Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...

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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area Thus, the Columbia Valley Transmission Project area is within the territory of the “Upper Kutenai,” as defined by anthropologists and linguists, and is within the overall area claimed by the present-day “Ktunaxa Nation Council”. While several subgroups or “bands” have been identified within the larger Upper Kutenai and Lower Kutenai social divisions of the Kutenai, it is the “Columbia Lake Band” or “/a . kisQnuKniK” 256 that is most relevant to the present study. This term, “/a . kisQnuKniK ”, translates as ‘people of the two lakes,’ with reference to the “main camp site” of these people, located “near Fairmont Hot Springs, between Columbia and Windermere Lakes.” 257 Other transcriptions of “/a . kisQnuKniK ”, the name for the Columbia Lake band of the Upper Kutenai, include: “aqkísk . Enū´ kinik” 258 ; “aqkiskanū´ kEnik” 259 ; and “akisknúknik” . 260 Maps delineating Ktunaxa lands consistently include the Columbia Valley Transmission Project area within Ktunaxa territory. These include maps prepared by the following: Canadian geologist and ethnographer George Dawson (in, Tolmie and Dawson 1884) 261 ; anthropologist and linguist Franz Boas (1891; 1928) 262 ; ethnographer James Teit (1909) 263 ; and anthropologists Diamond Jenness (1932) 264 , Verne Ray (1936; 1939) 265 and Harry H. Turney-High (1941). 266 The extent of 256 This is the transcription provided in Brunton 1998, page 226. 257 Schaeffer 1934-1969, Reels 1 and 2. 258 Franz Boas (1890). First General Report on the Indians of British Columbia. Pp. 801-893 in, 59 th Annual Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1889. London (also issued as a separate publication, with different pagination; reprinted in 1974 in Northwest Anthropological Research Notes, Vol. 8, No.’s 1 and 2, pp. 39-91). 259 A.F. Chamberlain (1893). Report on the Kootenay Indians of South-Eastern British Columbia. Pp. 549- 614 in, Report of the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1892. London (reprinted in 1974 in Northwest Anthropological Research Notes, Vol. 8, No.’s 1 and 2, pp. 208-247). 260 Edward Curtis (1911). The Kutenai. In, The North American Indian, Volume 7. Plimpton Press: Norwood, Massachusetts (reprinted in 1970 by Johnson Reprint Company, New York). Pp. 117-155, 167-179. 261 Tolmie, William F. and George Dawson (1884). Comparative Vocabularies of the Indian Tribes of British Columbia, With a Map Illustrating Distribution. Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Dawson Brothers: Montreal. 262 Franz Boas (1891). Linguistic Map of British Columbia. Plate XIX In, Second General Report on the Indians of British Columbia. Pp. 562-714 in, 60 th Annual Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1890. London (reprinted in 1974 in Northwest Anthropological Research Notes, Vol. 8, No.’s 1 and 2, pp. 98-174).; Franz Boas (1928). Map Showing Distribution of Salish Dialects, And of Languages Spoken in the Adjoining Territory, Before 1800 . . . Bureau of American Ethnology, 41st Annual Report. Washington D.C. 263 James Teit (1909). The Shuswap. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Volume 4, Part 7 (Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Volume 2). E.J. Brill: Leiden, Holland. Page 450. 264 Diamond Jenness (1932). The Indians of Canada. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 65: Anthropological Series 15. Ottawa. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 61 Page 64 of 200
DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area Ktunaxa territory shown on all these maps is discussed by Allan Smith in his review of Kutenai boundaries. 267 4.1.1 Upper Kutenai/Ktunaxa Territory as Delineated in the Ethnographic and Historical Literature One of the earliest statements about the extent of Kutenai territory was provided by John Work of the Hudson’s Bay Company. He indicated in an 1830 report 268 on the “Colvile District” 269 that the country of the Aboriginal group he identified as the “Kootanies” “lies on the Kootany river from near its discharge to its sources, and on the head of the Columbia river.” Work did not provide a map of this territory. What is likely the first map delineating Upper Kutenai/Ktunaxa territory with some accuracy is the one that was prepared by geologist and ethnographer George Dawson together with medical doctor and ethnographer W. Fraser Tolmie. This map, published in 1884, delineates Upper Kutenai territory—identified by Dawson as “Kootenuha or Upper Kootanie”—beginning in the north from a line starting around Mt. Hooker in the Rocky Mountains and extending southwards down the southeastern side of the Wood River to the Columbia River where it crosses the Columbia in the vicinity of Boat Encampment. From here, this boundary line extends south along the summit of the Rockies, in the east, and in the west along the summit of the mountains which extend north and south along the eastern side of the Arrow Lakes. Elsewhere in this publication Dawson notes that the “Upper Kootenuha Tribe” inhabit the country “about the headwaters of the Kootanie and Columbia Rivers.” Dawson also points out that “a colony of Shuswap or Shewwhapmuh [Secwepemc]” had, in 1883, been in existence for “many years…near the 265 Verne Ray (1936). Native Villages and Groupings of the Columbia Basin. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 27. Pp. 99-152; Verne Ray (1939). Cultural Relations in the Plateau of Northwestern America. Publications of the Frederick Hodge Anniversary Publication Fund, Vol. 3. Southwestern Museum: Los Angeles. 266 Harry H. Turney-High (1941). Ethnography of the Kutenai. American Anthropological Association Memoirs No. 56. Menasha, Wisconsin. 267 Allan H. Smith (1984). Kutenai Indian Subsistence and Settlement Patterns, Northwest Montana. United States Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Report Series. (Project Report No. 2, Vol. 2, of the Center for Northwest Anthropology, Washington State University). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division: Seattle. Pp. 6- 24. 268 John Work (1830). Some information relative to Colvile District, April 1830. Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Provincial Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg. B.45/e/3/1-14. 269 The “Colvile District,” named after the HBC’s fur trade center established in 1825 at Kettle Falls on the Columbia River (about 40 Km south of what later became the Canadian border), comprised the entire Columbia River watershed above today’s Grand Coulee Dam, including the Big Bend region of the Columbia. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 62 Page 65 of 200
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Janet L. Fraser Director, Regulator
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2 - Consultation Activities Since 1
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3 - Consultation Assessment 1 2 3 4
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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Inte
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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3 Section 4.4.2.1 Canyon Creek- Rep
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3, 4 & 5 Just north of the Frances
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Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat 1 The
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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3. APPROACH OF THIS STUDY The main
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BEC: ICH only; wet and cool Wildlif
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Figure 2. Traditional territory of
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The Inissimi Complex was defined fo
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Another group of Ktunaxa, the Qatmu
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Perhaps the greatest of these impac
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The first trading post in Ktunaxa t
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the Tobacco Plains area for three m
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Callesauilk [Upper Kootenays] 91 12
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Kinbaskit, the Chief, who is nearly
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little in the way of fresh insights
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three of their children including F
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Although these accounts confirm tha
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Fig. 4 - From Flanagan’s Indian T
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12. ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENTS OF TER
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2. James Teit Around the turn of th
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Another example comes from a map as
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The Columbia Lakes moved down the C
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9. Ktunaxa Territory, according to
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Salmon played an important part in
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6. Allan Smith In 1984, on behalf o
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6. Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kenne
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BIBLIOGRAPHY for KTUNAXA AIUS -THE
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California: The Arthur H. Clarke Co
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