Vsebina / Content (.pdf) - Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije

Vsebina / Contents 

A. GOGALA: Hoplitis mazzuccoi (Schwarz & Gusenleitner) in Slovenia 

and Micreriades species of the East Adriatic coast (Hymenoptera: 

Megachilidae) 

Hoplitis mazzuccoi (Schwarz & Gusenleitner) v Sloveniji 

in vrste podrodu Micreriades vzhodne jadranske obale 

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).....................................................................93 

J. R. JONES, D. DEVETAK: First record of Nevrorthidae from Slovenia 

Prva najdba druæine Nevrorthidae v Sloveniji ............................................99 

J. KONTSCHÁN: First record of eleven Uropodina species from Slovenia 

(Acari: Mesostigmata) 

Prvi podatki o enajstih vrstah uropodinskih prøic v Sloveniji 

(Acari: Mesostigmata)...............................................................................107 

Z. UJVÁRI: Contribution to the Mesostigmata fauna of Slovenia (Acari: 

Mesostigmata: Zerconidae et Macrochelidae) 

Prispevek k favni reda Mesostigmata Slovenije (Acari: Mesostigmata: 

Zerconidae et Macrochelidae)...................................................................115 

2 

ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA 

SLOVENICA 

LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2009 Vol. 17, øt./No. 2 

FAVNISTIŒNI ZAPISKI / FAUNISTICAL NOTES 

H. DEUTSCH: Pelatea klugiana (Freyer, 1834) – ein Beitrag zur Biologie 

(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) 

Prispevek k biologiji vrste Pelatea klugiana (Freyer, 1834) 

(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) .........................................................................125 

Æ. PREDOVNIK: Ptilocephala muscella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) 

prviœ najdena v Sloveniji (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) 

Ptilocephala muscella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) 

newly recorded in Slovenia (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) .............................130 

NOVE KNJIGE / NEW BOOKS.....................................................................................133 

MNENJE / OPINION 

J. GREGORI: Kranjska œebela (Apis mellifera carnica): vidiki njene sedanje 

ogroæenosti v Sloveniji 

Carniolan honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica): the aspects 

of its current threat status in Slovenia.......................................................137 

PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJE 

SLOVENSKO ENTOMOLOØKO DRUØTVO 

ØTEFANA MICHIELIJA 

ISSN 1318-1998 

CODEN: AESLFM

ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA 

SLOVENICA 

LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2009 Vol. 17, øt./No. 2 

PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJE 

SLOVENSKO ENTOMOLOØKO DRUØTVO 

ØTEFANA MICHIELIJA

ISSN 1318-1998 

CODEN: AESLFM 

UDC (UDK) 595.7(051) 

ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA 

Revija Slovenskega entomoloøkega druøtva Øtefana Michielija 

in Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije 

Izhaja dvakrat letno / Issued twice a year 

© Acta entomologica slovenica 

Izdajatelja / Publishers 

Slovensko entomoloøko druøtvo 

Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije 

Øtefana Michielija Preøernova 20, p.p. 290 

ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 5 

SI-1001 Ljubljana 

SI-1000 Ljubljana 

Uredniøki odbor / Editorial Board 

dr. Martin Baehr (München), dr. Jan Carnelutti (Ljubljana), dr. Boæidar Drovenik (Ljubljana), 

dr. Werner Holzinger (Graz), dr. Mladen Kuœiniå (Zagreb), prof. dr. Joæe Maœek (Ljubljana), 

prof. dr. Lea Milevoj (Ljubljana), dr. Carlo Morandini (Udine), dr. Ignac Sivec (Ljubljana), 

dr. Tomi Trilar (Ljubljana), Æarko Vrezec (tehn. urednik/Techn. Editor) 

Urednik / Editor 

dr. Andrej Gogala 

Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije 

Preøernova 20, p.p. 290, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia 

E-mail: agogala@pms-lj.si 

letnik/Vol. 17, øt./No. 2, 2009 

Tisk / Printed by: Trajanus, d.o.o., Kranj 

Izølo v 500 izvodih 

Ljubljana, december 2009 

http://www2.pms-lj.si/biblioteka/acta_entomologica.html 

Povzeto v / To be abstracted in: The Zoological Record, Entomology Abstracts, 

CAB Abstracts 

Revijo dobivajo œlani Slovenskega entomoloøkega druøtva Øtefana Michielija 

(œlanarina 20 EUR) 

Cena posamezne øtevilke je 8,50 EUR 

Zamenjava je zaæeljena / Exchanges appreciated 

Publikacija je natisnjena s pomoœjo Javne agencije za knjigo R Slovenije. 

Uredniøko delo podpira Ministrstvo za kulturo R Slovenije.

Vsebina / Contents 

A. GOGALA: Hoplitis mazzuccoi (Schwarz & Gusenleitner) in Slovenia 

and Micreriades species of the East Adriatic coast (Hymenoptera: 

Megachilidae) 

Hoplitis mazzuccoi (Schwarz & Gusenleitner) v Sloveniji 

in vrste podrodu Micreriades vzhodne jadranske obale 

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)......................................................................93 

J. R. JONES, D. DEVETAK: First record of Nevrorthidae from Slovenia 

Prva najdba druæine Nevrorthidae v Sloveniji .............................................99 

J. KONTSCHÁN: First record of eleven Uropodina species from Slovenia 

(Acari: Mesostigmata) 

Prvi podatki o enajstih vrstah uropodinskih prøic v Sloveniji 

(Acari: Mesostigmata)................................................................................107 

Z. UJVÁRI: Contribution to the Mesostigmata fauna of Slovenia (Acari: 

Mesostigmata: Zerconidae et Macrochelidae) 

Prispevek k favni reda Mesostigmata Slovenije (Acari: Mesostigmata: 

Zerconidae et Macrochelidae)....................................................................115 


H. DEUTSCH: Pelatea klugiana (Freyer, 1834) – ein Beitrag zur Biologie 

(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) 

Prispevek k biologiji vrste Pelatea klugiana (Freyer, 1834) 

(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) ..........................................................................125 

Æ. PREDOVNIK: Ptilocephala muscella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) 

prviœ najdena v Sloveniji (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) 


newly recorded in Slovenia (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) ..............................130 

NOVE KNJIGE / NEW BOOKS......................................................................................133 


J. GREGORI: Kranjska œebela (Apis mellifera carnica): vidiki njene sedanje 

ogroæenosti v Sloveniji 

Carniolan honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica): the aspects 

of its current threat status in Slovenia........................................................137

Navodila avtorjem 

Acta entomologica slovenica je glasilo Slovenskega entomoloøkega druøtva Øtefana 

Michielija in Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije. Objavlja izvirna znanstvena dela, 

pregledne œlanke in ocene knjig s podroœja entomologije. Œlanki lahko obravnavajo 

favnistiko, sistematiko, ekologijo, etologijo, fiziologijo ali zoogeografijo æuæelk. 

Pisani naj bodo v slovenskem ali angleøkem jeziku, z obveznim angleøkim in 

slovenskim izvleœkom. Œlanki so strokovno recenzirani. Letno izideta dve øtevilki. 

Avtorje prosimo, da se pri oblikovanju œlankov zgledujejo po zadnji øtevilki revije. 

Œe je le mogoœe, svoj tekst oddajte tudi na raœunalniøki disketi ali poøljite po 

elektronski poøti. Izpis œlanka na papirju naj ima dvojne presledke med vrsticami, da 

je moæno popravljanje. Risbe naj bodo kontrastne, pri debelini œrt pa upoøtevajte tudi 

morebitno pomanjøanje na format revije. Slike in tabele naj bodo na posebnem listu 

in v drugi datoteki, œe jih oddajate v elektronski obliki. 

Citirana literatura naj se navede na koncu œlanka in naj bo razvrøœena po abecedi 

glede na priimke avtorjev. Primera za citiranje sta sledeœa: 

Benoist, R., 1940: Remarques sur quelques espèces de Mégachiles principalement de 

la Faune Francaise. Ann. Soc. ent. France, 109: 41-88. 

Friese, H., 1899: Die Bienen Europas (Apidae europaeae) Bd. 5: Genera Lithurgus, 

Megachile. 228 pp. Lampe, Innsbruck. 

Avtorji œlankov dobijo brezplaœno 20 posebnih odtisov in œlanek v elektronski obliki. 

Instructions to authors 

Acta entomologica slovenica is the Journal of the Slovenian Entomological Society 

Øtefan Michieli and the Slovene Museum of Natural History. It publishes original 

scientific works, overview articles, and book reviews in the field of Entomology. 

Articles may deal with faunistics, systematics, ecology, etology, physiology, or 

zoogeography of insects. They may be written in Slovene or English, with abstracts 

in English and Slovene (the editors will ensure translations into Slovene). All articles 

are reviewed. Two issues are published a year. 

