Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...

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I could probably have given Mr. Green some useful hints. In The Field of Aug. 30, 1884, I gave a little sketch of these Indians, and mention the fact that the hunting grounds in the mountains around Kootenay Lake, which grounds extend well up the headwaters of the above-mentioned Lardo, are laid out in sections, each buck and his family having a huge slice of this American Switzerland, which is called after him; so that when inquiring for the native name of any prominent peak or mountain lake, one is told the name of the buck in whose preserve it happens to be located. These Indians do all their hunting on foot, using the larger streams (such as the Lardo) as far as they can take their canoes. In most cases the squaw, who, as is so common among the American aborigines, is used more as a pack animal than as a human being, and even the half-grown children “pack” up the mountains till a suitable camping place near timber line is found, where they will remain for days, and from whence the noble lord of creation can then follow with greater ease the goat; or where he can lie in wait for them at the licks, which are much frequented by these animals during certain parts of the year. Baillie-Groman was also very enthusiastic about the mountaineering abilities of his Ktunaxa guides: I will back a Kootenay to beat by miles in a long day’s climb the best white mountaineer Switzerland or Tyrol ever turned out, and I am speaking with a twenty or more years’ experience in the Alps. Again, this passage supports the notion that the Ktunaxa generally did not confine themselves to major river valleys but actively used the whole of their territory and felt a degree of ownership that extended throughout the region’s watersheds and upland areas. Darris Flanagan A contemporary author based in northern Montana near the B.C. border, Flanagan has put together extensive research on the location and history of Ktunaxa passage through the Rockies, culminating in a book titled Indian Trails of the Northern Rockies. He identifies 24 distinct passes used by the Ktunaxa, from Pipestone in the south near Butte, Montana to Yellowhead Pass in the north [See Figure 4, following page]. He notes that due to their shifting usage over time by the Ktunaxa, some of these passes were not known to Eurocanadian explorers until the later 1800s. Flanagan indicates that there were two main factors influencing which of these passes the Ktunaxa might use, their “annual economic cycle” and their sense of where their enemies, primarily the Blackfeet tribes, might be. Concerning the annual round, he states [p. 22]: From berry picking to fishing to buffalo hunts, this cycle determined when to hunt male and female bison. The summer hunt was for the bulls whose tender meat was savored and not yet affected by the coming mating season. Correspondingly, hides of bulls taken in summer made the best cover for the lodges; eight were required for each tipi. On the other hand, the winter hunt was for the fat cows whose robes were best for bed and body robes. The Kutenai also understood the nature of their prey; according to informants, a bison migrated about 300 miles a year from the north in the spring to the south in the winter as well as eastward in the summer and westward towards mountain valleys in the winter. As a result of this economical cycle, different families or groups used trails at different times of the year. In addition travelers often went east by one pass and west by another. 28 Page 172 of 200
Fig. 4 - From Flanagan’s Indian Trails of the Northern Rockies. This shows the more than twenty passes used by the Ktunaxa to access the western plains through the Rockies. 29 Page 173 of 200
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Janet L. Fraser Director, Regulator
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2 - Consultation Activities Since 1
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3 - Consultation Assessment 1 2 3 4
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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Inte
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BC hydro m FOR GENERATIONS Chris He
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BC hydro FOR GENERATION S Chris Hea
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) CVT - Archa
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) PART 1 - TE
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TERMS OF REFERENCE (TR) at the begi
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J ./ FOR GENERATIONS Chris Heard BC
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Page 155 and 156: KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
Page 157 and 158: KTUNAXA NATION COUNCIL BCTC RESPONS
Page 159 and 160: 3 Section 4.4.2.1 Canyon Creek- Rep
Page 161 and 162: 3, 4 & 5 Just north of the Frances
Page 163 and 164: Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat 1 The
Page 165 and 166: THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
Page 167 and 168: THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
Page 169 and 170: 3. APPROACH OF THIS STUDY The main
Page 171 and 172: BEC: ICH only; wet and cool Wildlif
Page 173 and 174: Figure 2. Traditional territory of
Page 175 and 176: The Inissimi Complex was defined fo
Page 177 and 178: Another group of Ktunaxa, the Qatmu
Page 179 and 180: Perhaps the greatest of these impac
Page 181 and 182: The first trading post in Ktunaxa t
Page 183 and 184: the Tobacco Plains area for three m
Page 185 and 186: Callesauilk [Upper Kootenays] 91 12
Page 187 and 188: Kinbaskit, the Chief, who is nearly
Page 189 and 190: little in the way of fresh insights
Page 191 and 192: three of their children including F
Page 193: Although these accounts confirm tha
Page 197 and 198: 12. ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENTS OF TER
Page 199 and 200: 2. James Teit Around the turn of th
Page 201 and 202: Another example comes from a map as
Page 203 and 204: The Columbia Lakes moved down the C
Page 205 and 206: 9. Ktunaxa Territory, according to
Page 207 and 208: Salmon played an important part in
Page 209 and 210: 6. Allan Smith In 1984, on behalf o
Page 211 and 212: 6. Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kenne
Page 213 and 214: BIBLIOGRAPHY for KTUNAXA AIUS -THE
Page 215 and 216: California: The Arthur H. Clarke Co
Page 217 and 218: Page 195 of 200
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Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...

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