Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...
Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ... Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...
Fig. 3. A detail [high resolution] from the 1864 map of western North America by John Arrowsmith, a useful reference to names of places and Indian tribes as found in historical documents of the 19 th Century. 12 Page 156 of 200
Perhaps the greatest of these impacts happened on the eastern portions of traditional Ktunaxa territory. The eastward situation of Plains tribes, especially the Blackfoot, gave them the first opportunities to trade with the westward moving agents of the Hudson’s Bay and North West Companies who themselves were eager to improve the efficiency of fur collection by introducing arms to Indian hunters. Sporting the new rifles, driven by the competition for buffalo access and protective of their new status as middlemen, the Blackfoot Indians and their allies soon obtained the upper hand over the traditional weapons of the Ktunaxa and Flathead Salish further west. As a result of this military imbalance, most historians and ethnographers [e.g., Turney-High] agree that the portion of the Ktunaxa living on or near the Plains were forced to withdraw into the Rockies and further west to join their linguistic brethren in what approximates their post-contact territory. This notion was first advanced by David Thompson and Alexander Henry, the latter stating: 19 Along the Clearwater, and near the foot of the mountains are still to be seen the remains of some of the dwellings of the Kootenays, built of wood, straw, and pine branches. The same are observed along Riviére de la Jolie Prairie and Ram river. This gives us every reason to suppose that nation formerly dwelt along the foot of these mountains and even as far down as our present establishment, near which the remains of some of their lodges are still to be seen. About the time the Kootenays were in possession of this part of the country, the Snare Indians dwelt on the Kootenay or Columbia. But the former, being driven into the mountains by the different tribes who lived E. of them, with whom they were perpetually at war, in their turn waged war upon their harmless neighbours on the W., the Snare Indians, and soon drove them off the land the Kootenays now inhabit. This is on the upper part of the Columbia, and on Ram [sic] river, a little S. of it, now called McGillivray’s river, but formerly termed by the natives Flat Bow river, from a tribe of Indians who then inhabited the lower part of it….The Snare Indians, it seems, retired northward to an uninhabited part of the Rocky mountains, where they continue to wander, a most wretched and defenceless people, who never war upon any of their neighbours. Fellow fur trader Ross Cox also wrote of the initial impact of the gun on Ktunaxa-Blackfoot range wars: 20 The Cootonais are the remnant of a once brave and powerful tribe, who, like the Flat-heads, were perpetually engaged in war with the Black-feet for the right of hunting on the buffalo grounds. Previous to our arrival among them they entertained the most dreadful hatred against white men, to whom they attributed all their misfortunes, owing to the assistance which their enemies received from the North-west Company’s people to the eastward of the mountains. Like Thompson and Henry, some modern authorities appear to hold that this was a general westward movement, with a few believing that the Ktunaxa are relative newcomers [since the 1700s] to their current treaty claim area. On the strength of some key informants, Turney-High, the most prominent of the Ktunaxa ethnographers, believed that the ultimate origins of the Ktunaxa were “not only an eastern provenance…but even a trans-Rocky mountain one”, although he evidently felt that this was far earlier than the 1700s. 21 The B.C. Department of Education guide book for B.C. schools, developed in conjunction with B.C. Archives in the early 1950s, attempted to synthesize oral tradition and documentary sources into the following: 19 From Coues, E., pp. 703-706. 20 Cox, R., Adventures on the Columbia, pg. 233. 21 Harry Turney-High, Ethnography of the Kutenai, p. 10. Note that on the same page his acknowledgment of a “strong tradition” of the Ktunaxa that this westward movement was at “a very ancient time”. Also, he accepts “Tobacco Plains, or the Big Village” as “the ancient Kutenai ‘capital’ ” [p. 16]. 13 Page 157 of 200
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Fig. 3. A detail [high resoluti<strong>on</strong>] from <strong>the</strong> 1864 map <strong>of</strong> western North America by John Arrowsmith, a<br />
useful reference to names <strong>of</strong> places and Indian tribes as found in historical documents <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19 th Century.<br />
12<br />
Page 156 <strong>of</strong> 200
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