Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...

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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area 2.3.2 Fishing The most important species obtained in this region was salmon. The people would make their first camp in August, at Brisco on the Columbia River, and after taking salmon there for a while, would move up the Columbia to the fishing site near Fairmont Hot Springs. 221 Here the salmon runs were of some size and good quality in August and September, but by October were declining both in condition and in numbers. The salmon fishing season ended with a small catch made at the site of Athalmer 222 (near Invermere) where a weir was constructed to catch the salmon. 223 In former times, the Michel Prairie people occasionally fished the fall run of salmon in the Columbia Lakes area. 224 Reports of locals non-Aboriginal Kootenay residents interviewed prior to 1940 stated that it was spring (Chinook) salmon that were once plentiful on the upper Columbia and that they spawned in beds by Athalmar and the Columbia Lakes. It was “not uncommon to observe some fifty teepees of the Indians on the flats of Athalmer, who took large numbers of salmon off the salmon beds for their winter food.” 225 221 This fishing site was identified by Schaeffer (1934-1969, Reel 2) elsewhere in his notes as “kakasítłuk” (?) meaning ‘mouth of river’ and referring to the site where Dutch Creek “empties into Columbia, not far from Fairmont Springs.” Present-day topographical maps indicated that Dutch Creek actually enters into the west side of the north end of Columbia Lake, about 5 Km south from Fairmont Hot Springs. This site, Schaeffer added, was where the Columbia Lakes people fished salmon in September, following their fishing at Brisco [and at Toby Creek]. As well, Schaeffer noted there was a camp site here. See also Schaeffer 1940, page 41. Another site that is likely in this general area that was identified by Schaeffer (1934-1969, Microfilm No. 2) as a salmon fishing site of the Columbia Lakes people was “kołwa . ákak” (?) meaning ‘berries of rosebush’ [wild rose]. This was a site “on north side of Geary Creek, where it empties into Columbia.” Schaeffer stated that the Columbia Lakes people speared salmon here, and that there was a camp site here. However, it has not been possible to find “Geary Creek” on any map reviewed to date. 222 See also Schaeffer 1940, page 41. Schaeffer (1934-1969, Reel 2) elsewhere in his fieldnotes identified this fishing site near Athalmer as “koatákanuk” (?) meaning ‘where lake empties into river.’ Schaeffer noted this was a shallow place where the salmon spawned, that it was the last site where the Columbia Lakes people fished, in October, and that there was a camp site here. 223 Schaeffer 1934-1969, Reels 1 and 2 224 Schaeffer 1934-1969, Reels 1 and 2; Schaeffer 1982, page 6. Like the “kátamukinik” people, the Michel Prairie people are said to have been almost entirely wiped out by the 1781-1782 smallpox epidemic (Schaeffer 1982, pp. 4, 8-9). 225 Letter of C.H. Robinson, Fishery Supervisor, to Director, Pacific Biological Station, 9 May 1940. The Director forwarded a copy of the letter to Claude Schaeffer on 14 May 1940. It is now among the papers of the Schaeffer collection (1934-1969, Reel 1). Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 53 Page 56 of 200
DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area According to Schaeffer, tradition suggests that prior to White contact, the Upper Kutenai were more dependent upon the rivers for their food supply—especially during the late winter—than they were during the historic period . 226 During the period of the salmon runs, fish were taken by means of the detachable-point spear. Men would either wade into the shallow waters of the spawning beds to spear the fish, or spear them from the shore. As well, narrow waterways in the Columbia Lakes area were said to have been blocked off by means of nets, and the salmon thus confined were speared . 227 The fall catch of salmon in the Columbia Lakes area that was not eaten fresh was sundried on drying racks and stored for use five or six months hence. For storage, these fish were packed in “flat envelopes” made from salmon skins which were then laid in bark boxes that were stored on tree platforms or in log structures. 228 Methods of fishing employed by the Upper Kutenai of the Columbia Lakes area included fish traps used in the tributaries of creeks and rivers empyting into these lakes. Fish caught by these methods included whitefish, suckers and squawfish. 229 2.3.3 Hunting Schaeffer reported that “long ago” moose were said to be numerous in the region of Columbia Lakes, around Michel Prairie, and further north. Moose were sometimes hunted in July, when Saskatoon berries ripen, as that was the time they were in their best condition. A special ceremony was held when the first moose was killed in summer. 230 Sometimes the Michel Prairie people together with the Tobacco Plains people hunted moose and elk, in winter, north of the Columbia Lakes, occasionally as far north as Golden. 231 226 Schaeffer 1934-1969, Reel 1. See also Schaeffer 1940, page 31. 227 Schaeffer 1934-1969, Reel 1. 228 Schaeffer 1934-1969, Reel 1. 229 Schaeffer 1934-1969, Reels 1 and 2. See also Schaeffer 1940, page 32. 230 Schaeffer 1934-1969, Reel 1. See also Schaeffer 1940, page 28. 231 Elsewhere in his notes, citing information he recorded in 1935, Schaeffer (1934-1969, Reel 2) said he was told it was “previous to a hundred years ago” that the “aganahónek” (Tobacco Plains people) and “gakawakamitúkinik” (Michel Prairie people) used to go hunting together for moose and elk north of Columbia Lakes and “probably as far north as Golden.” These statements were subsequently repeated in a posthumouslypublished article by Schaeffer (1982, page 6), and in his doctoral dissertation (Schaeffer 1940, page 28). These Michel Prairie people, like the “kátamukinik” people, are said to have been almost entirely wiped out by the 1781- 1782 smallpox epidemic (Schaeffer 1982, pp. 4, 8-9). Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 54 Page 57 of 200
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Janet L. Fraser Director, Regulator
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Table of Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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2 - Consultation Activities Since 1
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3 - Consultation Assessment 1 2 3 4
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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Inte
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Page 109 and 110: BC hudro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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Page 117 and 118: BC hydro FOR GENERATION S Chris Hea
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Page 127 and 128: TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) CVT - Archa
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) PART 1 - TE
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) existing ac
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) at the begi
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J ./ FOR GENERATIONS Chris Heard BC
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BC hgdro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hydro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hydr-o m FOR GENERATIONS Chris H
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BC hgdro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hudro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hgdr-o m FOR GENERATIONS Chris H
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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3 Section 4.4.2.1 Canyon Creek- Rep
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3, 4 & 5 Just north of the Frances
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Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat 1 The
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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3. APPROACH OF THIS STUDY The main
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BEC: ICH only; wet and cool Wildlif
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Figure 2. Traditional territory of
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The Inissimi Complex was defined fo
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Another group of Ktunaxa, the Qatmu
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Perhaps the greatest of these impac
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The first trading post in Ktunaxa t
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the Tobacco Plains area for three m
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Callesauilk [Upper Kootenays] 91 12
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Kinbaskit, the Chief, who is nearly
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little in the way of fresh insights
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three of their children including F
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Although these accounts confirm tha
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Fig. 4 - From Flanagan’s Indian T
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12. ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENTS OF TER
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2. James Teit Around the turn of th
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Another example comes from a map as
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The Columbia Lakes moved down the C
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9. Ktunaxa Territory, according to
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Salmon played an important part in
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6. Allan Smith In 1984, on behalf o
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6. Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kenne
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BIBLIOGRAPHY for KTUNAXA AIUS -THE
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California: The Arthur H. Clarke Co
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