Robert Coskey, Rose Exploration - Tight Oil From Shale Plays World ...
Robert Coskey, Rose Exploration - Tight Oil From Shale Plays World ...
Robert Coskey, Rose Exploration - Tight Oil From Shale Plays World ...
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Amerada Petroleum<br />
H. O. Bakken No 1<br />
12-157N-95W<br />
1951<br />
Bakken and Niobrara<br />
<strong>Plays</strong><br />
A Geologic Comparison<br />
<strong>Robert</strong> J. <strong>Coskey</strong><br />
<strong>Rose</strong> <strong>Exploration</strong>, Inc.<br />
<strong>Tight</strong> <strong>Oil</strong> from <strong>Shale</strong> <strong>Plays</strong><br />
<strong>World</strong> Congress 2011<br />
January- 31 st - February 1 st 2011
QEP Energy<br />
Borie 16-4H<br />
04-13N-68W<br />
2010<br />
Bakken & Niobrara<br />
Compared<br />
Discussion Topics<br />
‘Paleo’ <strong>Plays</strong><br />
‘Neo’ <strong>Plays</strong><br />
Geochemical Comparison<br />
Why is the Bakken Different?<br />
Stratigraphic Comparison<br />
Will These <strong>Plays</strong> Work?
The Paleo-Bakken Play<br />
Pre-1990<br />
Antelope<br />
Bicentennial<br />
Elkhorn Ranch<br />
Mondak<br />
McGregor<br />
Hay Draw<br />
Four Eyes<br />
Buckhorn<br />
Devil’s Pass<br />
Rough Rider<br />
Pierre Creek<br />
Lost Bridge<br />
Stoneview
The Paleo-Niobrara Play<br />
Pre-1990<br />
Tow Creek<br />
Buck Peak<br />
Berthold<br />
Loveland<br />
Boulder(?)<br />
Teapot Dome<br />
Silo<br />
Rangely<br />
Puerto Chiquito
The Paleo-Bakken Play<br />
153N<br />
Antelope Field<br />
Disc: 1953<br />
152N<br />
95W<br />
‘Good’<br />
Sanish well<br />
Top Bakken Structure<br />
Modified from Murray, 1968<br />
94W
The Paleo-Niobrara Play<br />
Buck Peak Field<br />
Disc: 1956<br />
89W<br />
6N<br />
Top Niobrara Structure<br />
Modified from Vincelette and Foster, 1992
The Paleo-Niobrara Play<br />
Rangely Field<br />
Niobrara Disc: 1901<br />
‘Niobrara’ Prod ~14 MM BO<br />
Top Niobrara Structure<br />
Modified from Vincelette and Foster, 1992
The Paleo-Niobrara Play<br />
Silo Field<br />
Disc: 1981<br />
Hybrid Development Process<br />
~1990<br />
New Horizontal<br />
Drilling 2010<br />
St Mary Land 1-19H (2010)<br />
IP: 1,075 BOEPD<br />
Aug 2010: 500 BOPD<br />
>50,000 BO in 9 months Stone Energy B-3 (1983)<br />
IP: 37 BOPD<br />
Total Prod: 2,370 BO<br />
Abandoned<br />
Vertical<br />
Drilling<br />
Horizontal<br />
Drilling<br />
Modified from Sonnenberg and Weimer, 1993
The Paleo-Niobrara Play<br />
Rangely (CO)<br />
Vincelette & Foster, 1992<br />
Buck Peak (CO)<br />
Production is Isolated<br />
to areas of<br />
Structural Deformation<br />
Silo (WY)<br />
Vincelette & Foster, 1992
The Paleo <strong>Plays</strong><br />
Structural Styles<br />
• Folded anticlines<br />
• Plunging structural noses<br />
• Faulted anticlines<br />
• Monoclinal dip changes<br />
• Cross-folded monoclines<br />
• Homoclinal dip<br />
Murray, 1968<br />
The game was to look for curvature anomalies
The ‘Neo’ <strong>Plays</strong><br />
Incomplete Petroleum Systems?<br />