We ask all authors to model the layout of their manuscripts on a previous issue of 

the Journal. If possible, send the text on a floppy disk or by e-mail, as well as on paper 

with double spacing between lines. Drawings must have high contrast. Please, consider 

that all line widths may be reduced during layout of the issue. Pictures and tables 

should be printed on separate sheets and in separate files if prepared in digital form. 

References should be listed at the end of the article in the alphabetical order of the 

authors’ names. The samples are as follows: 

Benoist, R., 1940: Remarques sur quelques espèces de Mégachiles principalement de 

la Faune Francaise. Ann. Soc. ent. France, 109: 41-88. 

Friese, H., 1899: Die Bienen Europas (Apidae europaeae) Bd. 5: Genera Lithurgus, 

Megachile. 228 pp. Lampe, Innsbruck. 

20 reprints and electronic version will be sent to the Authors free of charge.


LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2009 Vol. 17, øt. 2: 93–98 

HOPLITIS MAZZUCCOI (SCHWARZ & GUSENLEITNER) IN SLOVENIA 

AND MICRERIADES SPECIES OF THE EAST ADRIATIC COAST 

(HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) 

Andrej GOGALA 

Slovenian Museum of Natural History, p.p. 290, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia, 

e-mail: agogala@pms-lj.si 

Abstract – First records of Hoplitis mazzuccoi (Schwarz & Gusenleitner) from 

Slovenia are presented with some notes on biology. The species is compared with H. 

illyrica (Noskiewicz), another member of the subgenus Micreriades Mavromoustakis. 

KEY WORDS: Hoplitis, Micreriades, Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, fauna, Slovenia. 

Izvleœek – HOPLITIS MAZZUCCOI (SCHWARZ & GUSENLEITNER) V 

SLOVENIJI IN VRSTE PODRODU MICRERIADES VZHODNE JADRANSKE 

OBALE (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) 

Predstavljeni so prvi podatki o œebeli vrste Hoplitis mazzuccoi (Schwarz & 

Gusenleitner) v Sloveniji, z nekaj zapiski o biologiji. Vrsta je primerjana z vrsto H. 

illyrica (Noskiewicz), ki prav tako pripada podrodu Micreriades Mavromoustakis. 

KLJUŒNE BESEDE: Hoplitis, Micreriades, Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, favna, 

Slovenija. 

During investigations of the Slovenian bee fauna, another species was newly discovered 

at the Karst edge in Slovene Istria, where several newly recorded species 

have already been found before (Gogala, 2009). In fact, it was found first in the same 

place (the proximity of a few meters) as the endemic Melitta tomentosa Friese. 

Newly recorded species 

Hoplitis mazzuccoi (Schwarz & Gusenleitner, 2005) 

Istra: Rakitovec, Kavœiœ, UTM: VL23, 780 m, 30. 5. 2009, 1≈1∆, A. Gogala leg., 

660 m, 2. 6. 2009, 1∆, A. Gogala leg. 

93

Acta entomologica slovenica, 17 (2), 2009 

It was June 22, 2006 when I noticed a small Hoplitis female at the entrance to a 

hollow dry Rubus stem. She returned regularly and obviously worked on a nest plug 

(fig. 1). At the time I didn’t determine it correctly and only after May 30, 2009, when 

I collected male and female specimens at exactly the same place, I became aware of 

her identity. This time, the specimens patrolled a piece of dry wood and I observed 

a male (collected later) resting in a beetle burrow. The locality where all this happened 

is the southern slope of Mt. Kavœiœ above the village Rakitovec in Œiœarija, 

Slovene Istria. The place is located at 780 m a.s.l., just below the rock escarpment 

and at the border with Croatia. A few days later I found males also in a place at 660 

m, patrolling dry wood and also flowering Lotus corniculatus nearby. On June 9, the 

specimens were still patrolling the wood. A female was seen examining a beetle burrow. 

As the biology of the Micreriades species is not well known, these are important 

observations. Unfortunately, the material used for nest construction cannot be seen 

on the photographs and the nest had not been opened. Some sand grains, however, 

could probably be among hairs of the photographed specimen, what could lead us to 

presume that this is the material used. 

Hoplitis mazzuccoi was described by M. Schwarz and F. Gusenleitner in 2005 (as 

a species of Osmia), when they distinguished it from the closely related H. tenuispina 

(Alfken, 1937). It is known from Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey 

(Ungricht et al., 2008). So, it is an East Mediterranean species, while H. tenuispina 

is West Mediterranean. A well illustrated description of H. mazzuccoi is found also 

in the article by B. Tkalcu (1977) under the name of H. tenuispina. Both species are 

members of the subgenus Micreriades Mavromoustakis, 1958, recognized as a subgenus 

in Hoplitis by Praz et al. (2008). 

Micreriades species of the East Adriatic coast 

Hoplitis illyrica (Noskiewicz, 1926) is another Micreriades species known from 

the East Adriatic coast. It is known from Croatia and Montenegro (lectotype comes 

from Hercegnovi, Montenegro), and also from some other Mediterranean countries: 

Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey (Ungricht et al., 2008). A description 

of a female is presented by Tkalcu (1974) under the name Heriades illyricus. As 

Micreriades species are poorly known, I give here the distinguishing characters 

between H. mazzuccoi and H. illyrica. The material of H. illyrica, used for comparison, 

is from the collection of Evgen Jaeger, preserved in the Slovenian Museum of 

Natural History. One male and one female were determined by Gijs van der Zanden 

in 1994. The data on the localities and collection dates are as follows: 

Female: Croatia, Korœula Island, Vela Luka, 1.-15. 6. 1938, E. Jaeger leg. 

Male: Croatia, Hvar Island, Jelsa, 1.-7. 6. 1935, E. Jaeger leg. 

Differences between Hoplitis mazzuccoi and H. illyrica 

94

A. Gogala: Hoplitis mazzuccoi (Schwarz & Gusenleitner) in Slovenia and Micreriades species of the East Adriatic coast 

Hoplitis illyrica specimens are smaller than H. mazzuccoi. 

Females can be distinguished by the punctation of the clypeus (fig. 2). In H. mazzuccoi, 

the punctures on clypeus are very dense, spaces between them are narrower 

than the puncture diameter. In H. illyrica, the punctures are smaller and widely 

spaced in the central, convex part of the clypeus. The interval between punctures is 

at least as wide as the puncture diameter. 

The head of H. mazzuccoi female is wider than that of H. illyrica. The ratio 

between head width and head length is 0,98 in H. mazzuccoi and 0,87 in H. illyrica. 

Males can easily be distinguished by the shape of antennae, tergum 7 and sterna. 

Antennal segments of H. mazzuccoi are longer and the last segment is curved to a 

hook-like point (less than in H. leucomelana, but more than in H. ciliaris). The last 

segment is not curved in H. illyrica (fig. 3). 

Tergum 7 of both species has a spine in the middle of the apical edge. Beside that, 

tergum 7 of H. mazzuccoi has angular dents or extensions laterally at the base (fig. 

4, arrow). These are totally missing in H. illyrica. 

Sternum 3 is also markedly different in compared species. In H. mazzuccoi, its 

apical edge is incurved in the middle, and this curvature is covered with dense bristles, 

similar as in sternum 4. In H. illyrica, the apical edge of sternum 3 is almost 

straight, with only a few bristles (fig. 5). This character distinguishes H. illyrica also 

from H. tenuispina. 

Fig. 1: Hoplitis mazzuccoi female working on the nest plug in a dry Rubus stem. 

Mt. Kavœiœ, Rakitovec, June 22, 2006. 

95


Fig. 2: Heads of H. mazzuccoi (left) and H. illyrica (right) females. 

Fig. 3: Heads of H. mazzuccoi (left) and H. illyrica (right) males. 

Fig. 4: Apical terga of H. mazzuccoi (left) and H. illyrica (right) males. The arrow 

points to a lateral dent in tergum 7, characteristic of H. mazzuccoi. 

96

A. Gogala: Hoplitis mazzuccoi (Schwarz & Gusenleitner) in Slovenia and Micreriades species of the East Adriatic coast 

Fig. 5: Sterna of H. illyrica male. 

Discussion 

The discovery of another rarely found bee species at the Karst edge in Œiœarija is 

yet another proof of the exceptionally high biodiversity in this area. Extensive grasslands, 

limestone ground, South-oriented inclination and the terrain which partly shelters 

from the strong bora wind are the most obvious causes for this diversity. The 

area is really worth of nature protection. 

Acknowledgements 

I am grateful to Andreas Müller (Zürich) for useful suggestions during the identification 

process of the collected material and after reading the manuscript, and to 

late Gijs van der Zanden (Eindhoven) for determination of the H. illyrica specimens. 

References 

Gogala, A., 2009: Mediterranean bee species, newly recorded in Slovenia 

(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Acta entomologica slovenica, 17 (1): 73-78. 

97


Praz, C.J., A. Müller, B.N. Danforth, T.L. Griswold, A. Widmer, S. Dorn, 2008: 

Phylogeny and biogeography of bees of the tribe Osmiini (Hymenoptera: 

Megachilidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49: 185-197. 

