trends-2011-vol1-enrolment-e

than the advantage for males
100%
This presents an important implication for male enrolments. As
noted earlier in this document, men comprise only about 42 percent
of bachelor’s students. If males respond now to the income and
other labour market signals the way that women did in the 1970s
and 1980s, the recent growth in their income advantage and
the relative decline in low-skill manual jobs could drive more rapid
increases in enrolment demand by men over the coming decade.
FIGURE 37: The earnings advantage for male university graduates
increased significantly between 1980 and 2005
1980
The study also found that while the income advantage was systematically
higher for women than men, it did not grow as substantially
over the same period. In 1980, the income advantage for women
with a bachelor’s degree was 57 percent, and increased to 66 percent
in 2005. The income advantage for women with a college degree
grew from 13 percent in 1980 to 16 percent in 2005.
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Income relative to women with a
high school diploma
80%
60%
The 2006 Census also identified the country in which the highest
level of 40% education was attained. It is now possible to distinguish
between
20%
the incomes of graduates who earned their degrees from
a Canadian university compared to those who earned their degrees
0%
abroad. This is important, given that a relatively large and growing
number -20% of university graduates immigrated to Canada after earning
their degrees
-40%
abroad, and because the incomes of these recent
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
immigrants are lower than those of their Canadian counterparts.
Including the income of all graduates in income comparisons
Less than high school diploma
Bachelor's degree
understates the value of degrees earned in Canada. Therefore, the
returns identified in College the Boudarbat, and trade diploma Lemieux and Riddell study
Graduate degree
would have been higher and the advantage would have grown even
more over time
Source:
if
Boudarbat,
the researchers
Lemieux, Riddell
had
2010
been able to differentiate
the incomes of graduates of Canadian universities.
Postgra
Bachelo
College
Less tha
FIGURE 42: University graduates are fa
to experience long periods of low inco
Less Postgraduate than high degree school FIGURE 38: The earnings Bachelor's advantage degree for female university
diploma graduates increased between 1980 and 2005, and remains higher
than the advantage for males
College Bachelor's Less than and high degree trade school diploma diploma Postgraduate degree
College and 100% trade diploma
Income relative to women with a
high school diploma
Source: Boudarbat, Lemieux, Riddell 2010
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
-20%
-40%
1980
1985
1990
Less than high school diploma
College and trade diploma
1995
2000
2005
Bachelor's degree
Graduate degree
Earned
Postgraduate degree doctorate
Income difference relative to high school graduates
Bachelor's degree Master’s degree
College and trade diploma
Bachelor’s
degree
Less than high school diploma
FIGURE 39: Graduates educated in Canada earn significantly
higher premia than peers educated outside Canada
Total college or
CEGEP
Registered
apprenticeship
certificate
Trades certificate
or diploma
Three or more years
of low income
One or two years
of low income
Earned outside Canada
Earned in Canada
0% 5% 10%
University degree
-25% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Non-university 125% with
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census
certificate or diploma
Earned outside
Earned in Cana
Som
degr
Grad
Less
Source: Boudarbat, Lemieux, Riddell 2010
Source: Statistics Canada, Survey of Labour and
AUCC
FIGURE 39: Graduates educated in Canada earn significantly
higher premia than peers educated outside Canada
Trends in Higher Education | Volume 1. Enrolment | 41
FIGURE 43: In 2009, unemployment r
dramatically for those who had not