v2009.01.01 - Convex Optimization

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194 CHAPTER 2. CONVEX GEOMETRY
Chapter 3 Geometry of convex functions The link between convex sets and convex functions is via the epigraph: A function is convex if and only if its epigraph is a convex set. −Stephen Boyd & Lieven Vandenberghe [53,3.1.7] We limit our treatment of multidimensional functions 3.1 to finite-dimensional Euclidean space. Then an icon for a one-dimensional (real) convex function is bowl-shaped (Figure 67), whereas the concave icon is the inverted bowl; respectively characterized by a unique global minimum and maximum whose existence is assumed. Because of this simple relationship, usage of the term convexity is often implicitly inclusive of concavity in the literature. Despite the iconic imagery, the reader is reminded that the set of all convex, concave, quasiconvex, and quasiconcave functions contains the monotonic functions [177] [186,2.3.5]; e.g., [53,3.6, exer.3.46]. 3.1 vector- or matrix-valued functions including the real functions. Appendix D, with its tables of first- and second-order gradients, is the practical adjunct to this chapter. 2001 Jon Dattorro. CO&EDG version 2009.01.01. All rights reserved. Citation: Jon Dattorro, <strong>Convex</strong> <strong>Optimization</strong> & Euclidean Distance Geometry, Meboo Publishing USA, 2005. 195
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DATTORRO CONVEX OPTIMIZATION & EUCL
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Convex Optimization & Euclidean Dis
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for Jennie Columba ♦ Antonio ♦
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Prelude The constant demands of my
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CONVEX OPTIMIZATION & EUCLIDEAN DIS
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List of Figures 1 Overview 19 1 Ori
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LIST OF FIGURES 15 3 Geometry of co
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LIST OF FIGURES 17 126 Decomposing
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Chapter 1 Overview Convex Optimizat
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ˇx 4 ˇx 3 ˇx 2 Figure 2: Applica
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23 Figure 4: This coarsely discreti
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ases (biorthogonal expansion). We e
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27 Figure 7: These bees construct a
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that establish its membership to th
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31 appendices Provided so as to be
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Chapter 2 Convex geometry Convexity
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2.1. CONVEX SET 35 2.1.2 linear ind
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2.1. CONVEX SET 37 2.1.6 empty set
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2.1. CONVEX SET 39 2.1.7.1 Line int
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2.1. CONVEX SET 41 (a) R 2 (b) R 3
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2.1. CONVEX SET 43 This theorem in
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2.2. VECTORIZED-MATRIX INNER PRODUC
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2.3. HULLS 55 Figure 16: Convex hul
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2.3. HULLS 57 The affine hull of tw
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2.3. HULLS 59 2.3.2 Convex hull The
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2.3. HULLS 61 In case k = N , the F
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2.3. HULLS 63 2.3.2.0.3 Exercise. C
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2.3. HULLS 65 Figure 20: A simplici
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 67 H + a
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 69 1 1
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 71 Recal
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 73 C H
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 75 2.4.2
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 77 (conf
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 79 Ra
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 81 If
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2.6. EXTREME, EXPOSED 83 2.6 Extrem
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2.6. EXTREME, EXPOSED 85 A B C D Fi
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2.7. CONES 87 2.6.1.3.1 Definition.
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2.7. CONES 89 0 Figure 30: Boundary
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2.7. CONES 91 2.7.2 Convex cone We
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2.7. CONES 93 Then a pointed closed
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2.7. CONES 95 A pointed closed conv
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 97 So the ray th
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 99 2.8.1.1 extre
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 101 2.8.2 Expose
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 103 From Theorem
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2.9. POSITIVE SEMIDEFINITE (PSD) CO
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2.10. CONIC INDEPENDENCE (C.I.) 127
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 133 It follo
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 135 Coeffici
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 137 2.12.3 U
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 139
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2.13. DUAL CONE & GENERALIZED INEQU
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Page 197 and 198: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 197 f 1 (x) f
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Page 201 and 202: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 201 A B 1 Figu
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Page 205 and 206: k∑ i=1 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 205 S
Page 207 and 208: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 207 rather x >
Page 209 and 210: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 209 rather ] x
Page 211 and 212: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 211 3.1.6.0.2
Page 213 and 214: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 213 q(x) f(x)
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Page 217 and 218: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 217 We learned
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Page 221 and 222: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 221 2 1.5 1 0.
