trends-2011-vol1-enrolment-e

$20,000
0.3% 0.4%
University degree –
post-graduate
Nowhere are the costs of caring for our aging society more evident
than in health care. The Canadian High school or Institute less for Health Information
estimates that health-care costs escalate quickly from age 70 onwards.
Per capita health care expenditures College or Trade for Canadians between the ages
of one and 34 are, on average, $1,500, rising to $3,600 for 35-to-74
University Degree
year olds. Over the age of 75, health-care expenditures rise to between
$10,000 and $23,000 per capita annually. 28 As the first baby boomers
begin to retire in 2011, there remains a window of opportunity to
invest in postsecondary education over the next decade and drive the
kind of long-term productivity and innovative products and services
needed to meet and control future health care costs.
Annual Costs
$15,000
Demand for graduate education
Currently, Canadian universities award proportionally fewer master’s
$10,000
and PhD degrees than is common in several OECD countries. When
compared to the U.S., Canada awards one-third fewer PhDs and only
$5,000
half the number of master’s degrees per capita. At the PhD level,
Canada trails well behind most G8 countries in the number of PhDs
$0
less 1-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 54-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89
awarded than annually 1 on a per-capita basis. Yet labour market demand
for employees Source: Canadian with Institute graduate for Health education Informationcontinues to increase. The
number of jobs for those with graduate degrees grew from 600,000
in 1990 to more than 1.3 million in 2009.
90+
Annual Costs
orkers is being
ions that typically
$15,000
of employees with a
egree 2010 $5,000
t change 1990 to 2010
$0
AUCC
$25,000
$20,000
$10,000
FIGURE 33: Per capita health care costs rise dramatically for
those over the age of 70
less
than 1
1-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
All levels of government across Canada are cognizant of the shifting
demography. As Figure 33 illustrates, health-care costs for a growing
number of Canadians over the age of 70 threatens to overwhelm
FIGURE 34: The Canadian labour market is generating a
provincial growing budgets demand unless for graduate there is degrees sufficient future economic growth.
That kind of economic growth cannot be achieved solely through
1,200
growth in the labour force; it also requires an increase in the productivity
of the labour force.
90% 120% 150%
ears or older (thousands)
1,000
800
600
54-59
Source: Canadian Institute for Health Information
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
Employed part-time
Graduate degree holders
employed full-time
85-89
90+
Employed 15 years or older (thousands)
1,200
1,000
FIGURE 34: The Canadian labour market is generating a
growing demand for graduate degrees
800
70%
60%
600
50%
400
40%
30%
200
20%
0
10%
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
0%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey
Income relative to men with a
high school diploma
-10%
-20%
FIGURE 37: The earnings advantage for male university grad
increased significantly between 1980 and 2005
Graduate Employed degree part-time holders
employed full-time
Graduate Employed degree full-time holders
employed part-time
Canada has become increasingly reliant on 1980immigration 1985 to 1990 meet its
needs for graduates of master’s and doctoral programs. Since 1990,
Less Postgraduate than high degree school
the number of immigrants coming to Canada diploma who had completed
university FIGURE studies 35: Since has 1990, expanded the number rapidly. of immigrants The number to College Bachelor's Less Canada than and high of degree trade school master’s
diploma diploma
with graduate degrees has grown rapidly
College and trade diploma
graduates has increased five-fold – from about 5,000 in 1990 to
Source: Boudarbat, Lemieux, Riddell 2010
25,000 30,000 in 2008. Doctoral graduates have increased from 1,500 in
1990 to 4,600 in 2008. Master's To put these numbers in perspective, Canadian
25,000
universities awarded PhD 37,000 master’s degrees and 5,500 doctorates
in 2008.
20,000
15,000
10,000
2004
2006
2008
1995
Trends in Higher Education | Volume 1. Enrolment | 37
2000
Bachelor's degr
Postgraduate d
PhD