• High quality source rocks<br />
• Appropriate thermal history<br />
• Adjacent porous & brittle lithologies<br />
• Minimal tectonic fractures and faults<br />
• Abundant generative fractures<br />
• Absence of effective carrier beds
Niobrara Formation TOC<br />
Measured Total Organic Carbon (TOC)<br />
Adjust to Original TOC<br />
~5%<br />
3%<br />
Cornford, 1994
Bakken <strong>Shale</strong> TOC<br />
Measured Total Organic Carbon (TOC)<br />
Present-Day<br />
Upper <strong>Shale</strong> Only<br />
Shift to higher<br />
Initial TOC<br />
Maturity Increasing<br />
Upper Bakken <strong>Shale</strong><br />
TOC vs Tmax<br />
Classed by HI<br />
Immature<br />
15-22 wt% TOC<br />
Mature<br />
8-12 wt% TOC
Niobrara & Bakken <strong>Shale</strong>s Compared<br />
Niobrara<br />
TOCs<br />
All Maturities<br />
Bakken<br />
TOCs
Niobrara<br />
Rock-Eval Parameters<br />
Comparison<br />
Bakken<br />
TOC<br />
S2<br />
Rock-Eval S1 TOC Cross-over<br />
indicates ‘migrated oil’<br />
S1/TOC<br />
S2<br />
S1/TOC<br />
TOC
Niobrara vs Bakken HI/OI<br />
Niobrara<br />
DJ Basin<br />
HI = Hydrogen Index<br />
OI = Oxygen Index<br />
Upper Bakken<br />
Williston Basin<br />
Beecher Island<br />
Biogenic gas<br />
Parshall Field<br />
<strong>Oil</strong><br />
Silo Field<br />
<strong>Oil</strong><br />
Maturation<br />
Paths<br />
Wattenberg Field<br />
Gas-condensate
Niobrara Burial History & <strong>Oil</strong> Generation<br />
Davis <strong>Oil</strong> 1 Berry<br />
nw sw 13-16N-66W<br />
Depth (ft)<br />
Burial History<br />
Plot<br />
Tertiary<br />
Pierre Sh<br />
Niobrara<br />
Generation Potential<br />
210 BO/Ac-ft<br />
150+/- ft shale<br />
~20 MMBO/Sq Mile<br />
Time (BpMa)<br />
Time (BpMa)<br />
Landon, et al, 2001
Bakken Burial History & <strong>Oil</strong> Generation<br />
California Co. Arthur L Thorp 1<br />
nw ne 13-148N-98W<br />
Depth (ft)<br />
Bakken<br />
<strong>Oil</strong> Generated<br />
Hydrogen Index<br />
Generated <strong>Oil</strong><br />
Hydrogen index<br />
Central Basin<br />
Thermally Mature<br />
Bakken<br />
Time (BpMa)<br />
Time (BpMa)<br />
Generation Potential<br />
1,458 BO/Ac-ft<br />
48+/- ft shale<br />
~44 MMBO/Sq Mile
TOC Weight % vs Organic Material by Volume %<br />
Initial TOC wt%<br />
vs<br />
Organic Material Vol%<br />
40% OM<br />
Bakken <strong>Shale</strong><br />
Original OM<br />
24-40% by Volume<br />
24% OM<br />
Niobrara<br />
Original OM<br />
7-13+% by Volume<br />
12% TOC<br />
Immature TOC<br />
(wt%)<br />
22% TOC<br />
OM wt% = TOC wt% / 0.844<br />
OM Vol% = ((OM wt% / Kero RHOB) / ((OM wt% / Kero RHOB) +<br />
((100-OM wt%) / Mineral RHOB))))*Solidity
Organic Richness Vertical Distribution<br />
What makes the Bakken Different?<br />
Total Organic Material<br />
Vertical Variation in Core Plugs<br />
Clarion Res 1-24 Slater<br />
24-161N-91W<br />
50% by<br />
volume<br />
Immature Bakken <strong>Shale</strong>s<br />
are partially kerogen supported<br />
~1-2 mm<br />
laminations<br />
Organic Mat.<br />
vol %<br />
Ave ~40%<br />
Mineral matrix<br />
Organic matrix<br />
