Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...

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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area There is no indication in the historical record that these pithouses were occupied at time of direct contact with non-Aboriginal traders in the early 19 th century. The historical records reviewed in this report indicate that the area was almost devoid of human habitation at the time of contact, likely a result of the devastating effects of smallpox in the early 1780s. One historical source indicates that a group known to the early fur traders as the “Snare” people may have occupied parts of the Columbia region in earlier times, but had moved north by the time of contact. When trader David Thompson arrived on the Columbia River and travelled south through the Columbia Lakes, he encountered only Free Hunters comprised largely of Iroquois, Cree and other eastern tribes who came west with the fur trade. 200 The traders’ inquiries about the region’s Aboriginal people did not reveal a Shuswap presence or their use of the Columbia Lakes, at least in the first several decades of the 19 th century. The traders expected to find Ktunaxa on the west side of the mountains, and eventually they did. Nevertheless, by at least 1845, there is evidence of both Shuswap and Ktunaxa in the Columbia Lakes region. The issue of an earlier people remains a topic in need of further investigation. But to the data discussed in this report should be added the following note of James Teit, found among his “Notes to Maps” compiled 1910-1913. The context is his discussion of the Ktunaxa bands: Another band [Michel Prairie people] was located in the Crows Nest Pass and the main hunting grounds of the Upper Kutenai extended up the Kootenay and Elk Rivers. For a considerable time back still another band has been located much further north at Windermere [Columbia Lakes Band] on the head of the Columbia but from information I obtained last year it seems all this northern part of the Kutenai territory was only hunting grounds long ago and the ancestors of all the Indians of this band were originally from bands in the south. According to some there were people up here in mythological times but they died out and by some they were not considered real Indians or Kutenai. 201 200 See also Richard Somerset Mackie (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: the British Fur Traser on the Pacific 1793-1843. University of B ritish Columbia Press: Vancouver. Mackie comments on the multi-ethnic diversity of the fur trade and cites, at page 33, Alexander Ross’s observation that one of the Snake River parties consisted of forty-one men from east, and twelve men from west of the Rockies: ” ‘two Americans, seventeen Canadians, five half-breeds from the east side of the mountains, twelve Iroquois, two Abinakee Indians from Lower Canada, two natives from Lake Nipisingue, one Sauteaux from Lake Huron, two Crees from Athabasca, one Chinook, two Spokanes, two Kouttanais, three Flatheads, two Callispellums, one Palloochey, and one Snake slave!’.” 201 Teit 1910-1913. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 47 Page 50 of 200
DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area 2.3 Traditional Land Use and Occupancy Data for the Columbia Valley Project Area Traditional land use and occupancy data for the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area is contained in anthropologists’ field notes, manuscripts and publications, and also in ethnohistoric documents. While this information reveals that Ktunaxa people intensively used the area of the Columbia Valley Project between Golden and Invermere for settlement sites and for harvesting resources, few of the available data are site specific. The original Ktunaxa bands who populated the upper Columbia Valley appear to have been devastated by the smallpox epidemic of the early 1780s. However, the ethnographic evidence is consistent with the historical data reviewed earlier in section 2.1.2. It shows continuing Ktunaxa use of the Columbia Valley region, at least as far north as Golden. Ethnographic data also support claims of Shuswap Indian Band use of the area in the second half of the 19 th century and continuing. Their use of the upper Columbia Valley began by the 1840s, at least. The two groups, Kinbasket Shuswap and Ktunaxa, intermarried and jointly used the resources of the area. A series of maps presenting polygons said to represent Shuswap Indian Band use of some of the Columbia Valley region can be found in their reports submitted for the Glacier Howser Hydroelectric Project. 202 Indigenous place names also appear on these maps. The following discussion of resource use in the environs of the Columbia Valley Transmission Project is meant to be illustrative and not exhaustive. It adds to information provided in the 2008 Shuswap Indian Band Traditional Use Study and in the Ktunaxa Nation report of 2007, both of which have been cited in the present report. 2.3.1 Occupation by Ktunaxa Bands Anthropologist Claude Schaeffer undertook ethnographic research with Kutenai (Ktunaxa) consultants between 1934-1969, working with people who were born between the 1840s- 1890s. 203 Included among those interviewed by Schaeffer were a number of individuals from the Upper Kutenai “Columbia Lakes Band” or “akískənəkinik” [“/a . kisQnuKniK ”]. 204 202 Available online: http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/documents/p282/d30019/1243973573500_2a1586e8d579998eae738cd87064fab 12176cfc051ed407d456a922c101567f0.pdf;l http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/documents/p282/d30019/1243973573500_2a1586e8d579998eae738cd87064fab 12176cfc051ed407d456a922c101567f0.pdf 203 Schaeffer 1934-1969, Reels 1 and 2. 204 This transcription, “akískənəkinik”, is Schaeffer’s; the transcription provided in Brunton (1998, page 226) is “/a . kisQnuKniK ”. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 48 Page 51 of 200
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Janet L. Fraser Director, Regulator
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2 - Consultation Activities Since 1
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3 - Consultation Assessment 1 2 3 4
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BC hydro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hydro m FOR GENERAT IONS Chris H
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) CVT - Archa
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) PART 1 - TE
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) existing ac
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) at the begi
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J ./ FOR GENERATIONS Chris Heard BC
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BC hgdro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hydr-o m FOR GENERATIONS Chris H
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BC hgdro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hudro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hgdr-o m FOR GENERATIONS Chris H
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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3 Section 4.4.2.1 Canyon Creek- Rep
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3, 4 & 5 Just north of the Frances
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Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat 1 The
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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3. APPROACH OF THIS STUDY The main
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BEC: ICH only; wet and cool Wildlif
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Figure 2. Traditional territory of
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The Inissimi Complex was defined fo
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Another group of Ktunaxa, the Qatmu
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Perhaps the greatest of these impac
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The first trading post in Ktunaxa t
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the Tobacco Plains area for three m
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Callesauilk [Upper Kootenays] 91 12
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Kinbaskit, the Chief, who is nearly
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little in the way of fresh insights
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three of their children including F
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Although these accounts confirm tha
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Fig. 4 - From Flanagan’s Indian T
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12. ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENTS OF TER
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2. James Teit Around the turn of th
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Another example comes from a map as
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The Columbia Lakes moved down the C
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9. Ktunaxa Territory, according to
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Salmon played an important part in
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6. Allan Smith In 1984, on behalf o
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6. Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kenne
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BIBLIOGRAPHY for KTUNAXA AIUS -THE
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California: The Arthur H. Clarke Co
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