Schwarz, M., F. Gusenleitner, T. Kopf, 2005: Weitere Angaben zur Bienenfauna 

Österreichs sowie Beschreibung einer neuen Osmia-Art. Vorstudie zu einer 

Gesamtbearbeitung der Bienen Österreichs VIII. Entomofauna, 26 (8): 117-164. 

Tkalcu, B., 1974: Ergebnisse der Albanien-Expedition 1961 des Deutschen 

Entomologischen Institutes, 89. Beitrag, Hymenoptera: Apoidea V 

(Megachilidae). Beitr. Ent., Berlin, 24: 323-348. 

Tkalcu, B., 1977: Taxonomische Notizen zu einigen paläarktischen Osmiini-Arten. 

Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae naturales, 62: 87-98. 

Ungricht, S., A. Müller, S. Dorn, 2008: A taxonomic catalogue of the Palaearctic 

bees of the tribe Osmiini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). Zootaxa, 

1865: 253 pp. 

Received / Prejeto: 16. 9. 2009 

98



FIRST RECORD OF NEVRORTHIDAE FROM SLOVENIA 

Joshua R. JONES 1 and Duøan DEVETAK 2 

1 

Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, U.S.A. 

E-mail: doc.jones3000@tamu.edu 

2 

Department of Biology, FNM, University of Maribor, Koroøka c. 160, 

2000 Maribor, Slovenia 

Abstract – Nevrorthus apatelios H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck et Hölzel, 1977 is recorded 

for the first time from Slovenia. The finding on the southwest slopes of the eastern 

Julian Alps represents the northernmost record for the family in Europe. A list of 

known localities for N. apatelios is provided in an appendix. 

KEY WORDS: Neuroptera, Nevrorthus apatelios, new record, Slovenia 

Izvleœek – PRVA NAJDBA DRUÆINE NEVRORTHIDAE V SLOVENIJI 

Prviœ je v Sloveniji zabeleæena najdba vrste Nevrorthus apatelios H. Aspöck, U. 

Aspöck et Hölzel, 1977. Najdba na jugozahodnih poboœjih vzhodnih Julijskih Alp je 

najsevernejøa najdba druæine v Evropi. Spisek znanih najdiøœ vrste N. apatelios je 

sestavljen v dodatku. 

KLJUŒNE BESEDE: Neuroptera, Nevrorthus apatelios, nova najdba, Slovenija 

Recently, Letardi et al. (2005) reported the occurrence of Nevrorthus apatelios H. 

Aspöck, U. Aspöck et Hölzel (1977) in the Friuli region of northern Italy. This discovery 

significantly expanded the known geographic distribution of this primarily 

Balkan species, increasing its documented range by 3° latitude to the north and 4° 

longitude to the west. This unexpected discovery has suggested that nevrorthids, 

which are rarely collected and appear to be very locally distributed, may have a 

greater distribution in southeastern Europe than previously realized. 

On 22 June 2008, the first author collected two adult male specimens of N. apatelios 

in the Goriøka region of western Slovenia. The specimens were collected along 

Roœica stream, approximately one half kilometer east of the village of Dreænica, near 

99


Fig. 1: Known distribution of Nevrorthus apatelios H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck et 

Hölzel. The new record reported here is marked with a star. Distributional data were 

obtained from Aspöck et al. (1977, 1980), Devetak (2003), Klapalek (1917), Letardi et 

al. (2006), Malicky (1984), Pongrácz (1923), Popov (1993, 1990), and Saure (1989). 

the town of Kobarid (precise collection locality: 46°15’24.38”N, 13°37’21.57”E, 

634 m; source: Google Earth). The first specimen, which afterwards proved to be 

teneral, was sighted on and then aspirated from a large mossy boulder in the center 

of the stream. The other was taken shortly after with a sweep net at about shoulder 

height as it flew upstream only a few meters away. Both specimens are presently in 

the personal collection of the first author. No other specimens were collected during 

searches by the first author and J. D. Oswald along the stream from the paved road 

leading from Dreænica upstream to Slap Sapota (Sapota Waterfall), a distance of 

approximately 0.4 km. This reach of the stream was heavily shaded by adjacent trees 

and shrubs. Collecting efforts at the site by the second author on 6–7 August 2008 

(which followed many days of heavy rains) yielded no additional specimens. 

The Roœica stream originates from several springs at the foot of the steep lower 

face of Mt. Krn (2245 m). Its exceptionally clear waters flow steeply downwards 

100

J. R. Jones, D. Devetak: First record of Nevrorthidae from Slovenia 

among large limestone boulders, which is characteristic of streams flowing across 

the glacial-morainic alluvia of the eastern Julian Alps. From the terraced valley 

where Dreænica sits, the Roœica continues southward to the upper Soœa Valley where 

it eventually feeds into the Soœa River. The Roœica is similar to many small streams 

in the region, and it seems likely that other streams in the Soœa River watershed may 

provide ideal habitat for nevrorthids, the aquatic larvae of which are known only 

from clean, high-grade streams and small rivers with fast currents. 

The collection of N. apatelios near Dreænica represents the first record of 

Nevrorthidae from Slovenia (see Devetak 1984 for a review of Neuropterida recorded 

from Slovenia), and the northernmost record for the family in Europe (see Fig. 1, 

appendix). Dreænica lies approximately 75 air kilometers east-northeast of the Italian 

collecting localities reported by Letardi et al. (2005). Prior to its discovery in Italy 

and Slovenia, the northernmost known record for N. apatelios was from a locality in 

present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, nearly 500 kilometers southeast of Dreænica 

(Aspöck et al. 1980). The discovery of nevrorthids in Slovenia adds further support 

to the idea that nevrorthids may be more widely distributed than previously anticipated 

in southern Europe, particularly in the clear, medium elevation streams of the 

southern Alps. 

Fig. 2: Sapota Waterfall, 

above the site where N. apatelios 

specimens were collected. 

101


Fig. 3: Roœica stream, near the collection site. 

Fig. 4: The path along Roœica stream leading up to Sapota Waterfall, a few dozen 

meters below where N. apatelios specimens were collected. Mt. Krn can be seen in 

the background. 

102


Acknowledgment 

The authors thank J. D. Oswald for reviewing an early version of this manuscript. 

Appendix 

List of recorded localities for Nevrorthus apatelios H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck et 

Hölzel, 1977. 

Information is provided in the following format: Country: 1. first political subunit 

(District and/or Province and/or Periphery, etc.), second political subunit 

(County and/or Prefecture, etc., if known and applicable), Municipality (if known 

and applicable): specific locality (if known), GPS coordinates, collection dates, 

COLLECTORS or EXPEDITION, numbers of males (∆), females (≈), and larvae 

collected. Collecting method (if known). [Reference]. 

GPS coordinates followed by an asterisk (*) are estimates made by the authors of this 

paper. All politico-geographic names are given in English or in the anglicized regional 

spelling if known, and if not, then in the language of their region. In some cases where 

confusion might exist, common alternate names used for a region, or a regional name as 

it appeared in the original publication, are included parenthetically, for example, 

“Pentagii (=Pendayi)”. The localities of holotype and paratypes are indicated. 

Albania: 

1. Kukës District, Kukës County, Bicaj, 42° 00 N, 20° 25’ E*, 14–15.VII.1918, 

ALBAN. EXP. NAT. MUS. WIEN, 4 ∆, 1 ≈. [Aspöck et al. 1977] 

2. Dibër District, Dibër County, Ploshtan, 41° 50’ 41” N, 20° 27’ 19” E*, 

22.VII.1918, ALBAN. EXP. NAT. MUS. WIEN, 1 ≈. [Aspöck et al. 1977] 

Bosnia-Herzegovina: 

1. Bosnia, Sarajevo, 43° 52 ’ 00” N, 18° 25’ 00” E*, 16.VII.1929, ZERNY, 1 

∆. [Aspöck et al. 1977] 

Bulgaria: 

1. Sofia Province, Sofia: Vitosha: Boyana, 42° 38’ 28” N, 23° 15’ 42” E*, 

20.VII.1893, F. KLAPALEK, 2 ≈. [Klapalek 1894, 1895, 1917; Popov 1990, 1993] 

2. Sofia Province, Sofia: Vitosha: Dragalevci, 42° 37’ 00” N, 23° 18’ 40” E*, 

20.VII.1893, F. KLAPALEK, 19 ∆, 5 ≈. [Klapalek 1894, 1895, 1917; Popov 1990, 

1993] 

Greece: 

1a. HOLOTYPE: Central Greece Periphery, Euboea Prefecture, Evia (=Euboea, 

Euboa) Island: stream S of Procopio, 38° 42’ N, 23° 30’ E, 250 m, 24.V.1974, H. 

