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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area 4.0 LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL AFFILIATIONS OF THE CLAIMANT GROUPS The follow section examines the identity of the claimant groups and the territory that they are said to have used and occupied in the historic period. 4.1 Ktunaxa Linguistic and Ethnic Affiliations The “Ktunaxa” or Kutenai people speak the Kutenai language. Although “Ktunaxa” is now a widely-used popular term in British Columbia, most linguistic and ethnographic studies continue to use the spelling “Kutenai” which is often spelled “Kootenai” in the United States. Another spelling, “Kootenay,” appears in geographical names in British Columbia, and is widely known. There have been literally dozens of spellings of this term since it was first recorded in the early 1800s. “Kutenai” is an anglicization of the term “kotonáwa,” a word said to be used by the Blackfoot to refer to the Kutenai people. Apparently the term “kotonáwa” is based on a root “kotóna-” which itself may ultimately be derived from the Kutenai word “ktunaxa/ “ (written as “Ktunaxa”). This term, “ktunaxa/ ”, as well as the term “ksanka” are the two words in the Kutenai language which are used to describe the Kutenai people as a whole, as well as the language. It is said that the Montana Kutenai in particular use the word “ksanka” while other Kutenai people generally use the term “ktunaxa/ ”. 245 Similar information is provided by anthropologist Bill Brunton who notes that the Montana “Kootenai” (Kutenai) use the term “ksanka” for both “themselves and for all Kootenais.” Brunton states as well his view that “it is possible that ksanka originally applied only to the Lower Kootenai while ktunaxa applied to the Upper Kootenai” 246 (see below for the distinction between Upper and Lower Kutenai). Most linguists identify Kutenai as a “linguistic isolate” meaning that it is not related to any other known language. 247 At one time, all the language families of the Northwest Coast and Plateau culture were classified into one of three “phyla”—Na-Dene, Algonkin-Wakashan and Penutian—although these phyla are no longer accepted as valid by most linguists. Kutenai, 245 Lawrence Morgan (1991). A Description of the Kutenai Language. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation in Linguistics. Department of Linguistics, University of California at Berkeley. Pp. 1-2. 246 Bill B. Brunton (1998). Kutenai. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, Plateau (ed. by Deward E. Walker Jr.). Smithsonian Institution: Washington DC. Page 236. 247 Dale Kinkade, William W. Elmendorf, Bruce Rigsby and Haruo Aoki (1998). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, Plateau (ed. by Deward E. Walker Jr.). Smithsonian Institution: Washington DC. Pp. 49-52. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 59 Page 62 of 200
DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area which was formerly classified within the Algonkin-Wakashan group, is now considered to be a language isolate on the Plateau. 248 Numerous other scholars have also identified Kutenai as a linguistic isolate. For example, Horatio Hale, who served as ethnologist with the United States Exploring Expedition which explored parts of the Oregon Territory in 1841, concluded that “Kitunha” [Kutenai] was one of the languages he encountered which could not be grouped with any others into a language family. 249 And J.W. Powell’s 1891 classification and map of the Native languages of North America north of Mexico also classified “Kitunahan” as an isolate. 250 More modern studies which classify Kutenai as a linguistic isolate include Voegelin and Voegelin (1977) 251 and Goddard (1996). 252 Notwithstanding, linguist Lawrence Morgan, who has studied the Kutenai language since the late 1960s and whose Master’s thesis and Doctoral dissertation are both on this language, is of the opinion that “Kutenai is remotely and genetically related to the Salishan languages.” 253 Two major social divisions of Kutenai — “Upper Kutenai” and “Lower Kutenai” — are recognized. These distinctions, which correspond with two slightly divergent dialects of the Kutenai language, are made with reference to the course of the Kootenay River. Upper Kutenai is spoken along the upper course of the Kootenay River both in British Columbia and Montana, whereas Lower Kutenai is spoken along this river’s lower course, both in B.C. and Idaho. 254 The dividing line between Lower and Upper Kutenai has been identified as Kootenai Falls, near Troy, Montana. 255 248 Michael K. Foster (1996). Language and the Culture History of North America. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 17, Lanugages (ed. by Ives Goddard). Smithsonian Institution: Washington DC. Page 81. 249 Horatio Hale (1846). Ethnography and Philology. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Vol. 6. :535). Lea & Blanchard: Philadelphia. Page 535. 250 John Wesely Powell (1891). Indian Linguistic Families of American North of Mexico [with map]. In, 7 th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology for the Year 1885-1886. Washington. Pp. 1-142. 251 Charles F. Voegelin and Florence M. Voegelin (1977). Classification and Index of the World’s Languages. Elsevier: New York, Oxford and Amsterdam. Page 209. 252 Ives Goddard (1996). Introduction. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 17, Lanugages (ed. by Ives Goddard). Smithsonian Institution: Washington DC. Pp. 1-16. 253 Morgan 1991, page 494. 254 Morgan 1991, page 3; Brunton 1998, page 225. 255 Allan H. Smith (1984). Kutenai Indian Subsistence and Settlement Patterns, Northwest Montana. United States Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Report Series. (Project Report No. 2, Vol. 2, of the Center for Northwest Anthropology, Washington State University). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division: Seattle. Pp. 24, 29-30). Schaeffer (1934-1969, Reel 3) on one occasion in his fieldnotes said this boundary was “a small unidentified creek flowing northward into the Kootenay R. near Troy.” See also Harry H. Turney-High (1941). Ethnography of the Kutenai. American Anthropological Association Memoirs No. 56. Menasha, Wisconsin. Pp. 14- 15. Turney-High stated this boundary was in the general vicinity of Libby, Montana, which is not far from Troy. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 60 Page 63 of 200
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Janet L. Fraser Director, Regulator
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2 - Consultation Activities Since 1
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3 - Consultation Assessment 1 2 3 4
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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Inte
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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3 Section 4.4.2.1 Canyon Creek- Rep
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3, 4 & 5 Just north of the Frances
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Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat 1 The
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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3. APPROACH OF THIS STUDY The main
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BEC: ICH only; wet and cool Wildlif
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Figure 2. Traditional territory of
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The Inissimi Complex was defined fo
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Another group of Ktunaxa, the Qatmu
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Perhaps the greatest of these impac
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The first trading post in Ktunaxa t
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the Tobacco Plains area for three m
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Callesauilk [Upper Kootenays] 91 12
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Kinbaskit, the Chief, who is nearly
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little in the way of fresh insights
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three of their children including F
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Although these accounts confirm tha
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Fig. 4 - From Flanagan’s Indian T
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12. ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENTS OF TER
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2. James Teit Around the turn of th
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Another example comes from a map as
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The Columbia Lakes moved down the C
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9. Ktunaxa Territory, according to
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Salmon played an important part in
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6. Allan Smith In 1984, on behalf o
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6. Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kenne
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BIBLIOGRAPHY for KTUNAXA AIUS -THE
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California: The Arthur H. Clarke Co
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