Depth<br />
TOC<br />
wt %<br />
Ave ~20%<br />
<strong>From</strong> Palciauskas, 1991<br />
Critical temperature<br />
kerogen becomes plastic<br />
and rock yields/deforms<br />
Immature<br />
Upper Bakken<br />
Toc Weight %<br />
Organic Matter Vol %
<strong>Shale</strong> Organic Richness & Mechanics<br />
Immature<br />
Collapse Vector<br />
Mature<br />
~50 OM by Vol<br />
Low RHOB Matrix Vol %<br />
OM Vol %<br />
Maturity induced shale compaction<br />
increases bulk density (RHOB)<br />
Supporting Kerogenous Lamination<br />
• Before conversion to oil<br />
source Matrix rock is in partial<br />
kerogen Kerogen support<br />
Low RHOB<br />
…and oil is expelled from kerogenites<br />
Kerogenous Lamination Collapes<br />
• Kerogen deforms and laminates<br />
• Most of kerogen is converted to oil<br />
• Residual oil in laminations<br />
• Rock is now in dead kerogen and/or<br />
matrix grain support High RHOB
Niobrara Stratigraphy<br />
Silo Area<br />
‘Chalk/Marl Reservoir<br />
This Niobrara system<br />
has the potential<br />
to generate<br />
10~20 Million Barrels<br />
of <strong>Oil</strong> / Square Mile<br />
Depending on<br />
Richness and<br />
Level of<br />
Maturation!!!<br />
Organic rich shales<br />
Organic <strong>Shale</strong><br />
Primary Target<br />
Chalk/Marl Reservoir<br />
Organic <strong>Shale</strong><br />
Chalk/Marl Reservoir<br />
Secondary Target<br />
“The Big Mac Model”<br />
<strong>Oil</strong> Movement
Bakken Stratigraphy<br />
Parshall Area<br />
“The Big Mac Model”<br />
Lodgepole<br />
This Bakken system<br />
has the potential to<br />
generate<br />
30~40 Million Barrels<br />
of <strong>Oil</strong> / Square Mile<br />
Bakken<br />
Depending on<br />
Richness and<br />
Level of<br />
Maturation!!!<br />
Three Forks<br />
False Bakken<br />
Upper <strong>Shale</strong><br />
Middle Member<br />
‘Target’<br />
Lower <strong>Shale</strong><br />
Dolomite ‘Target’<br />
Limestone Reservoir<br />
Organic <strong>Shale</strong><br />
Silty Dolo Reservoir<br />
Organic <strong>Shale</strong><br />
‘Dolomite Reservoir<br />
<strong>Oil</strong> Movement
Will the Neo-<strong>Plays</strong> Work?<br />
• First, it depends on… Geology<br />
– Original source richness (% beef fat)<br />
– Thermal maturity (Rare, medium well done)<br />
– Reservoir – quality & quantity (The buns)<br />
– Big Cracks or Little Cracks (or both)<br />
Big Cracks<br />
200X<br />
Little Cracks<br />
Tectonic induced<br />
fractures<br />
Hydrocarbon generation<br />
Induced fractures<br />
Epi-fluorescence<br />
White Light<br />
Courtesy Rob Sterling
The Neo-Bakken & Niobrara <strong>Plays</strong><br />
Where can they go from here?<br />
• WHAT WE HAVE…<br />
• ~10-40 MMBO Generative Capacity / mile<br />
• Large generative areas<br />
• Large oil-in-place potential<br />
• Horizontal Drilling<br />
The Real Game Changers<br />
• Staged Fracs<br />
• Ever Improving Technology<br />
• WHAT WE MAY HAVE…<br />
• Billion+ Barrel <strong>Plays</strong>?
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