MALICKY. 1 ∆. [Aspöck et al. 1977; Malicky 1984] 

103


1b. PARATYPES: same locality as holotype, 24.V.1974 and 1.V.1975, H. MAL- 

ICKY, 27 ∆, 9 ≈, and 2 ∆, 1 ≈. [Aspöck et al. 1977; Malicky 1984] 

2. Central Greece Periphery, Euboea Prefecture, Evia (=Euboea, Euboa) Island, 

Steni Dirfyos: side stream of main brook of valley near first turn of road to 

Stropones, 38° 35’ 18” N, 23° 50’ 47” E*, 500 m, 24.V.1974, 4.VI.1979, 12.X.1980, 

and 13.III.1982, H. MALICKY, 2 larvae. [Malicky 1984] 

3. Central Greece Periphery, Phocis Prefecture, Vardousia: near Pentagii 

(=Pendayi), 38° 35’ N, 22° 04’ E, 950 m, 3.VI.1975, H. MALICKY, 1 ∆. [Aspöck 

et al. 1977; Malicky 1984; note: Malicky placed his locality in Aetolia (and thus the 

Aetolia-Acarnania Prefecture), but Pendagii is in fact in the Phocis Prefecture] 

4. East Macedonia and Thrace Periphery, Kavala Prefecture, Thasos (=Thassos) 

Island: 2 km NE of Mariés, main stream of Tales, 40° 41’ 51” N, 24° 38’ 17” E*, 

400 m, 17.VI.1979 and 17.X.1980, H. MALICKY, 1 larvae. [Malicky 1984] 


Island: streamlets 5 km NE of Mariés, 40° 42’ 47” N, 24° 39’ 40” E*, 600 m, 

18.VI.1979 and 17.X.1980, H. MALICKY, 1 ≈. [Malicky 1984] 


Island: streamlets SSE of Prinos, 40° 42’ 40” N, 24° 36’ 54” E*, 700 m, H. MAL- 

ICKY, 16.VI.1979 and 16.X.1980, 7 ∆. [Malicky 1984] 

7. Epirus (=Ipiros) Periphery, Ioannina Prefecture: source rivlet N of Tristenon, 

39 48’ N, 21 E, 950 m, 5.VI.1975, H. MALICKY, 1 ∆. [Aspöck et al. 1977; Malicky 

1984] 

8. Peloponnese Periphery, Corinthia Prefecture, Karteri (=Karterion): near 

Stymfalia Lake, 37° 51’ N, 22° 23’ E, 27.VII.1974, H. MALICKY, 1 ≈. [Aspöck et 

al. 1977; Malicky 1984] 

9. Thessaly Periphery, Magnesia Prefecture, Pelion Province, Chania (=Hánia), 

39° 23’ 47” N, 23° 03’ 41” E*, 21.VII.1987, C. SAURE, 1 ≈. [Saure 1989] 

10. Thessaly Periphery, Magnesia Prefecture: Pelion mountains E of Volos, 

brook above Portaria, 39° 23’ 39” N, 23° 00’ 25” E*, 750 m, 15.VI.1979 and 

13.X.1980, H. MALICKY, 6 ∆, 2 ≈. [Malicky 1984] 

11. West Greece Periphery, Achaea Prefecture, Zachlorou, 38° 05’ 53” N, 22° 09’ 

47” E, 600 m, VI.1958 and 2–15.VII.1959, J. KLIMESCH and/or H. NOACK, 1 ∆, 

and 1 ∆, 1 ≈. [Aspöck et al. 1977; note: the politico-geographic information and 

GPS coordinates provided by Aspöck et al. for the locality “Zachlorou, 600 m” 

appear to have been very rough approximates, so new information and more accurate 

coordinate estimates are provided here] 

12. West Greece Periphery, Elia Prefecture, Kato Figaleia (=Ancient Phigaleia, 

Figalia, Kato Figalia), 37° 23’ 57” N, 21° 50’ 33” E*, 600 m, 25.V.1974, H. 

HÖLZEL, 6 ∆, 3 ≈. [Aspöck et al. 1977; note: the politico-geographic information 

and GPS coordinates provided by Aspöck et al. for the locality “Kato Figalia, 600 

m” cannot be correct; new information and coordinate estimates are provided here] 

13. West Greece Periphery, Elia Prefecture: ca. 10 km E of Olympia, brook by 

Church of Agios Nektarios, 37° 38’ 30” N, 21° 43’ 33” E*, 90 m, 21.V.1979, H. 

MALICKY, 6 ∆, 7 ≈. [Malicky 1984; note: the church east of Olympia indicated by 

104


Malicky could not be confirmed exactly; information and coordinates provided here 

are estimates only] 

Italy: 

1. Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region, Province of Pordenone, Barcis: Cellina River, 

46° 11’ N, 12° 32’ E, 450 m, 23.VII.1996, M. VALLA and P. PANTINI, 2 ≈. Light 

trap. 

2. Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region, Province of Pordenone: near Arcola, Cellina 

River, 46° 12’ 02” N, 12° 31’ 20” E*, VII–VIII.2006, R. PANTALEONI, U. 

ASPÖCK, H. ASPÖCK, R. RAUSCH, and H. RAUSCH, ∆∆, ≈≈, 2 larvae. 

Kosovo: 

1. District of Peå (=Ipek), Municipality of Peå, 42° 39’ 38” N, 20° 17’ 29” E*, 

21.VI.1917 and 26.VI.1917, S. PONGRÁCZ, 2 ∆. [Pongrácz 1923, Devetak & 

Jakøiå 2003] 

2. District of Prizren, Municipality of Prizren: NW slopes of Mt. Øar-planina, 

Prizrenska Bistrica, 42° 12’ 51” N, 20° 44’ 29” E*, 22.VII.1986, P. JAKØIÅ. 

[Devetak & Jakøiå 2003] 

Serbia: 

1. Jablanica District, Leskovac municipality, Predejane: Grdeliåka Klisura 

(=Grdelica gorge), side brook of South Morava River, 42° 50’ N, 22° 08’ E, 250 m, 

1.VI.1976, H. MALICKY, 2 ≈. [Aspöck et al. 1977, Malicky 1984] 

Slovenia: 

1. Goriøka Province, Kobarid Municipality, Dreænica: 0.5 km NW of town, 

Roœica stream, 46° 15’ 24.38” N, 13° 37’ 21.57” E, 634 m, 22.VI.2008, J. JONES, 

2 ∆. Sweep net. [this publication] 

References 

Aspöck, H., Aspöck, U., Hölzel, H., 1977: Neurorthus apatelios n. sp. – eine 

verkannte europäische Neurorthiden-Species (Neuroptera: Planipennia). 

Entomologische Zeitschrift, Frankfurt am Main, 87: 53-57. 

Aspöck, H., Aspöck, U., Hölzel, H., 1980: Die Neuropteren Europas. Eine zusammenfassende 

Darstellung der Systematik, Ökologie und Chorologie der 

Neuropteroidea (Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Planipennia) Europas. Vol. I: 495 

pp., Vol. II: 335 pp. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. 

Devetak, D., Jakøiå, P. N., 2003: Neuroptera of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbia). 

Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen, 55: 45-53. 

Devetak, D., 1984: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera and Planipennia in Slovenia 

(Yugoslavia). Faunistical contribution. Neuroptera International, 3: 55-72. 

Google Earth mapping service. 2008. Version 4.3. [Computer software]. Available 

at http://earth.google.com/download-earth.html: Google. 

105


Klapálek, F., 1917: Über die von Herrn Prof. A. Hetschko in Korsika gesammelten 

Neuropteroiden nebst Bemerkungen über einige ungenügend bekannte Arten. 

Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 36: 193-208. 

Letardi, A., Aspöck, U, Aspöck, H., Pantaleoni, R. A., 2006: Nevrorthus apatelios 

H. Aspöck et U. Aspöck et Hölzel, 1977 (Neuroptera Nevrorthidae) Nelle 

Prealpi Friulane. Revista del Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali “E. Caffi” 

Bergamo, 24: 91-92. 

Malicky, H., 1984: Ein Beitrag zur Autökologie und Bionomie der aquatischen 

Netzflüglergattung Neurorthus (Insecta, Neuroptera, Neurorthidae). Archiv für 

Hydrobiologie, 101: 231-246. 

Pongrácz, S., 1923: Recésszárnyúak. Neuropteroiden. Pp. 143-166, in: Csiki Erno 

Állattani Kutatásai Albániában. Explorationes zoologicae ab E. Csiki in Albania 

peractae. IX. A. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Balkán-Kutatásainak 

Tudományos Erdményei. Vol. 1. Budapest. 

Popov, A., 1993: Raphidiopteren und Neuropteren aus Bulgarien in den 

Sammlungen des Nationalmuseums in Prag. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 4: 

16-28. 

Popov, A., 1990: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Neuropteren des Witoscha Gebirges. Pp. 

78-87, in: Fauna na Yugozapadna Bulgariya. Vol. 3, 242 pp. Bulgarian 

Academy of Sciences, Sofia. 

