS/STD BEHAVIORAL SU
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Page 197 and 198: QUESTIONNAIRE For Unmarried Male An
Page 199 and 200: The YOUTH questionnaire includes th
Page 213 and 214: POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS Commu
Page 215 and 216: No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL (FHI) H
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FHI 2000 HIV/AIDS/STD BEHAVIORAL SU
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POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS Commu
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors No.
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors (co
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Men Who Have Sex
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The MSM questionnaire includes the
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STD Treatment seeking behaviours No
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No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Injecting Drug Us
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This questionnaire includes the fol
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EXAMPLE OF SUPERVISORS’ AND INTER
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A “take-all” approach is to be
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• To probe for additional informa
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Part B: How to use the Long Distanc
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An example of a question for which
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Part C: Section-by-section review o
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Q109. If the respondent says he/she
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it is asking if the respondent has
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Section 5 : Non-regular partners Q5
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Q706 : This question determines the
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Q910 - Q912 : Knowledge of maternal
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in riskier behavior (i.e., not usin
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Section 5 : Non-paying partners Que
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3 APPENDIX WORKING EXAMPLES OF SAMP
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For the purposes of the BSS, the ke
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The second stage sampling procedure
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Notes: 1. It may not always be poss
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The information from the mapping ex
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In Figure 3, clusters were chosen b
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Fieldwork assignments when the “t
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Figure 4 : Example of targeted snow
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In some settings it may not be acce
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Figure 6 : Steps in using the segme
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Figure 9 : Map of hypothetical samp
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In-class sampling of school youth T
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Alternative to “in-class” sampl
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found at the various locations at d
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What should be done if, even after
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FIELDWORK FORMS The following set o
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Form I Cluster Selection Sheet (Pro
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Form 2 Cluster Selection Sheet (Equ
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Form 3 Assignment Information Sheet
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Form 4 Cluster Information Sheet Su
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TABLE OF CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS AND
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Step 2 : Calculate the expected num
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Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores

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