Page 223 and 224: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 223 Setting th
Page 225 and 226: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 225 Similarly,
Page 227 and 228: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 227 For vector
Page 229 and 230: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 229 This means
Page 231 and 232: 3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 231 f(Y ) −
Page 233 and 234: 3.2. MATRIX-VALUED CONVEX FUNCTION
Page 239 and 240: 3.3. QUASICONVEX 239 exponential al
Page 241 and 242: 3.3. QUASICONVEX 241 Unlike convex
Page 243 and 244: 3.4. SALIENT PROPERTIES 243 6. (af
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Chapter 4 Semidefinite programming
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 247 where K is a
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 249 4.1.1.2 Redu
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 251 In any SDP f
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 253 Proposition
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 255 sets are closed
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 257 4.2.1.1.3 Exampl
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 259 4.2.2 Duals The
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 261 When equality is
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 263 The pseudoinvers
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 265 For the data giv
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 267 minimizes an aff
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 269 whose rank
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 271 and where m
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 273 4.3.3 Optim
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 275 Initialize:
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4.4. RANK-CONSTRAINED SEMIDEFINITE
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 295 m
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 297 m
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 299 a
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 301 f
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 303 n
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 305 W
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 307 t
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4.6. CARDINALITY AND RANK CONSTRAIN
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4.7. CONVEX ITERATION RANK-1 341 fi
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4.7. CONVEX ITERATION RANK-1 343 Gi
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Chapter 5 Euclidean Distance Matrix
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5.2. FIRST METRIC PROPERTIES 347 co
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5.3. ∃ FIFTH EUCLIDEAN METRIC PRO
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5.3. ∃ FIFTH EUCLIDEAN METRIC PRO
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 353 The collect
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 355 5.4.2 Gram-
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 357 D ∈ EDM N
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 359 5.4.2.2.1 E
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 361 ten affine
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 363 spheres: Th
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 365 By eliminat
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 367 where Φ ij
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 369 5.4.2.2.6 D
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 371 10 5 ˇx 4
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 373 corrected b
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 375 by translat
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 377 Crippen & H
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 379 where ([√
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 381 because (A.
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5.5. INVARIANCE 383 5.5.1.0.1 Examp
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5.5. INVARIANCE 385 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 1
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5.6. INJECTIVITY OF D & UNIQUE RECO
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 393 5
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 395 F
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 397 5
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5.8. EUCLIDEAN METRIC VERSUS MATRIX
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5.9. BRIDGE: CONVEX POLYHEDRA TO ED
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5.10. EDM-ENTRY COMPOSITION 413 of
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5.10. EDM-ENTRY COMPOSITION 415 The
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 417 5.11.1
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 419 we hav
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 421 So bec
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 423 where
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5.12. LIST RECONSTRUCTION 425 where
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5.12. LIST RECONSTRUCTION 427 (a) (
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 429 D
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 431 T
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 433 w
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5.14. FIFTH PROPERTY OF EUCLIDEAN M
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Chapter 6 Cone of distance matrices
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6.1. DEFINING EDM CONE 447 6.1 Defi
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6.2. POLYHEDRAL BOUNDS 449 This con
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6.3. √ EDM CONE IS NOT CONVEX 451
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 453 (
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 455 (
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 457 F
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 459 by
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 461 6.5
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 463 1 0
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 465 6.5
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6.6. CORRESPONDENCE TO PSD CONE S N
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6.7. VECTORIZATION & PROJECTION INT
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6.7. VECTORIZATION & PROJECTION INT
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 477 When the Fin
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 479 Proof. First
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 481 EDM 2 = S 2
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 483 whose veraci
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 485 6.8.1.3.1 Ex
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 487 has dual aff
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 489 6.8.1.7 Scho
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6.9. THEOREM OF THE ALTERNATIVE 491
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6.10. POSTSCRIPT 493 When D is an E
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Chapter 7 Proximity problems In sum
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497 project on the subspace, then p
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499 H S N h 0 EDM N K = S N h ∩ R
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501 7.0.3 Problem approach Problems
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 503 f
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 505 7
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 507 d
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 509 7
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 511 w
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 513 T
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 515
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 525 g
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 527 w
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 529 7
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 531 7
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 533 O
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7.4. CONCLUSION 535 The rank constr
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Appendix A Linear algebra A.1 Main-
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A.1. MAIN-DIAGONAL δ OPERATOR, λ
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A.1. MAIN-DIAGONAL δ OPERATOR, λ
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A.2. SEMIDEFINITENESS: DOMAIN OF TE
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 545 (AB) T
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 547 A.3.1 Se
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 549 For A di
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 551 Diagonal
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 553 For A,B
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 555 A.3.1.0.