Saure, C., 1989: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Neuropterenfauna Jugoslawiens und 

Griechenlands (Insecta, Planipennia). Entomofauna, 10: 33-43. 


106



FIRST RECORD OF ELEVEN UROPODINA SPECIES FROM SLOVENIA 

(ACARI: MESOSTIGMATA) 

J. KONTSCHÁN 

Systematic Zoology Research Group, 

Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Zoology, 

Hungarian Natural History Museum 

H-1088 Budapest, Baross u. 13. Hungary, 

E-mail: kontscha@zool.nhmus.hu 

Abstract – Eleven Uropodina species were collected from different parts of 

Slovenia. Original drawings, scanning micrographs and maps are given. 

KEY WORDS: Acari, Mesostigmata, Uropodina, fauna, Slovenia 

Izvleœek – PRVI PODATKI O ENAJSTIH VRSTAH UROPODINSKIH PRØIC V 

SLOVENIJI (ACARI: MESOSTIGMATA) 

Enajst vrst podreda Uropodina je bilo najdenih v razliœnih delih Slovenije. 

Dodane so izvirne risbe, elektronsko mikroskopske slike in karte. 

KLJUŒNE BESEDE: Acari, Mesostigmata, Uropodina, favna, Slovenija 

Introduction 

Uropodina mites live in the soil, moss, leaf litter, nests of ants, birds and small 

mammals in Europe, but most of the species are inhabitants of the forest soils. 

Today we know about more than 340 species in Europe (Błoszyk 1999). Several 

countries are well investigated (e.g. German, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and 

Hungary (Wisniewski 1993, Błoszyk 1999, Maøán 2001, Kontschán 2008), but most 

of the countries are poorly-studied. Slovenia is one of the hardly known countries of 

Europe, recently only one species is listed (Trachytes aegrota (C. L. Koch, 1841)) 

(Kontschán 2005). 

107


Material and methods 

Specimens were cleared in lactic acid and later stored in alcohol. Drawings were 

made with a camera lucida. Scanning micrographs were taken in the Hungarian 

Natural History Museum, Budapest with a HITACHI SN 2600 scanning electron 

microscope. The specimens examined are deposited in the Collections of Soil 

Zoology of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest. Abbreviations: DL: 

László Dányi, KJ: Jen6 Kontschán, MD: Dávid Murányi, SzGy: György Sziráki. 

Measurements are given in micrometers (µm). 

List of species 

Trachytidae 

Trachytes minima Trägardh, 1910 

New records: E-2461. Slovenia, Triglav NP., Koœa pri Periœniku, Triglavska 

stream (Bistrica), N 46 º25,681’E 13º 52,548’, 1046m a.s.l., beech forest, leaf litter, 

02.08.2008. DL., E-1957. Slovenia, Golnik, 460m a.s.l., mixed beech forest, from 

moss, 14.04.2006. DL+KJ., E-1953. Slovenia, Gozd Martuljek, beech forest, from 

soil, 13.04.2006. DL+KJ., E-2470. Slovenia, Goreljek, leaf litter, 02.09.2008. KJ., 

Distribution: Europe. 

Trachytes mystacinus Berlese, 1910 

New records: E-2461. Slovenia, Triglav NP., Koœa pri Periœniku, Triglavska 

stream (Bistrica), N 46 º25,681’E 13º 52,548’, 1046m a.s.l., beech forest, leaf litter, 

02.08.2008. DL., E-2463. Slovenia, Triglav NP., Koœa pri Periœniku, near to the 

Periœnik waterfall, N 46°26’22.91”E 13°53’37.28”, 843m a.s.l., beech forest, leaf litter, 

02.08.2008. DL., E-1956. Slovenia, near Zgornje Jezersko, beech forest, from 

leaf litter, 13.04.2006. DL+KJ., E-1957. Slovenia, Golnik, 460m a.s.l., mixed beech 

forest, from moss, 14.04.2006. DL+KJ., E-1961. Slovenia, Golnik, 460m a.s.l., 

mixed beech forest, from leaf litter, 14.04.2006. DL+KJ., E-1951. Slovenia, Potoœe, 

near the river Kokra, from leaf litter, 13.04.2006. DL+KJ., E-1953. Slovenia, Gozd 

Martuljek, beech forest, from soil, 13.04.2006. DL+KJ. 

Distribution: Central-Europe. 

Polyaspis patavinus Berlese, 1881 

New records: E-2454. Slovenia, Piran, Fiesa, wet meadow in the sea-shore, from 

decayed wood, 25.06.2008. SzGy. 


Trematuridae 

Trichouropoda ovalis (C. L. Koch, 1839) 

(Fig. 1) 

New records: E-1961. Slovenia, Golnik, 460m a.s.l., mixed beech forest, from 

leaf litter, 14.04.2006. DL+KJ., E-2461. Slovenia, Triglav NP., Koœa pri Periœniku, 

108

J. Kontschán: First record of eleven Uropodina species from Slovenia (Acari: Mesostigmata) 

Figs 1-2: Scanning micrographs of Uropodina species from Slovenia: 1: ventral 

view of Trichouropoda ovalis (C. L. Koch, 1839); 2: ventral view of Urodiaspis 

tecta (Kramer, 1876). 

Triglavska stream (Bistrica), N 46 º25,681’E 13º 52,548’, 1046m a.s.l., beech forest, 

leaf litter, 02.08.2008. DL. 


Urodinychidae 

Urodiaspis tecta (Kramer, 1876) 

(Fig. 2) 

New records: E-2468. Slovenia, Ribœev Laz, moss from the beach of lake 

Bohinjsko jezero, 03.09.2008. KJ., E-2461. Slovenia, Triglav NP., Koœa pri 

Periœniku, Triglavska stream (Bistrica), N 46 º25,681’E 13º 52,548’, 1046m a.s.l., 

beech forest, leaf litter, 02.08.2008. DL., 

E-2470. Slovenia, Goreljek, leaf litter, 02.09.2008. KJ., E-1955. Slovenia, Brezje 

pri Træiœu, 684m a.s.l., beech-pine mixed forest, from soil, 14.04.2006. DL+KJ. 


Uroobovella pulchella (Berlese, 1904) 

(Figs 3-4) 

New records: E-1957. Slovenia, Golnik, 460m a.s.l., mixed beech forest, from 

moss, 14.04.2006. DL+KJ. 


Dinychus bincheaecarinatus Hirschmann, Wagrowska-Adamczyk & Zirngiebl- 

Nicol, 1984 

109


Figs 3-4: Uroobovella pulchella (Berlese, 1904): 3: dorsal view; 4: sternal region. 

New records: E-2457. Slovenia, (Sirex), Slovenske Gorice, Slavøina, beech forest 

284m a.s.l., N46°31.996’E15°57.631’, 25.06.2008. DL+KJ+MD. 

Distribution: Germany, France, Slovakia, Hungary. 

Uropodidae 

Cilliba cassidea (Hermann, 1804) 

(Fig. 5) 

New records: E-2466. Slovenia, Ribœev Laz, leaf litter near the lake Bohinjsko 

jezero, 03.09.2008. KJ., E-2463. Slovenia, Triglav NP., Koœa pri Periœniku, near to 

the Periœnik waterfall, N 46°26’22.91”E 13°53’37.28”, 843m a.s.l., beech forest, leaf 

litter, 02.08.2008. DL., E-1951. Slovenia, Potoœe, near the river Kokra from leaf litter, 

13.04.2006. DL+KJ. 


Cilliba erlangensis (Hirschmann & Zirnbiegl-Nicol, 1969) 

(Fig. 6) 

New records: E-1951. Slovenia, Potoœe, near the river Kokra from leaf litter, 

13.04.2006. DL+KJ. 


Neodiscopoma pulcherrima (Berlese, 1903) 

(Fig. 7) 

110


Figs 5-8: Scanning micrographs of Uropodina species from Slovenia: 5: ventral 

view of Cilliba cassidea (Hermann, 1804); 6: ventral view of Cilliba erlangensis 

(Hirschmann & Zirnbiegl-Nicol, 1969); 7: dorsal view of Neodiscopoma pulcherrima 

(Berlese, 1903), 8: dorsal view of Neodiscopoma splendida (Kramer, 1882). 

New records: E-2466. Slovenia, Ribœev Laz, leaf litter near the lake Bohinjsko 

jezero, 03.09.2008. KJ., E-2457. Slovenia, (Sirex), Slovenske Gorice, Slavøina, 

beech forest 284m a.s.l., N46°31.996’E15°57.631’, 25.06.2008. DL+KJ+MD., E- 

2458. Slovenia, (Sirex), Slovenske Gorice, Slavøina, beech forest 284m a.s.l., 

N46°31.996’E15°57.631’, 25.06.2008. DL+KJ+MD., E-2463. Slovenia, Triglav 

111


NP., Koœa pri Periœniku, near to the Periœnik waterfall, N 46°26’22.91”E 

13°53’37.28”, 843m a.s.l., beech forest, leaf litter, 02.08.2008. DL., E-2470. 

