Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores

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Men Who Have Sex With Men Indicator 11 Men who have sex with men seeking voluntary HIV tests Definition Numerator : Number of respondents who have ever voluntarily requested an HIV test, received the test and received their results. Denominator : Total number of respondents. Measurement tools Men who have sex with men questionnaire Q914, Q915, Q916 What it measures This measure is identical to Adult Indicator 11, except that the denominator is restricted to men who have sex with men. Like Adult Indicator 11, it may also be measured using the time reference period of 12 months. Men Who Have Sex With Men Indicator 12 Exposure to interventions Definition Denominator : Number of respondents reporting having been exposed to specific HIV prevention interventions Numerator : Total number of respondents surveyed. Measurement tools Men who have sex with men questionnaire Section 10 What it measures This measure is identical to Adult Indicator 12, except that the denominator is restricted to men who have sex with men. The interventions specified in this indicator will obviously be those that are aimed specifically at reducing the risk of HIV transmission to and from men who have sex with men. 144 C H A PTER 9 B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E S U R V EY S
Indicators for injecting drug users Injecting Drug User Indicator 1 Knowledge of HIV prevention Definition Numerator : Number of respondents who correctly identify switching to non-injecting drugs and avoiding sharing injecting equipment as methods of preventing HIV transmission, in response to prompted questions. Denominator : Total number of respondents surveyed. Measurement tools Injecting drug user questionnaire Q1108, Q1109 What it measures In HIV epidemics where there is a concentration of HIV infection or risk behaviors among injecting drug users, some programs actively promote HIV prevention in this population. Most efforts to reduce transmission between drug injectors try to encourage safer drug-taking, including using non-injecting drugs and not sharing injecting equipment. This indicator measures the extent to which drug injectors are aware of these methods of preventing HIV transmission. How to measure it In a behavioral survey in a community of drug injectors, respondents are asked about their knowledge of AIDS, and whether it can be prevented. They are then prompted for various correct and incorrect means of prevention, including switching to noninjection drugs and avoiding sharing injecting equipment. The indicator is derived from correct answers given for both prevention methods. Someone giving correct answers on only one way is not counted in the numerator of the indicator. All respondents are included in the denominator, regardless of whether they have ever heard of AIDS or not. Results for each component of the indicator should also be reported. Strengths and limitations This indicator will be most useful where efforts are being made to reach injecting drug users with prevention messages that help them reduce exposure to HIV infection, both for themselves and for other members of the drug-taking community. Where such programs exist but concentrate only on a single message backed up by appropriate services, it may be possible to restrict the indicator to knowledge about that means of prevention. Obviously it will be difficult to use these data if programs are not openly informing the drug using public about using clean needles and safer methods to use drugs. B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E SURV EY S CHAPTER 9 145
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BEHAVIORAL SURVEILLANCE SURVEYS GUI
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Family Health International (FHI) H
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Chapter 7 Analysis and interpretati
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3. Choosing populations for behavio
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G UIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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Recognizing that HIV surveillance d
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Different approaches to collecting
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The principal rationale for focusin
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It is not possible to validate data
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GUIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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The process of building partnership
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Funders of HIV prevention activitie
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What is to be measured ? Indicators
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Step 7 : Constructing a sampling fr
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Step 12 : Data collection and super
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choosing population groups GUIDELIN
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the spread of HIV. For this reason,
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In some circumstances, public healt
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The majority of sub-populations of
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In the end, the issue boils down to
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In looking at behaviors of hard-to-
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Maps derived from program planning
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Selecting primary sampling units (c
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...when measures of size are not av
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If there is no reason to believe th
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Figure 3 : Decision tree for first-
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Implications of alternative samplin
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Table 5 : Values of Z 1-α and Z 1-
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Table 6 : Sample size requirements
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equired. In this case, the pros and
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Should one- or two-tailed z-score v
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Other measurement issues for BSS Th
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A “low-tech” solution to the pr
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5 Weighting in multi-stage sampling
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Figure 6 : Procedures for calculati
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Calculating weights from sampling p
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Calculating standard errors with mu
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6 Adapting and using questionnaires
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Some attempts have in the past been
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Informed consent Confidentiality an
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Recommended Methods of Statistical
