Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores
Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores Behavioural Surveillance Surveys - The Wisdom of Whores
5. A series of “issues briefs” which package data from the surveillance systems together with data from other sources for the use of different sectors, as described above. 6. A schedule of meetings with members of the community from which data were gathered, carefully explaining the implications of the findings for the community and the individuals within it. Data presentation for clarity and impact Choosing the right information for the audience and presenting it persuasively are the two keys to turning data into action. Simple issues surrounding the physical presentation of data can help increase its use. Some suggestions for data presentation follow: A picture is worth a thousand words Graphic presentation of information from BSS and other sources of surveillance information is much more persuasive to the majority of people than tables or text. Bear in mind that many people may want to reproduce graphics to use in their own presentations, or in combination with other data, so they should be virtually self contained. A good graphic contains: • A title that clearly specifies what is being measured, including the population in the denominator, the location and the time (e.g. year) of data collection. Parameters of the indicator should also be specified in the graphic, although if this overloads the graph titles, they can sometimes be included in the axes titles or the legend • A source • Value labels for each data point. This allows people to read off values and either recreate the graph or refer to them in a text or speech. Where there are many data points on a graph and data labels are likely to cause confusion, the base data for the graph can accompany it in a small table. • Significance levels and/or confidence intervals. In more technical reports, the p-value itself may be reported on the data series for the graph. For more general presentation, relevant data series can simply be labeled “statistically significant”. More sources are better than fewer There are elements of uncertainty associated with most aspects of HIV-related surveillance, monitoring and evaluation, even after all the relevant statistical analyses have been performed. People are more likely to be persuaded that observed changes are real if different types of data all point in the same direction. A graph showing a significant rise in self-reported condom use will be more believable if it is presented in conjunction with other data showing a rise in condom sales than if it appears alone. These different data types may not necessarily come from the same source. Some may be generated by BSS or HIV sentinel surveillance while others may come from routine health system reporting or retail surveys. Figure 9 shows data from a study among young men in Thailand. In this study, fewer men reported recent commercial sex partners in each year of the study, and among those that did, condom use with sex workers rose dramatically. These changes in self-reported behavior are strongly supported by physical evidence of lower risk behavior, in the form of lower STI and HIV prevalence. 90 C H A PTER 8 B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E S U R V EY S
Figure 9 : HIV and STD prevalence, visits to sex workers in the last 12 months, and condom use at last visit to sex worker, among 21 year-old military conscripts. Northern Thailand, 1991-1995 Source : Nelson K, Celentano D, Eiumtrakol S, et al.: Changes in sexual behavior and a decline in HIV infection among young men in Thailand. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:297-303 Data tables: the more information the better When presenting data in tables, many of the same standards hold true. Clear descriptions of the parameters of the indicators (e.g. time reference periods etc) are necessary, and special care should be taken to ensure that it is clear who is included in the denominator. In technical reports, the more information given in a data table the better. This is because end users of the data may wish to reanalyze it in ways that meet their particular needs. This is generally only possible if full information is given about the numbers of respondents in each sample and sub-sample. It is usually helpful to give the numerator and the denominator for each indicator, as well as the percentages, so that users have maximum flexibility in interpreting and reanalyzing data. The more user-friendly the presentation of the data, the more likely it is to be used. B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E SURV EY S CHAPTER 8 91
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Figure 9 : HIV and STD prevalence, visits to sex workers in the last 12 months,<br />
and condom use at last visit to sex worker, among 21 year-old military conscripts.<br />
Northern Thailand, 1991-1995<br />
Source : Nelson K, Celentano D, Eiumtrakol S, et al.: Changes in sexual behavior and a decline in HIV<br />
infection among young men in Thailand. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:297-303<br />
Data tables: the more information the better<br />
When presenting data in tables, many <strong>of</strong><br />
the same standards hold true. Clear descriptions<br />
<strong>of</strong> the parameters <strong>of</strong> the indicators (e.g. time<br />
reference periods etc) are necessary, and<br />
special care should be taken to ensure that<br />
it is clear who is included in the denominator.<br />
In technical reports, the more information<br />
given in a data table the better. This is because<br />
end users <strong>of</strong> the data may wish to reanalyze<br />
it in ways that meet their particular needs.<br />
This is generally only possible if full information<br />
is given about the numbers <strong>of</strong> respondents<br />
in each sample and sub-sample. It is usually<br />
helpful to give the numerator and the<br />
denominator for each indicator, as well as<br />
the percentages, so that users have maximum<br />
flexibility in interpreting and reanalyzing data.<br />
<strong>The</strong> more user-friendly the presentation <strong>of</strong><br />
the data, the more likely it is to be used.<br />
B EHAV I OR A L S U R V EI L L A NC E SURV EY S CHAPTER 8<br />
91
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