Slovenia, Goreljek, leaf litter, 02.09.2008. KJ., E-2461. Slovenia, Triglav NP., Koœa 

pri Periœniku, Triglavska stream (Bistrica), N 46 º25,681’E 13º 52,548’, 1046m a.s.l., 

beech forest, leaf litter, 02.08.2008. DL., E-1956. Slovenia, near Zgornje Jezersko, 

beech forest, from leaf litter, 13.04.2006. DL+KJ., E-1953. Slovenia, Gozd 

Martuljek, beech forest, from soil, 13.04.2006. DL+KJ. 


Neodiscopoma splendida (Kramer, 1882) 

(Fig. 8) 

New records: E-2463. Slovenia, Triglav NP., Koœa pri Periœniku, near to the 

Periœnik waterfall, N 46°26’22.91”E 13°53’37.28”, 843m a.s.l., beech forest, leaf litter, 

02.08.2008. DL. 


Discussion 

The listed Uropodina species were collected in the Western and Eastern part of 

Slovenia (Fig. 9). Two of them (T. minima and T. mystacinus) are typical mountain 

elements, these are distributed in the Alps, the Carpathians and the Dinarids, and 

they were collected in Julijske Alpe and Karavanke. Other species also occur in the 

higher and lower mountains and the plains of Europe. They were found in mentioned 

two mountain chains (Julijske Alpe and Karavanke). One species (P. patavinus) was 

found near the sea shore and two species (N. pulcherrima and D. bincheaecarinatus) 

were collected in the plains of Slovenia. 


This research was supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA 

72744). 

References 

Błoszyk, J. (1999): Geograficzne i ekologiczne zróznicowaie zgrupowan roztoczy z 

kohorty Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) w Polsce. I. Uropodina lsów gradowych 

(Carpinion betuli). Publikacja finansowana przez Uniwersytet im. 

Adama Mickiewicza w Ponaniu, 245 pp. 

Kontschán, J. (2005): On some little known and new Uropodina species (Acari: 

Mesostigmata) from Croatia, Serbia-Montenegro, Slovenia and Macedonia. 

Acta zool. Bulg. 57: 153-160. 

Kontschán, J. (2008): Magyarország korongatkái (Acari: Mesostigmata: 

Uropodina). – Állatt. Közl. 93(1): 3-15. 

112


Fig. 9: Occurrences of the collected Uropodina species in Slovenia 

113


Maøán, P. (2001): Mites of the cohort Uropodina (Acari, Mesostigmata) in Slovakia. 

Annotationes Zoologicae et Botanicae 223: 1-320. 

Wisniewski, J. (1993): Die Uropodiden der Erde nach Zoogeographischen Regionen 

und Subregionen geordnet (Mit Angabe der Lande). Acarologie 40: 221- 291. 


114



CONTRIBUTION TO THE MESOSTIGMATA FAUNA OF SLOVENIA 

(ACARI: MESOSTIGMATA: ZERCONIDAE ET MACROCHELIDAE) 

Zsolt UJVÁRI 

Systematic Zoology Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences 

and Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1088, Budapest, 

Baross u. 13., Hungary. E-mail: zs_ujvari@yahoo.com 

Abstract – From the material collected on several locations in Slovenia, 7 species of 

zerconid and 4 species of macrochelid mites were identified. All of the Zerconidae 

and 2 of the Macrochelidae species are newly recorded for the country. Description 

of male Zerconella leitnerae Willmann, 1953, morphological notes on Prozercon 

tragardhi Halbert, 1923, original drawings of some newly recorded species and 

maps are given. 

KEY WORDS: Acari, Mesostigmata, Zerconidae, Macrochelidae, fauna, Slovenia 

Izvleœek – PRISPEVEK K FAVNI REDA MESOSTIGMATA SLOVENIJE 

(ACARI: MESOSTIGMATA: ZERCONIDAE ET MACROCHELIDAE) 

V materialu zbranem na veœ krajih v Sloveniji smo doloœili 7 vrst prøic iz druæine 

Zerconidae in 4 vrste druæine Macrochelidae. Vse vrste druæine Zerconidae in 2 

druæine Macrochelidae so prviœ zabeleæene v dræavi. Dodani so opis samca vrste 

Zerconella leitnerae Willmann, 1953, morfoloøke znaœilnosti vrste Prozercon tragardhi 

Halbert, 1923, izvirne risbe nekaterih novo najdenih vrst in karte. 

KLJUŒNE BESEDE: Acari, Mesostigmata, Zerconidae, Macrochelidae, favna, Slovenija 

Introduction 

Zerconid mites are widely distributed in the holarctic region, represented by over 

350 species of 36 genera. They are soil-inhabitant predators, occuring in moss, leaflitter 

and other organic detritus, feeding mostly on nematodes. Regarding the family 

Macrochelidae, these predatory mites are distributed world-wide, they can be found 

in different edaphic habitats, decomposed organic materials, dung, nests of birds and 

115


small mammals or decayed animal tissues, many of them have phoretic association 

with insects. Our knowledge on distribution of species is scarce, however the 

Zerconidae and Macrochelidae fauna of numerous Central-European countries is 

well-investigated, several papers – observing the fauna of different countries – were 

published recently (e.g. Kontschán 2006a, 2006b, Kontschán & Ujvári 2008, Ujvári 

2008a, 2008b). Regarding to Slovenia, only one study has been published so far 

contributing to the Zerconidae fauna, but mentioning only two species new to science 

[Zercon primus Koøir, 1974, Carpathozercon tuberculatus (Koøir, 1974)] and new 

data of a rare species (Zercon plumatopilus Athias-Henriot, 1961) (Koøir, 1974). 

Latter paper contains only some hints in addition, mentioning that the species-richness 

of the group is high in the country, especially in mountainous regions, but no 

references or faunistical data are given. In this paper many new data of members of 

the two families, and maps with their occurences (Fig. 16) are presented. 

Material and methods 

Soil samples were taken from several localities in Slovenia. Members of the 

mesofauna were extracted using Berlese funnels. Specimens were separated under a 

stereo-microscope, cleared in lactic acid and impregnated with glycerin. Preparations 

were examined using a light microscope, drawings were made with a camera lucida. 

Mites are stored in alcohol and deposited in the Collections of Soil Zoology of the 

Hungarian Natural History Museum. Specimens were identified according to 

Błaszak (1974) and Maøán & Fend’a (2004). Measurements are given as mean, in 

micrometers, DN stands for deutonymphs. 

Results 

family Zerconidae G. Canestrini, 1891 

genus Prozercon Sellnick, 1943 

Prozercon fimbriatus (C. L. Koch, 1839) 

New data: Triglav National Park, Koœa pri Periœniku, near to the Periœnik waterfall, 

N 46°26’20.07”; E 13°53’39.39”, 787 m, mixed forest, moss from stones, 

02.08.2008 leg. Dányi, L. (10 ≈, 2 ∆, 1 DN); Triglav National Park, Koœa pri 

Periœniku, Triglavska stream (Bistrica), N 46 º25,681’ E 13º 52,548’, 1046 m, beech 

forest, leaf litter, 02.08.2008 leg. Dányi, L. (17 ≈, 9 ∆, 2 DN); Triglav National Park, 

Koœa pri Periœniku, near to the Periœnik waterfall, N 46°26’22.91”; E 13°53’37.28”, 

843 m, beech forest, leaf litter, 02.08.2008 leg. Dányi, L. (8 ≈); Predjama, leaf litter, 

04.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, J. (19 ≈, 7 ∆, 4 DN); Bohinjska Bistrica, leaf litter, 

04.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, J. (9 ≈, 12 ∆, 4 DN); Ribœev Laz, leaf litter near the lake 

Bohinjsko jezero, 03.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, J. (7 ≈, 5 ∆); Ribœev Laz, moss from 

the beach of lake Bohinjsko jezero, 03.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, J. (3 ≈, 1 ∆); 

Slovenske Gorice, Grabøinci, beech forest, N40°32.878’; E 15°59.005’, 284 m, 

116

Z. Ujvári: Contribution to the Mesostigmata fauna of Slovenia (Acari: Mesostigmata: Zerconidae et Macrochelidae) 

25.06.2008., leg. Dányi, L., Kontschán, J., Murányi, D. (1 ∆); Piran, Fiesa, soil from 

laurel forest, 25.06.2008., leg. Sziráki, Gy. (1 ≈); Goreljek, leaf litter, 02.09.2008., leg. 