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A.4. SCHUR COMPLEMENT 557 A.4 Schur
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A.4. SCHUR COMPLEMENT 559 A.4.0.0.2
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A.5. EIGEN DECOMPOSITION 561 When B
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A.5. EIGEN DECOMPOSITION 563 dim N(
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A.6. SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION,
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A.6. SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION,
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A.7. ZEROS 569 Given symmetric matr
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A.7. ZEROS 571 (TRANSPOSE.) Likewis
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A.7. ZEROS 573 For X,A∈ S M + [31
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A.7. ZEROS 575 A.7.5.0.1 Propositio
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Appendix B Simple matrices Mathemat
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B.1. RANK-ONE MATRIX (DYAD) 579 R(v
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B.1. RANK-ONE MATRIX (DYAD) 581 ran
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B.2. DOUBLET 583 R([u v ]) R(Π)= R
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B.3. ELEMENTARY MATRIX 585 If λ
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B.4. AUXILIARY V -MATRICES 587 the
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B.4. AUXILIARY V -MATRICES 589 18.
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B.5. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX 591 B.5 Orth
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B.5. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX 593 Figure 1
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Appendix C Some analytical optimal
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C.2. TRACE, SINGULAR AND EIGEN VALU
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C.3. ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTES PROBLEM
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C.4. TWO-SIDED ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTE
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C.4. TWO-SIDED ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTE
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Appendix D Matrix calculus From too
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D.1. DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE, TAYLOR
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D.2. TABLES OF GRADIENTS AND DERIVA
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Appendix E Projection For any A∈
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641 U T = U † for orthonormal (in
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E.1. IDEMPOTENT MATRICES 643 where
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E.1. IDEMPOTENT MATRICES 645 order,
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E.1. IDEMPOTENT MATRICES 647 When t
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E.3. SYMMETRIC IDEMPOTENT MATRICES
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E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 655 E.4.0.
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E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 657 a ∗
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E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 659 E.5.0.
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E.6. VECTORIZATION INTERPRETATION,
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E.7. ON VECTORIZED MATRICES OF HIGH
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E.7. ON VECTORIZED MATRICES OF HIGH
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E.8. RANGE/ROWSPACE INTERPRETATION
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 675 A
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 677 W
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 679 P
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 681 E
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 683 T
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 685
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 687 E.
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 689 b
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 691 a
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 693 (a
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 695 wh
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 699 10
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 703 E
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Appendix F Notation and a few defin
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707 a.i. c.i. l.i. w.r.t affinely i
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709 is or ← → t → 0 + as in
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711 ∑ π(γ) Ξ Π ∏ ψ(Z) D D
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713 R m×n Euclidean vector space o
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715 H − H + ∂H ∂H ∂H −
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717 O O sort-index matrix order of
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(x,y) angle between vectors x and y
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Bibliography [1] Suliman Al-Homidan
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 723 [24] Alexander I.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 725 [52] Stephen Boyd,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 727 [78] Frank Critchl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 729 [105] Richard L. D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 731 [132] Michel X. Go
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 733 [162] T. Herrmann,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 735 [191] Mark Kahrs a
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 737 [220] K. V. Mardia
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 739 [250] Pythagoras P
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 741 [277] Anthony Man-
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 743 [306] Michael W. T
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[333] Margaret H. Wright. The inter
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Index 0-norm, 203, 261, 294, 296, 2
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INDEX 749 product, 43, 92, 147, 254
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INDEX 751 coordinates, 140, 170, 17
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INDEX 753 affine dimension, 485 fea
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INDEX 755 affine, 209 nonlinear, 19
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INDEX 757 of point, 37 ray, 90 rela
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INDEX 759 normal, 47, 548, 563 norm
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INDEX 761 strictly, 515, 520 functi
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INDEX 763 vector, 45, 241, 248, 325
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INDEX 765 convex envelope, see conv
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INDEX 767 cone, 418, 420, 507 dual,
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INDEX 769 trilateration, 21, 42, 36
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