Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...
Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ... Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...
•The St. Mary’s Band (aq’amnik’), woodland Ktunaxa, were forced to relocate from Josephs Prairie (present day Cranbrook) to the St. Eugene’s Mission area. •The Lower Kootenay Band (aqakŧhaŧxu) lit. Swamp people, is located just south of Creston. •The Shuswap Band (ksamnik’) near Invermere, B.C. that consists of the Shuswap descendants of the Kinbasket clan, who have inter-married with the Ktunaxa, Colville and Stoney people, as well as Ktunaxa descendants. •The Bonners Ferry band (aqankminik) is located in Northern Idaho at Bonners Ferry. •The Elmo Montana Band (ksanka) members were moved onto the Confederated Salish Kootenai Tribe by the U.S. government in 1855 from the Jennings, Montana area. (Keefer 2002) At time of writing, the Shuswap Band has left the Ktunaxa-Kinbasket Tribal Council (which represented the five Ktunaxa communities in Canada), and this body has since been renamed the Ktunaxa Nation Council and now represents the four remaining Ktunaxa communities in Canada.. The report by Keefer and his colleagues also describes the make up of the Ktunaxa people before the upheavals caused by the introduction of the horse and the coming of Europeans: Before European contact, smallpox epidemics and the acquisition of horses brought about major changes in Ktunaxa culture. Before this time it is believed that there were eleven Ktunaxa Bands. A Ktunaxa Band lived on the east side of the mountains in the Oldman River watershed. In the literature this Band was known as the Tunaxa Band; it is believed that this Band became extinct from an early small pox epidemic. The Tobacco Plains (akanaxunik) Band was formerly based around the confluence of Small and Graves Creeks. The Libby (ksuq’kinik) Band was based around modern day Libby Montana. The Whiteswan Lake (qa intak) Band wintered around Whiteswan Lake in BC. Michel Prairie (qakawakanmituqnik) Band used Michelle Prairie near present day Sparwood to plant Tobacco, but they were primarily based on the east side of the Continental Divide, their name means river running into and out again (Michelle Creek into the Elk River). The akiyiinik or “thigh bone or femur people” lived around the present day Jennings, Montana area. aqukua isukinik Band occupied country between Tweed and Warland Montana on the Kootenay River, this Band is extinct because of an epidemic. The qatmukinik or Toby creek Band wintered around the Toby Creek area and used the Upper Columbia basin for winter subsistence and the Lower Columbia Valley during salmon season (Laura McCoy per. com & Schaeffer “Kootenai Social Life #49”). Roughly reflecting this distribution of villages, the Ktunaxa Nation definition of the extent of their traditional territory is indicated in the attached map [Figure 2]. There are several theories concerning the origin of the name Ktunaxa. Many ethnographers believe that it originally was a Blackfoot word with a number of meanings. Another theory told to Claude Schaeffer was that it derived from attempts by whites to pronounce the word for the pulling of hide covers over the unique bows of the unique sturgeon nosed bark canoes, an act called ktuna’ki. 8 For their part, the Ktunaxa traditionally referred to themselves by their own band names, not an overall designation, although this has changed to the single name in modern times. 8 This explanation is improbable as the first white man to record meeting the Ktunaxa and writing a version of this name was Peter Pond, east of the Rockies in 1792 and likely far away from any sturgeon nose canoes. 6 Page 150 of 200
Figure 2. Traditional territory of the Ktunaxa Nation [supplied by Ktunaxa Nation Council] Ktunaxa territory on the Canadian side of the border is divided according to Ktunaxa tradition into six districts: • Land of the Wood Tick, in the Tobacco Plains area and east to the Rockies; • Land of the Raven, in the Rockies containing the headwaters of the Kootenay River • Land of the Spruce Grouse, east of the Columbia Lakes and Radium Hot Springs into the Rockies; • Land of the Eagle, from St. Mary’s to Golden, on the west side of the Columbia, then both sides of the Columbia Valley up to the Big Bend [Kinbasket Reservoir]; • Land of the Wolverine, centered around Kootenay Lake; and, • Land of the Chickadee, extending from Castlegar to Big Bend, centred around the Slocan watershed, and lying between the Columbia River and the Selkirk Mountains. 7 Page 151 of 200
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Figure 2. Traditi<strong>on</strong>al territory <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ktunaxa Nati<strong>on</strong> [supplied by Ktunaxa Nati<strong>on</strong> Council]<br />
Ktunaxa territory <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Canadian side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> border is divided according to Ktunaxa traditi<strong>on</strong> into<br />
six districts:<br />
• Land <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wood Tick, in <strong>the</strong> Tobacco Plains area and east to <strong>the</strong> Rockies;<br />
• Land <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Raven, in <strong>the</strong> Rockies c<strong>on</strong>taining <strong>the</strong> headwaters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Kootenay River<br />
• Land <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Spruce Grouse, east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Columbia Lakes and Radium Hot Springs into<br />
<strong>the</strong> Rockies;<br />
• Land <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Eagle, from St. Mary’s to Golden, <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> west side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Columbia, <strong>the</strong>n<br />
both sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Columbia Valley up to <strong>the</strong> Big Bend [Kinbasket Reservoir];<br />
• Land <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wolverine, centered around Kootenay Lake; and,<br />
• Land <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chickadee, extending from Castlegar to Big Bend, centred around <strong>the</strong><br />
Slocan watershed, and lying between <strong>the</strong> Columbia River and <strong>the</strong> Selkirk Mountains.<br />
7<br />
Page 151 <strong>of</strong> 200
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