Kontschán, J. (1 ≈); Mts. Pohorje, litter and soil from beech forest above Oplotnica, 

09.08.2005., leg. Murányi, D. (6 ≈, 1 ∆); Golnik, leaf litter from mixed beech forest, 

460 m, 14.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., Kontschán, J. (4 ≈); Golnik, moss from mixed 

beech forest, 460 m, 14.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., Kontschán, J. (1 ≈); Belca, streamside, 

leaf litter from beech forest, 695 m, 13.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., Kontschán, J. (14 

≈, 2 ∆); over Begunje na Gorenjskem, leaf litter, 788 m, 14.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., 

Kontschán, J. (4 ≈); Moste, dry-rotten tree from mixed beech forest on a lake shore, 

630 m, 13.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., Kontschán, J. (1 ≈); Potoœe, leaf litter from riverbank 

of Kokra, 13.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., Kontschán, J. (1 ≈, 1 ∆). 

Remarks: Most of specimens bear an additional seta between setae I 5 

. This is the 

first record in Slovenia. 

Prozercon tragardhi (Halbert, 1923) (Figs 1-4.) 

Figs 1-4: Prozercon tragardhi – 1: female from 

Triglav National Park; 2: female from Bohinjska 

Bistrica; 3: female from Oplotnica; 4: male from 

Oplotnica. 

New data: Triglav 

National Park, Koœa pri 

Periœniku, near to the 

Periœnik waterfall, N 

46°26’22.91”; E 13°53’- 

37.28”, 843 m, beech forest, 

leaf litter, 02.08.2008 leg. 

Dányi, L. (1 ≈).; Bohinjska 

Bistrica, leaf litter, 

04.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, 

J. (2 ≈, 1 ∆, 1 DN); Mts. 

Pohorje, litter and soil from 

beech forest above 

Oplotnica, 09.08.2005., leg. 

Murányi, D. (14 ≈, 5 ∆). 

Remarks: The only specimen 

found in the Triglav 

National Park (Fig. 1.) has 

strikingly long S4 setae, 

reaching beyond the margin 

of opisthonotum, and setae 

i 3 

are elongated and brushlike, 

differing in shape and 

length from other podonotal 

i-, z- and s-setae. However 

the mentioned characters 

are atypical for P. tragardhi, 

no other remarkable difference 

can be observed. 

117


Regarding the specimens found in Bohinjska Bistrica and Oplotnica, they differ 

more strikingly from any other P. tragardhi specimens found in different Central- 

European countries, also in more important characters. Female specimens of P. tragardhi 

have only one pair of smooth setae (i 3 

) on podonotum, while females from 

latter two localities have two paires of smooth podonotal setae – i 3 

and i 4 

on the ones 

from Bohinjska Bistrica (Fig. 2.), i 4 

and z 1 

on specimens from Oplotnica (Fig. 3.). 

Most interesting that males (Fig. 4.) from the two localities are similar in the pilosity 

of podonotal setae. 3-6 paires of setae (i 3-6 

, z 1 

, s 3 

) smooth, i 2 

, i 6 

and s 3 

often slightly 

pilose. Nevertheless the male of P. tragardhi – similarly to the female – has only one 

pair of smooth podonatal setae (i 3 

) normally. Apart from the mentioned podonotal 

differences, no other opisthonotal or ventral charachters (including morphology of 

shields, chaeto- and poroidotaxy) can be observed, by which these specimens could 

be distinguished from Prozercon tragardhi. In my opinion – considering the intraspecific 

variation in number of smooth opisthonotal setae – these characters are insufficient 

for establishing a new taxon, however it is important to note that no such variation 

of P. taragardhi has been recorded before. 

This is the first record of the species in Slovenia. 

genus Zercon C. L. Koch, 1836 

Zercon baloghi Sellnick, 1958 (Fig. 5.) 

New data: Piran, Fiesa, seashore meadow, from dry-rotten wood, 25.06.2008., 

leg. Sziráki, Gy. (1 ≈). 

Remarks: This is the first record in Slovenia. 

Zercon latissimus Sellnick, 1944 (Fig. 6.) 

New data: Triglav National Park, Koœa pri Periœniku, near to the Periœnik waterfall, 

N 46°26’20.07”; E 13°53’39.39”, 787 m, mixed forest, moss from stones, 

02.08.2008 leg. Dányi, L. (12 ≈, 2 ∆); Triglav National Park, Koœa pri Periœniku, 

Triglavska stream (Bistrica), N 46 º25,681’ E 13º 52,548’, 1046 m, beech forest, leaf 

litter, 02.08.2008 leg. Dányi, L. (4 ≈, 3 ∆); Triglav National Park, Koœa pri 

Periœniku, near to the Periœnik waterfall, N 46°26’22.91”; E 13°53’37.28”, 843 m, 

beech forest, leaf litter, 02.08.2008 leg. Dányi, L. (4 ≈); Bohinjska Bistrica, leaf litter, 

04.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, J. (17 ≈, 4 ∆, 1 PN); Ribœev Laz, leaf litter near the 

lake Bohinjsko jezero, 03.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, J. (7 ≈); Goreljek, leaf litter, 

02.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, J. (1 ≈). 


Zercon triangularis C. L. Koch, 1836 

New data: Predjama, leaf litter, 04.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, J. (24 ≈); Ribœev 

Laz, moss from the beach of lake Bohinjsko jezero, 03.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, J. 

118


Figs 5-7: females of Zercon species new to the 

fauna of Slovenia – 5: Zercon baloghi; 6: Zercon 

latissimus; 7: Zercon tematinensis. 

(19 ≈, 2 ∆); Slovenske 

Gorice, Grabøinci, beech 

forest, N40°32.878’; E 

15°59.005’, 284 m, 

25.06.2008., leg. Dányi, L., 

Kontschán, J., Murányi, D. (8 

≈); Goreljek, leaf litter, 


J. (1 ≈); Golnik, moss from 

mixed beech forest, 460 m, 

14.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., 

Kontschán, J. (1 ≈); Belca, 

streamside, leaf litter from 

beech forest, 695 m, 

13.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., 

Kontschán, J. (1 ≈, 3 ∆). 

Remarks: This is the first 

record in Slovenia. 

Zercon tematinensis 

Maøán & Fend’a, 2004 (Fig. 

7.) 

New data: Slovenske 

Gorice, Grabøinci, beech 

forest, N40°32.878’; E 15°59.005’, 284 m, 25.06.2008., leg. Dányi, L., Kontschán, 

J., Murányi, D. (2 ≈); Mura Plain, litter and dead wood from forest near Gornja 

Radgona along the road 3, 09.08.2005., leg. Murányi, D. (2 ≈); Mts. Pohorje, litter 

and soil from beech forest above Oplotnica, 09.08.2005., leg. Murányi, D. (7 ≈). 

Remarks: Ornamentation on posterior half of opisthonotum varies intraspecifically: 

usually punctuated, rarely smooth. This is the first record in Slovenia. 

genus Zerconella Willmann, 1953 

Zerconella leitnerae Willmann, 1953 (Figs 8-11.) 

New data: Bohinjska Bistrica, leaf litter, 04.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, J. (4 ≈, 1 ∆). 


Description of male: Length of idiosoma: 273 m, width: 142 m. 

Dorsal side (Fig. 10.): Chaeto- and porotaxy as in female. On podonotum, 22 pairs 

of simple setae: i-row with 6 pairs, z-row with 2 pairs, s-row with 6 pairs, r-row with 

6 pairs and p-row wih 2 pairs. Setae i 1 

medium-sized, s 3 

, s 6 

and p 2 

strikingly elongated 

(6-10 times longer than any other podonotal setae, reaching beyond the margin of 

idiosoma), others short, smooth and needle-like. Setae p 1 

and p 2 

can be observed dor- 

119


Figs 8-11: Zerconella leitnerae – 8: female, 

dorsal view; 9: female, ventral view; 10: male, 

dorsal view; 11: male, ventral view. 

sally on the overcurved peritremal 

shield, p 2 

can have short hairs 

medially. On opisthonotum, 21 

pairs of smooth setae: I-row wih 5 

pairs, Z-row with 5 pairs, S-row 

with 4 pairs, R-row with 7 pairs. 

Setae I 5 

absent. Setae I 4 

, I 6 

, Z 4-5 

and S 2-4 

differently elongated, 

tapering, reaching beyond the 

margin of opisthonotum. Setae S 4 

– as the longest opisthonotal setae 

– 7 times longer than short setae 

(e. g. I 1 

). Setae I 4 

situated very 

close to each other, at the same 

time the distance between insertions 

of seate I 6 

quite long and can 

reach 90 µm. None of I-setae reaching 

the followings bases. 

Dorsal cavities situated in a row 

tightly close to each other, 

strongly sclerotized, with smooth 

anterior- and lobed posterior margin, 

the lateral pair slightly bigger 

than the medial pair. Dorsal shields 

very slightly sclerotized, 

bearing some small, irregular pits. 

Measurements of setae and longitudinal distances between their bases as in Table 1. 

