Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores

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Youth Indicator 5 Youth with multiple partners Definition Numerator : Number of respondents reporting having had sex with more than one partner in the last 12 months. Denominator : Total number of respondents surveyed. Measurement tools Youth questionnaire Q206 What it measures Prevention messages for youth tend to begin with abstinence and often focus also on mutual monogamy. But because sexual relationships among young people are frequently unstable, relationships that were intended to be mutually monogamous may break up and be replaced by other relationships in which similar intentions prevail. Particularly in high HIV prevalence epidemics, serial monogamy is not greatly protective against HIV infection. This indicator measures the proportion of youth that have been exposed to more than one partner in the last year. That is, the proportion for whom the “one, mutually faithful partner” message has failed. How to measure it. In a survey among people aged 15-24, respondents are asked about their sexual partnerships in the last year. Those that report more than one partner in the last 12 months enter the numerator. The denominator is all respondents. The indicator should be reported separately for men and women. It may also be constructed separately for those aged 15-19 and 20-24, as appropriate. Strengths and limitations This indicator does not distinguish commercial and non-commercial partners. It tracks all multiple partnerships, regardless of their relative levels of risk. Again, it is especially useful for advocacy purposes. If this indicator is high, the message for parents and other adults is : not only are your children sexually active, they are also having sex with multiple partners. The HIV prevention needs of this group cannot be ignored. 122 Chapter H A PTER 9 B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E S U R V EY S
Youth Indicator 6 Number of sexual partners among youth Definition Option 1 : Option 2 : Numerator : Median number of sexual partners in the last 12 months, among unmarried male and female respondents Number of male/female respondents who have had sex with more than x partners in the past 12 months Denominator : Total number of male/female respondents Measurement tools Youth questionnaire Q206 What it measures This is essentially the same as Adult Indicator 3. However it makes no distinction between partner types. It gives a good idea of the overall turnover of partners among young men and women. As with Adult Indicator 3., a threshold of risk must be chosen, and it is recommended that this choice be informed by the median number of partners recorded in the first survey round. B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E SURVS U R V EY S CHAPTER Chapter 9 123
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BEHAVIORAL SURVEILLANCE SURVEYS GUI
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Family Health International (FHI) H
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Chapter 7 Analysis and interpretati
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3. Choosing populations for behavio
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G UIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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Recognizing that HIV surveillance d
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Different approaches to collecting
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The principal rationale for focusin
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It is not possible to validate data
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GUIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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The process of building partnership
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Funders of HIV prevention activitie
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What is to be measured ? Indicators
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Step 7 : Constructing a sampling fr
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Step 12 : Data collection and super
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choosing population groups GUIDELIN
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the spread of HIV. For this reason,
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In some circumstances, public healt
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GUIDELINES FOR REPEATED BEHAVIORAL
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The majority of sub-populations of
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In the end, the issue boils down to
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In looking at behaviors of hard-to-
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Maps derived from program planning
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Selecting primary sampling units (c
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...when measures of size are not av
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If there is no reason to believe th
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Figure 3 : Decision tree for first-
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Implications of alternative samplin
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Table 5 : Values of Z 1-α and Z 1-
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Table 6 : Sample size requirements
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equired. In this case, the pros and
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Should one- or two-tailed z-score v
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Other measurement issues for BSS Th
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A “low-tech” solution to the pr
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5 Weighting in multi-stage sampling
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Figure 6 : Procedures for calculati
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Calculating weights from sampling p
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Calculating standard errors with mu
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6 Adapting and using questionnaires
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Some attempts have in the past been
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Informed consent Confidentiality an
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Page 85 and 86: Recommended Methods of Statistical
Page 87 and 88: where n is the sample size in the d
Page 89 and 90: Table 2 : Reported number of non-re