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where n is the sample size in the d
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Table 2 : Reported number of non-re
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False conclusions: the danger of co
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Analysis of trends in behavior over
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Changes in sampling methodology ove
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8 Using the data collected to impro
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Improving prevention programs As a
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Finally, information about HIV and
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Figure 9 : HIV and STD prevalence,
Page 105 and 106: 9 Indicators This guide identifies
Page 107 and 108: The standard questionnaires are acc
Page 109 and 110: INDICATORS Page INDICATORS FOR YOUT
Page 111 and 112: INDICATORS Page INDICATORS FOR MEN
Page 113 and 114: KEY INDICATORS What follows is a fu
Page 115 and 116: The indicator uses promoted data. O
Page 117 and 118: To be counted the numerator for thi
Page 119 and 120: Strengths and limitations Some meas
Page 121 and 122: Adult Indicator 5 Consistent condom
Page 123 and 124: Adult Indicator 7 (men only) Number
Page 125 and 126: Adult Indicator 9 Consistent condom
Page 127 and 128: Adult Indicator 11 Population seeki
Page 129 and 130: Adult Indicator 12 Exposure to inte
Page 131 and 132: Youth Indicator 2 No incorrect beli
Page 133 and 134: Youth Indicator 4 Youth sexually ac
Page 135 and 136: Youth Indicator 6 Number of sexual
Page 137 and 138: Youth Indicator 8 Consistent condom
Page 139 and 140: Youth Indicator 10 Commercial sex a
Page 141 and 142: Youth Indicator 14 Exposure to inte
Page 143 and 144: Female Sex Worker Indicator 2 No in
Page 145 and 146: Female Sex Worker Indicator 5 Sex w
Page 147 and 148: Indicators for men who have sex wit
Page 149 and 150: Men Who Have Sex With Men Indicator
Page 151 and 152: Men who have sex with men Indicator
Page 153 and 154: Men Who Have Sex With Men Indicator
Page 155: Men Who Have Sex With Men Indicator
Page 159 and 160: Injecting Drug User Indicator 3 Inj
Page 165 and 166: Injecting Drug User Indicator 8 Dru
Page 167 and 168: Injecting Drug User Indicator 10 Dr
Page 169 and 170: Suggested Reading Brown T, Sittitra
Page 171 and 172: QUESTIONNAIRE For Adult Target Grou
Page 173 and 174: The ADULT questionnaire includes th
Page 175 and 176: FHI 1999 HIV/AIDS/STD BEHAVIORAL SU
Page 191 and 192: POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS Commu
Page 193 and 194: STD Treatment seeking behaviors No.
Page 195 and 196: STD Treatment seeking behaviors (co
Page 197 and 198: QUESTIONNAIRE For Unmarried Male An
Page 199 and 200: The YOUTH questionnaire includes th
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FHI 2000 HIV/AIDS/STD BEHAVIORAL SU
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POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS Commu
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No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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Stigma and Discrimination No. Quest
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FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL (FHI) H
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POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS Commu
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors No.
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors (co
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Men Who Have Sex
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The MSM questionnaire includes the
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STD Treatment seeking behaviours No
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No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Injecting Drug Us
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This questionnaire includes the fol
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EXAMPLE OF SUPERVISORS’ AND INTER
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A “take-all” approach is to be
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• To probe for additional informa
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Part B: How to use the Long Distanc
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An example of a question for which
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Part C: Section-by-section review o
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Q109. If the respondent says he/she
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it is asking if the respondent has
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Section 5 : Non-regular partners Q5
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Q706 : This question determines the
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Q910 - Q912 : Knowledge of maternal
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in riskier behavior (i.e., not usin
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Section 5 : Non-paying partners Que
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3 APPENDIX WORKING EXAMPLES OF SAMP
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For the purposes of the BSS, the ke
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The second stage sampling procedure
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Notes: 1. It may not always be poss
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The information from the mapping ex
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In Figure 3, clusters were chosen b
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Fieldwork assignments when the “t
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Figure 4 : Example of targeted snow
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In some settings it may not be acce
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Figure 6 : Steps in using the segme
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Figure 9 : Map of hypothetical samp
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In-class sampling of school youth T
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Alternative to “in-class” sampl
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found at the various locations at d
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What should be done if, even after
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FIELDWORK FORMS The following set o
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Form I Cluster Selection Sheet (Pro
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Form 2 Cluster Selection Sheet (Equ
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Form 3 Assignment Information Sheet
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Form 4 Cluster Information Sheet Su
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TABLE OF CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS AND
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Step 2 : Calculate the expected num
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Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores

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