Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...

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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area October 1800. Historian Hugh Dempsey presents a good, albeit now dated summary of the issue in his article “David Thompson Under Scrutiny.” 27 Gaps in Thompson’s journals leave the arguments undecided. More recently, however, historian Barbara Belyea has added comment to this debate and concluded that in later years Thompson confused alleged early trips with those he actually took in 1807 and 1811. 28 She points to a somewhat garbled postscipt to Peter Fidler’s 31 December 1792 letter that describes how a three week expedition intended to cross the mountains was aborted when “the Guide refused to go any farther for fear of the Cottonahaws [Ktunaxa] killing him.” 29 What we do know, however, is that David Thompson set out to find the Ktunaxa in October 1800. The trip is described in Thompson’s journal, as well as David Thompson’s Narrative, edited by Richard Glover in 1962. Claude Schaeffer in his 1966 article, “Le Blanc and La Gasse” extracted the relevant passages of Thompson’s journal during his expedition west from Rocky Mountain House and back in the fall of 1800. Since publication of that article, however, historian Barbara Belyea edited Columbia Journals: David Thompson (1994), her selection of passages from Thompson’s journals “which describe each stage of his exploration of the Columbia, beginning with his first attempts to cross the divide and concluding with his ascent of the river from Astoria to Boat Encampment.” 30 This is the superior source of information on David Thompson’s journals, for Belyea has avoided any attempt to popularize or overly-interpret the journals, as was common in earlier editions. 31 The journals compiled by Belyea describe how in October 1800 David Thompson accompanied by several North West Company men and two Aboriginal guides set out from Rocky Mountain House and headed southwest. They first met some Blood on their way to the Fort, then a couple of parties of “Pekenow” [Peigan], described as being “jealous of the Kootaneas coming in to Trade…”. 32 At one of the camps, two “Pekenow” [Piegan] men appeared who had stolen some 27 See, for example, Hugh Dempsey (1964). David Thompson Under Scrutiny, Alberta Historical Review Vol. 12(1), pp. 22-28. Dempsey supports the opinion of historian Richard Glover that Thompson did not cross to the Columbia River in October 1800, as Thompson much later claimed. See Richard Glover , editor (1962). David Thompson’s Narrative, 1784-1812. Champlain Society: Toronto. A contrary view has been put forward by Arthur Morton (1936). The North West Company’s Columbian Enterprise and David Thompson. The Canadian Historical Review, Vol. XVII, pp.266-288. Morton claims that David Thompson, along with Duncan McGillivray, first crossed the Rockies through Athabaska Pass in 1801 and travelled south to the Kootenay River. 28 Belyea 1994, page 207. 29 Belyea 1994, page 207. 30 Belyea 1994, page xx. 31 The issue of interpretation of these journals is discussed by Belyea (1994, pp. IX-XXIV) in her Introduction to the Columbia Journals. 32 Belyea 1994, page 5. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 7 Page 10 of 200
DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area horses from the Ktunaxa. They brought Thompson word that the Ktunaxa would “be on the Heights of the Mountain the Morrow.” 33 Regardless of how far west Thompson, himself, travelled, the journals are explicit that the Aboriginal people that Thompson expected from the west side of the Rockies were Ktunaxa and that these were the people he encountered. A synopsis of Thompson’s journey to find the Ktunaxa and his return with them to Rocky Mountain House can be found in the 1966 Schaeffer article. 34 As noted, Thompson induced the small band to return with him to Rocky Mountain House. It was an arduous trip. The Piegans harassed the Ktunaxa and stole their horses, and at other times feasted and gambled with them. 35 Their relationship was obviously tense; old hostilities were in the background of every encounter. During these few days with the Ktunaxa in the fall of 1800, David Thompson inquired about their country west of the mountains. Although the Ktunaxa were eager to depart, they were asked by Thompson before leaving “to come again to guide him into their lands west of the continental divide.” 36 In the meanwhile, Thompson sent two of his NWC traders, Legacé (a.k.a. Legasse) and Leblanc to winter with the Ktunaxa in their country on the west side of the Rocky Mountains. 37 These two men were, unfortunately, illiterate. Legacé and Leblanc Stay With the “Kootaneas” It is of interest where the traders Legacé (a.k.a. Legasse) and Leblanc wintered with the Ktunaxa. David Chance opined that it is likely the two traders initially crossed the Rockies by way of Kicking Horse Pass, and lived with the Ktunaxa in the Rocky Mountain Trench somewhere north of Lake Windermere. 38 Chance says he is unsure of the precise location, but it should be noted that his interpretation of the data places the Ktunaxa in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project area in the winter of 1800. 33 Belyea 1994, page 7. 34 Schaeffer 1966, pp. 3-6. 35 Schaeffer 1966; Belyea 1994, pp. 8-10. 36 Chance 1981, page 29; Schaeffer 1966, page 5. 37 Belyea 1994, pp. 10-11. 38 Chance in his 1981 study “The Kootenay Fur Trade and Its Establishments 1795-1871” discussed the connection between the fur traders and the Ktunaxa, as well as these Aboriginal people’s relations with neighbouring First Nations. Drawing upon fur trade accounts, and upon other researchers’ analysis of these same records, including the work of Claude Schaeffer and Hugh Dempsey, Chance examined the Ktunaxa’s participation in the first century of trade. See Chance 1981, page 30. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 8 Page 11 of 200
Page 1 and 2: Janet L. Fraser Director, Regulator
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BC hudro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hydro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hydro en FOR GENE RATION S Chris
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BC hydro FOR GENERATION S Chris Hea
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BC hydro m FOR GENERAT IONS Chris H
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) CVT - Archa
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) existing ac
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) at the begi
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J ./ FOR GENERATIONS Chris Heard BC
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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3 Section 4.4.2.1 Canyon Creek- Rep
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3, 4 & 5 Just north of the Frances
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Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat 1 The
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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3. APPROACH OF THIS STUDY The main
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BEC: ICH only; wet and cool Wildlif
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Figure 2. Traditional territory of
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The Inissimi Complex was defined fo
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Another group of Ktunaxa, the Qatmu
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Perhaps the greatest of these impac
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The first trading post in Ktunaxa t
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the Tobacco Plains area for three m
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Callesauilk [Upper Kootenays] 91 12
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Kinbaskit, the Chief, who is nearly
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little in the way of fresh insights
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three of their children including F
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Although these accounts confirm tha
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Fig. 4 - From Flanagan’s Indian T
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12. ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENTS OF TER
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2. James Teit Around the turn of th
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Another example comes from a map as
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The Columbia Lakes moved down the C
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9. Ktunaxa Territory, according to
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Salmon played an important part in
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6. Allan Smith In 1984, on behalf o
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6. Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kenne
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BIBLIOGRAPHY for KTUNAXA AIUS -THE
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California: The Arthur H. Clarke Co
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