Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...

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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area Salish neighbours were the Ktunaxa’s and Blackfeet’s southern neighbours, the Flathead, 15 whose name for themselves is “séliš”, a term later anglicized as “Salish” and applied to an entire Language Family that includes the Shuswap. It is stated in the Handbook of North American Indians that the term “Salish” is not used in the Handbook to identify the Flathead people “to avoid confusion with the widespread use of Salish for the whole Salishan family.” 16 Indeed, half the languages of the Plateau Culture Area belong to the Salishan Language Family. 17 The Flathead people, as well as the Ktunaxa, had documented hostile relations with the Blackfeet. 18 They are mentioned in fur trader David Thompson’s journal of 22 November 1800. Writing about a meeting with “Sac o tow wow, the Principal Chief of the Pekenows” [Peigans] who paid him a visit while camped on the Bow River, Thompson reports that the Chief “spoke to us upon several Subjects—about the Kootanaes &c &c; he complained of our having armed them by which means the Flat Heads would also acquire Arms to their great Hurt.” 19 In 1798, two Ktunaxa in the company of the Piegans visited Edmonton House 20 and advised the traders of the quantity of furs available in their homeland. The House journal reports: “Beaver are said to be numerous in the Country of the Cotta na ha’s and nothing will prevent the Canadians [North West Company] getting part of them.” 21 The term “Cotta na ha” is clearly the writer’s transcription of the term “Ktunaxa.” In that same year, 1798, according to historian and archaeologist David Chance’s review, the North West Company “made their move to get close to 15 The term "Selish" (Salish) was originally applied by non-Indian fur traders to the Flathead, a group of people occupying the easternmost area of what is now Washington State. When early linguists discovered that the language spoken by these people was but one of a large number of related languages, they applied the name to the whole family of languages. For additional comment on the hostile relations between the Peigans and the Flathead, see Barbara Belyea (1994). Columbia Journals: David Thompson. McGill-Queens’s University Press: Montreal. She refers to the “Salish who lived alone the Clark Fork and Kootenai rivers” (Belyea 1994, page 199). 16 Carling Malouf (1998). Flathead and Pend d’Oreille. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, Plateau (ed. by Deward E. Walker Jr.). Smithsonian Institution: Washington D.C. Page 312. 17 Dale Kinkade, Bill Elmendorf, Bruce Rigsby and Haruo Aoki (1998). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 12, Plateau (ed. by Deward E. Walker Jr.). Smithsonian Institution: Washington D.C. Page 52. Montreal. P. 15. River. 18 Malouf 1998, page 305. 19 Barbara Belyea (1994). Columbia Journals: David Thompson. McGill-Queens’s University Press: 20 Also known as Fort Edmonton and located where the Sturgeon River meets the North Saskatchewan 21 Chance 1981 (page 29) here mentions the Edmonton House journal, as cited in Hugh Dempsey (1973). History of Rocky Mountain House. Canada Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History, No. 6. Ottawa. Page 11. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 5 Page 8 of 200
DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area the Rockies so that the Kutenai could visit without the threat of their enemies.” 22 Thus, the NW Company established Rocky Mountain House in 1799. The HBC then set up nearby Acton House to compete for the same furs. 23 It is the position of the Shuswap Indian Band’s study Re Tsqwátstens-kucw ne Csalíken’ that their people also traded furs at Rocky Mountain House. Citing the 1996 Shuswap History: a Century of Change, edited by Robert Matthew, a member of the Secwepemc Nation, the Traditional Use Study states: “The Shuswap Band was encouraged to trade at Rocky Mountain House, although due to the attacks by the Assiniboine, Iroquois and Métis, they preferred the Fort at Kamloops.” 24 Rocky Mountain House, established in 1799 was situated in west-central Alberta at the confluence of the Clearwater and North Saskatchewan Rivers. Fort Kamloops was initially established in 1812 at the confluence of the North and South Thompson rivers. 25 The former post, Rocky Mountain House, remained until the merger of the North West Company and the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1821, at which time the new company abandoned this House and the name was transferred to Acton House. It remained until 1835 when the HBC rebuilt the dilapidated structure. 26 Certainly, as discussed below, there is evidence in the journals of the North Thompson Shuswap trading both at Kamloops and Jasper, but evidence of the Shuswap Indian Band’s trade is less apparent. 2.1.2 Aboriginal People Encountered in the Columbia Valley and Environs As noted in section 2.1.1, historical accounts are explicit that fur traders sent messages from Rocky Mountain House to the Ktunaxa requesting them to trade at the new House, but that their visit was delayed due to Piegan harassment. Eventually, the traders decided to find the camps of these Aboriginal people. It is a question of debate if David Thompson, Clerk of the NW Company’s Rocky Mountain House, crossed the Rocky Mountains in October 1800 and just what occurred in the summer of 1802. There are gaps in his journals, yet statements attributed to Thompson and published in 1846 claimed that he crossed the mountains in 1800 and explored south to the now-called Kootenay River. If so, Thompson had acquired considerable knowledge of the country before 22 Chance 1981, page 29. 23 Chance 1981, page 29. Both of these trading Houses were located at 115° W, near today's Rocky Mountain House, Alberta. 24 Shuswap Indian Band 2008, page 34. 25 Richard Mackie (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific, 1793- 1843. University of British Columbia Press: Vancouver. Page 24. 26 http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/ab/rockymountain/natcul/natcul2/03.aspx; accessed 30 October 2009. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 6 Page 9 of 200
Page 1 and 2: Janet L. Fraser Director, Regulator
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Page 5 and 6: 2 - Consultation Activities Since 1
Page 15 and 16: 3 - Consultation Assessment 1 2 3 4
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BC hudro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hydro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hydro en FOR GENE RATION S Chris
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BC hydro FOR GENERATION S Chris Hea
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BC hydro m FOR GENERAT IONS Chris H
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) CVT - Archa
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) PART 1 - TE
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) existing ac
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) at the begi
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J ./ FOR GENERATIONS Chris Heard BC
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BC hgdro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hydr-o m FOR GENERATIONS Chris H
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BC hgdro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hudro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hgdr-o m FOR GENERATIONS Chris H
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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3 Section 4.4.2.1 Canyon Creek- Rep
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3, 4 & 5 Just north of the Frances
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Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat 1 The
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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3. APPROACH OF THIS STUDY The main
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BEC: ICH only; wet and cool Wildlif
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Figure 2. Traditional territory of
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The Inissimi Complex was defined fo
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Another group of Ktunaxa, the Qatmu
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Perhaps the greatest of these impac
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The first trading post in Ktunaxa t
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the Tobacco Plains area for three m
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Callesauilk [Upper Kootenays] 91 12
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Kinbaskit, the Chief, who is nearly
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little in the way of fresh insights
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three of their children including F
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Although these accounts confirm tha
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Fig. 4 - From Flanagan’s Indian T
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12. ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENTS OF TER
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2. James Teit Around the turn of th
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Another example comes from a map as
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The Columbia Lakes moved down the C
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9. Ktunaxa Territory, according to
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Salmon played an important part in
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6. Allan Smith In 1984, on behalf o
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6. Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kenne
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BIBLIOGRAPHY for KTUNAXA AIUS -THE
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California: The Arthur H. Clarke Co
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