Evidence on the Adequacy of First Nations Consultation - BC Hydro ...

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DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area Diamond Jenness (1939) placed great reliance upon the comments of John McLeod, as cited above, who associated the Snare Indians with the Chinpoo [“Simpcw”], now recognized as the North Thompson Band of Shuswap. Another scenario presented in Teit’s notes (1908-1920) proposes that the Snare were a group of Sekani Athapascan, separated from their northern kin, who migrated first into Shuswap country and then south until they reached the upper Columbia and Kootenay valleys where they were soon driven out by the Ktunaxa. After this time they took refuge in the mountains. It is the position of the Shuswap Indian Band, as set out in their 2008 TUS report, and reiterated in the April 2009 report by Fish Lake Consulting, that archaeological features present in the Columbia Valley, specifically house pits (pithouse depressions), reveal an earlier occupation of the area by people who were immediate ancestors of those now identified as Interior Salish, which would include the Secwepemc. Hence, it is the Shuswap Nation view that the any such features in the Columbia Valley would represent former Secwepemc winter sites, providing the Shuswap Indian Band (and the larger Shuwsap Nation) with a stronger and more ancient claim to the territory. Without commenting on the veracity of this interpretation of the archaeological evidence, this present report has not found evidence of these semi-subterranean winter homes being used in the Project area at the time of contact. The evidence indicates that the Kinbasket family entered the area sometime between the 1820s and 1840s and likely settled prior to the 1850s. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 81 Page 84 of 200
DRAFT REPORT: Rights and Title Interests in the Columbia Valley Transmission Project Area 5.0 CONCLUSIONS This report has reviewed and assessed an extensive literature of both ethnographic and ethnohistoric documentation in an effort to examine the identity of First Nations who may assert rights and title interests to the area of the Columbia Valley Transmission Project. Non-aboriginal fur traders first entered the Upper Columbia River region in the early 1800s expecting to find Ktunaxa people. Their journals, correspondence and maps indicate that they observed very few aboriginal Aboriginal people in the region, although various parties undertook several reconnaissance trips through the area at different times of the year. In the summer of 1807, David Thompson sent his men looking for the Ktunaxa. A few days later a band had been found and Thompson called upon their assistance to help provide for his party and for the company horses. Building his trade depot near Toby Creek, Thompson recognized explicitly that he was in the territory of the Ktunaxa. Both the historical and ethnographic evidence describe the Ktunaxa practice of a semi-nomadic subsistence quest that took them annually to a number of locations within a defined area. The ethnographic evidence indicates that this area included hunting grounds located as far north as Golden. It was in these most northern hunting grounds where the Kinbasket family’s oral histories report first encountering the Ktunaxa when they, the Kinbasket, moved south, sometime after their initial move to the Columbia River. These same traditions indicate that it had not been the former practice either of the Kinbasket family, or member bands of the Shuswap Lake Division, to hunt as far south as Golden, although they formerly hunted as far east as the Big Bend and Canoe River areas, where they encountered Secwepemc people belonging to the North Thompson band. A single historical reference to a people known as the “Snare Indians” does not explicitly place them as far south as the Project area. The ethnic affiliation of the “Snare” people remains an open debate. It is possible that the Kinbasket family’s encounter with the Ktunaxa resulted when the Secwepemc moved south (upstream) on the Columbia and the Ktunaxa moved north, both filling a vacuum left by earlier depopulation. In 1910-1913, ethnographer James Teit put forward this opinion when he reviewed his notes on tribal territories. Ktunaxa people he interviewed acknowledged an earlier occupation of the area which some believed to have been “in mythological times,” an occupation that some regarded as either non-human or non-Ktunaxa. It is the position of the Shuswap Indian band that these people were their own direct ancestors. Subsequent ethnographic investigations reported that one of the Ktunaxa bands had a headquarters at Toby Creek, near where David Thompson established Kootanae House in 1807, but this Ktunaxa band had suffered greatly from the smallpox epidemic of the early 1780s. The available evidence indicates that the Ktunaxa used the Columbia Valley for fishing and hunting at this time and that their use of the Columbia Valley continued. The evidence reviewed here suggests that the Ktunaxa did not object to the Kinbasket band establishing a settlement among them. The evidence is clear that at least by 1845, Secwepemc Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants Page 82 Page 85 of 200
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Janet L. Fraser Director, Regulator
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Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat 1 The
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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THE KTUNAXA NATION AND THE UPPER CO
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3. APPROACH OF THIS STUDY The main
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BEC: ICH only; wet and cool Wildlif
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The Inissimi Complex was defined fo
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Another group of Ktunaxa, the Qatmu
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Perhaps the greatest of these impac
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The first trading post in Ktunaxa t
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the Tobacco Plains area for three m
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Callesauilk [Upper Kootenays] 91 12
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Kinbaskit, the Chief, who is nearly
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little in the way of fresh insights
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three of their children including F
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Although these accounts confirm tha
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Fig. 4 - From Flanagan’s Indian T
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12. ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENTS OF TER
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2. James Teit Around the turn of th
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Another example comes from a map as
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The Columbia Lakes moved down the C
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9. Ktunaxa Territory, according to
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Salmon played an important part in
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6. Allan Smith In 1984, on behalf o
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6. Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kenne
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BIBLIOGRAPHY for KTUNAXA AIUS -THE
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California: The Arthur H. Clarke Co
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