Page 91 and 92: False conclusions: the danger of co
Page 93 and 94: Analysis of trends in behavior over
Page 95 and 96: Changes in sampling methodology ove
Page 97 and 98: 8 Using the data collected to impro
Page 99 and 100: Improving prevention programs As a
Page 101 and 102: Finally, information about HIV and
Page 103 and 104: Figure 9 : HIV and STD prevalence,
Page 105 and 106: 9 Indicators This guide identifies
Page 107 and 108: The standard questionnaires are acc
Page 109 and 110: INDICATORS Page INDICATORS FOR YOUT
Page 111 and 112: INDICATORS Page INDICATORS FOR MEN
Page 113 and 114: KEY INDICATORS What follows is a fu
Page 115 and 116: The indicator uses promoted data. O
Page 117 and 118: To be counted the numerator for thi
Page 119 and 120: Strengths and limitations Some meas
Page 121 and 122: Adult Indicator 5 Consistent condom
Page 123 and 124: Adult Indicator 7 (men only) Number
Page 125 and 126: Adult Indicator 9 Consistent condom
Page 127 and 128: Adult Indicator 11 Population seeki
Page 129 and 130: Adult Indicator 12 Exposure to inte
Page 131 and 132: Youth Indicator 2 No incorrect beli
Page 133: Youth Indicator 4 Youth sexually ac
Page 137 and 138: Youth Indicator 8 Consistent condom
Page 139 and 140: Youth Indicator 10 Commercial sex a
Page 141 and 142: Youth Indicator 14 Exposure to inte
Page 143 and 144: Female Sex Worker Indicator 2 No in
Page 145 and 146: Female Sex Worker Indicator 5 Sex w
Page 147 and 148: Indicators for men who have sex wit
Page 149 and 150: Men Who Have Sex With Men Indicator
Page 151 and 152: Men who have sex with men Indicator
Page 157 and 158: Indicators for injecting drug users
Page 159 and 160: Injecting Drug User Indicator 3 Inj
Page 165 and 166: Injecting Drug User Indicator 8 Dru
Page 167 and 168: Injecting Drug User Indicator 10 Dr
Page 169 and 170: Suggested Reading Brown T, Sittitra
Page 171 and 172: QUESTIONNAIRE For Adult Target Grou
Page 173 and 174: The ADULT questionnaire includes th
Page 175 and 176: FHI 1999 HIV/AIDS/STD BEHAVIORAL SU
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FHI 2000 HIV/AIDS/STD BEHAVIORAL SU
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POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS Commu
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors No.
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors (co
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Unmarried Male An
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The YOUTH questionnaire includes th
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No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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Stigma and Discrimination No. Quest
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FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL (FHI) H
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors No.
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STD Treatment seeking behaviors (co
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Men Who Have Sex
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The MSM questionnaire includes the
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STD Treatment seeking behaviours No
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No. Questions and filters Coding ca
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QUESTIONNAIRE For Injecting Drug Us
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This questionnaire includes the fol
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EXAMPLE OF SUPERVISORS’ AND INTER
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A “take-all” approach is to be
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• To probe for additional informa
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Part B: How to use the Long Distanc
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An example of a question for which
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Part C: Section-by-section review o
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Q109. If the respondent says he/she
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it is asking if the respondent has
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Section 5 : Non-regular partners Q5
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Q706 : This question determines the
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Q910 - Q912 : Knowledge of maternal
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in riskier behavior (i.e., not usin
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Section 5 : Non-paying partners Que
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3 APPENDIX WORKING EXAMPLES OF SAMP
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For the purposes of the BSS, the ke
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The second stage sampling procedure
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Notes: 1. It may not always be poss
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The information from the mapping ex
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In Figure 3, clusters were chosen b
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Fieldwork assignments when the “t
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Figure 4 : Example of targeted snow
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In some settings it may not be acce
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Figure 6 : Steps in using the segme
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Figure 9 : Map of hypothetical samp
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In-class sampling of school youth T
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Alternative to “in-class” sampl
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found at the various locations at d
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What should be done if, even after
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FIELDWORK FORMS The following set o
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Form I Cluster Selection Sheet (Pro
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Form 2 Cluster Selection Sheet (Equ
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Form 3 Assignment Information Sheet
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Form 4 Cluster Information Sheet Su
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TABLE OF CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS AND
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Step 2 : Calculate the expected num
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Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores

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