Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...

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1840 with the arrival of the Jesuit Father de Smet, was abandoned in 1850 with “limited” influence on the Ktunaxa. He also advises that about 80 per cent of Ktunaxa died of small pox outbreaks that recurred as late as the early 1900s. Figure 10. Ktunaxa territory, according to Brunton. 42 Page 186 of 200
6. Allan Smith In 1984, on behalf of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Smith prepared a report entitled Kutenai Indian Subsistence and Settlement Patterns, Northwest Montana. Although the reasons for commissioning the report concerned Ktunaxa groups in the Lake Koocanusa area of Montana, Smith pointed out [p. 7] that the study should take a look at the whole of the Ktunaxa range: The Lake Koocanusa groups were, however, by no means limited in their subsistence foraging to their own band lands. In their food quest they wandered freely over the total territory of the Upper Kutenai and seasonally even joined Lower Division people in exploiting their downriver food resources. In assessing the origins of the Ktunaxa, Smith writes [preface, p. vii]: A tentative reconstruction of the subsistence and settlement patterns of the Upper Kutenai suggests four successive protohistoric and early historic periods: (1) a prehorse, prefirearms, prebison period when hunting, fishing, and plant gathering were pursued year-round in a relatively balanced manner west of the Continental Divide by small wandering camps; (2) a period when mid-winter foot treks for bison meat east of the Rockies were initiated by certain groups near the mountains but otherwise life was little changed; (3) a late prehistoric period which saw the introduction of the horse, and a significant turn on the part of several bands toward equine-dependent bison hunting on the Plains during warmer seasons to complement the earlier winter bison hunts on foot, toward a decreased utilization of the traditional food resources within their tribal homeland, and toward fewer but larger and more sedentary settlements when resident in their own territory; and (4) an early postcontact period when firearms were obtained, bison hunting received a still greater emphasis on the part of most of the Upper people, and certain minimal elements of Western culture were adopted. Smith evaluates the relevant work on traditional territory done by numerous ethnographers, sometimes addressing shortcomings he perceives in their analyses. Like Turney-High, he points out that Verne Ray spent very little effort in gathering Ktunaxa data. His discussion of Teit’s work is also interesting. For example, he notes [p.12] that “Teit recognizes no distinct Lakes “tribe” in the Arrow Lakes sector and along the Columbia to the north.” He also asserts that “Teit’s findings seem to establish beyond argument that the Kinbasket group represented an early postcontact thrust of various eastern Shuswap peoples into aboriginal territory of the Columbia Lakes Band of the Kutenai.” 80 His map [Figure 11] shows the northern boundary of Ktunaxa between present day Donald and Golden, crossing eastward through the Rockies via Howse Pass. It draws the western boundary of the Ktunaxa roughly in line with the Purcell Mountains, denying the Ktunaxa a share of the Revelstoke and Arrow Lakes areas. Smith appears to suggest that it’s more than coincidence that Ray, who spent a great deal of time among the Fort Colville Indians, and Teit who lived with and married into the Shuswaps delineate vastly greater areas for these tribes than other ethnographers. This appears to be a gentle criticism that some ethnographers have exhibited a bias in favour of their subject tribes when it comes to delineating traditional boundaries. 80 Although much of the Columbia Lakes Band derives from the followers of Chief Michelle, who arrived from the U.S. in the 1850s, they were joined by other Ktunaxas whose ancestors had occupied the area for a very long time. 43 Page 187 of 200
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Janet L. Fraser Director, Regulator
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2 - Consultation Activities Since 1
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3 - Consultation Assessment 1 2 3 4
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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Inte
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BC hudro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hydro FOR GENERATION S Chris Hea
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) at the begi
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KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
Page 157 and 158: KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
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Page 161 and 162: 3, 4 & 5 Just north of the Frances
Page 163 and 164: Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat 1 The
Page 165 and 166: THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
Page 167 and 168: THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
Page 169 and 170: 3. APPROACH OF THIS STUDY The main
Page 171 and 172: BEC: ICH only; wet and cool Wildlif
Page 173 and 174: Figure 2. Traditional territory of
Page 175 and 176: The Inissimi Complex was defined fo
Page 177 and 178: Another group of Ktunaxa, the Qatmu
Page 179 and 180: Perhaps the greatest of these impac
Page 181 and 182: The first trading post in Ktunaxa t
Page 183 and 184: the Tobacco Plains area for three m
Page 185 and 186: Callesauilk [Upper Kootenays] 91 12
Page 187 and 188: Kinbaskit, the Chief, who is nearly
Page 189 and 190: little in the way of fresh insights
Page 191 and 192: three of their children including F
Page 193 and 194: Although these accounts confirm tha
Page 195 and 196: Fig. 4 - From Flanagan’s Indian T
Page 197 and 198: 12. ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENTS OF TER
Page 199 and 200: 2. James Teit Around the turn of th
Page 201 and 202: Another example comes from a map as
Page 203 and 204: The Columbia Lakes moved down the C
Page 205 and 206: 9. Ktunaxa Territory, according to
Page 207: Salmon played an important part in
Page 211 and 212: 6. Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kenne
Page 213 and 214: BIBLIOGRAPHY for KTUNAXA AIUS -THE
Page 215 and 216: California: The Arthur H. Clarke Co
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Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...

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