I 1 12 Z 1 11 S 1 13 

I 1 

-I 2 26 Z 1 

-Z 2 26 S 1 

-S 2 21 

I 2 12 Z 2 12 S 2 62 

I 2 

-I 3 20 Z 2 

-Z 3 28 S 2 

-S 3 38 

I 3 15 Z 3 15 S 3 65 

I 3 

-I 4 32 Z 3 

-Z 4 19 S 3 

-S 4 29 

I 4 55 Z 4 52 S 4 79 

I 4 

-I 6 61 Z 4 

-Z 5 36 

I 6 41 Z 5 30 

Table 1: Length of opisthonotal setae and longitudinal distances between their 

bases in Zerconella leitnerae male (values in mm). 

Ventral side (Fig. 11.): Peritremes short, peritremal shield with a pair of small 

fissures over the posterolateral tips. Tritosternum bifurcate, with elongated, margi- 

120


nally serrated lacinae. Sternogenital shield with 5 pairs of setae. One pair of adgenital 

shields with two pores and one pair of postgenital sclerites present. Anterior margin 

of ventroanal shield with two pairs of setae. 

family Macrochelidae Vitzthum, 1930 

genus Geholaspis Berlese, 1918 

subgenus Geholaspis Berlese, 1918 

Geholaspis berlesei Valle, 1953 (Figs 12-13.) 

Figs 12-15: females of Geholaspis species new to 

the fauna of Slovenia – 12: Geholaspis berlesei, dorsal 

view; 13: Geholaspis berlesei, ventral view; 14: 

Geholaspis mandibularis, dorsal view; 15: 

Geholaspis mandibularis ventral view. 

New data: Triglav 

National Park, Koœa pri 

Periœniku, near to the 


46°26’20.07”; E 13°53’ - 

39.39”, 787 m, mixed forest, 

moss from stones, 02.08. - 

2008 leg. Dányi, L. (3 ≈); 

Triglav National Park, Koœa 

pri Periœniku, near to the 


46°26’22.91”; E 13°53’ - 

37.28”, 843 m, beech forest, 

leaf litter, 02.08.2008 leg. 

Dányi, L. (2 ≈, 1 DN); 

Triglav National Park, Koœa 

pri Periœniku, Triglavska 

stream (Bistrica), N 46 

º25,681’ E 13º 52,548’, 1046 

m, beech forest, leaf litter, 

02.08.2008 leg. Dányi, L. (4 

≈); Predjama, leaf litter, 


J. (1 ≈); Bohinjska Bistrica, 

leaf litter, 04.09.2008., leg. 

Kontschán, J. (1 ≈); 

Goreljek, leaf litter, 02.09. - 

2008., leg. Kontschán, J. (4 

≈); Mts. Pohorje, litter and 

soil from beech forest above 

Oplotnica, 09.08.2005., leg. 

Murányi, D. (2 ≈); Gozd 

Martuljek, soil from beech 

forest, 13.04.2006., leg. 

121


Dányi, L., Kontschán, J. (1 ≈); Potoœe, leaf litter from riverbank of Kokra, 

13.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., Kontschán, J. (1 ≈). 


Geholaspis longispinosus Kramer, 1876 

New data: Piran, Fiesa, seashore meadow, from dry-rotten wood, 25.06.2008., 

leg. Sziráki, Gy. (1 ≈). 

subgenus Longicheles Valle, 1953 

Geholaspis mandibularis Berlese, 1904 (Figs 13-14.) 

New data: Triglav National Park, Koœa pri Periœniku, Triglavska stream 

(Bistrica), N 46 º25,681’ E 13º 52,548’, 1046 m, beech forest, leaf litter, 02.08.2008 

leg. Dányi, L. (1 ≈); Bohinjska Bistrica, leaf litter, 04.09.2008., leg. Kontschán, J. (4 

≈); Ribœev Laz, leaf litter near the lake Bohinjsko jezero, 03.09.2008., leg. 

Kontschán, J. (2 ≈); Mts. Pohorje, litter and soil from beech forest above Oplotnica, 

09.08.2005., leg. Murányi, D. (10 ≈); Gozd Martuljek, soil from beech forest, 

13.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., Kontschán, J. (1 ≈); Golnik, leaf litter from mixed beech 

forest, 460 m, 14.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., Kontschán, J. (1 ≈); Potoœe, leaf litter 

from riverbank of Kokra, 13.04.2006., leg. Dányi, L., Kontschán, J. (2 ≈). 


genus Macrocheles Latreille, 1829 

subgenus Macrocheles Latreille, 1829 

Macrocheles glaber (Müller, 1860) 

New data: 1. Slovenske Gorice, Slavøina, beech forest, 284 m, collected from 

Geotrupes vernalis (phoresis) N46°31.996’ E15°57.631’ 25.06.2008., leg. Dányi, L., 

Kontschán, J., Murányi, D. (1 ≈). 

Discussion 

New data of the rare Zerconella leitnerae seems to consider the fact that the 

species is distributed in the whole Alps, presumably as an alpine element. In the case 

of Z. tematinensis [previously recorded only from Slovakia (Maøán & Fend’a 2004) 

and Hungary (Ujvári 2008)] the new occurrences show that this species can be characterized 

by an East Alpine distribution. Regarding Z. latissimus its turnout was 

expected by its presence in the neighbouring countries (Hungary, Croatia and Italy), 

it seems that the species has a wide Mediterranean distribution from the Iberian 

Peninsula to the Balkan. Two of the species found (Z. baloghi, G. berlesei) are abundant 

and prevalent in Central Europe, both inhabiting different forest habitats of low 

and moderate mountains, occurring in moss and leaf-litter. Accordingly the finding 

122


Fig. 16:. New occurences of Zerconidae and Macrochelidae species in Slovenia. 

123


of Z. baloghi on a seashore grassland is fairly curious, nevertheless the only specimen 

recorded from a meadow habitat also shows that these mite species are principally 

associated with forests and can rarely be collected in treeless vegetation. The 

remaining six species (P. fimbriatus, P. tragardhi, Z. triangularis, G. mandibularis, 

G. longispinosus, M. glaber) are widely distributed in Europe (Macrocheles glaber 

can be considered as cosmopolitan), they constituted the largest part of the observed 

material. The mentioned species can be characterized by wide ecological plasticity, 

occurring in various forest habitats, on a broad scale of altitudes from plains to 

mountains. 


This research was supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA 

72744). I am grateful to Dr. Peter Maøán and Dr. Ra∂it Urhan for their advices in the 

identification of Prozercon tragardhi specimens. 

References 

Błaszak, C. (1974): Monografie fauny Polski. Tom 3. Zerconidae (Acari, 

Mesostigmata) Polski. Polska Akademia Nauk, Zaklad zoologii systematicznej 

i do wiadczalnej, Pa stwowe Wydawnicztwo Naukowe, Warsawa, Kraków, 315 

pp. 

Kontschán, J. (2006a): Check list of the Hungarian Mesostigmatid mites. I. – II. 

Zerconidae and Macrochelidae. Folia Historico-Naturalia Musei Matraensis 

30: 129-136. 

Kontschán, J. (2006b): Mesostigmatid mites from Maramure∂ (Romania) (Acari: 

Mesostigmata: Uropodina et Gamasina: Zerconidae, Macrochelidae, Epicriidae, 

Eviphidae et Parasitidae). Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldis, Arad. 17: 53-57. 

Kontschán, J. & Ujvári, Zs. (2008): Mesostigmatid mites from Maramure∂. Studia 

Universitatis Vasile Goldis, Arad, 18 (suppl.): 347-357. 

Koøir, M. (1974): Description of a new Zercon and Prozercon species from 

Yugoslavia and the record of Zercon plumatopilus (?) Athias-Henriot, 1961 

(Acarina, Mesostigmata: Zerconidae). Bioloøki Vestnik 22: 75-88. 

Maøán, P. & Fend’a, P. (2004): Zerconid mites of Slovakia (Acari, Mesostigmata, 

Zerconidae). Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 238 

pp. 

Ujvári, Zs. (2008a): New records of zerconid mites from Mts. Papuk (Croatia) with 

description of Zercon kontschani sp. nov. Opuscula Zoologica Instituti 

Zoosystematici et Oecologici Universitatis Budapestinensis 37: 43-62. 

Ujvári, Zs. (2008c): New records of the family Zerconidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) 

from the Transdanubian (Western- and Southern-Hungary). Folia Historico- 

Naturalia Musei Matraensis 32: 77-87. 


124

H. Deutsch: Pelatea klugiana (Freyer, 1834) – ein Beitrag zur Biologie (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) 


PELATEA KLUGIANA (FREYER, 1834) – EIN BEITRAG ZUR 

BIOLOGIE (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) 

Helmut DEUTSCH 

Lavant 45, A – 9900 Lienz/Osttirol, Austria, e-mail: hdl@tirol.com 

Izvleœek - PRISPEVEK K BIOLOGIJI VRSTE PELATEA KLUGIANA (FREYER, 

1834) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) 

V maju 2009 smo na juænih poboœjih Slavnika naøli gosenice zavijaœa vrste Pelatea 

klugiana (Freyer, 1834). Vrsto v Sloveniji zadnji omenja Mann (1854). Vrsta je 

razøirjena na obmoœjih s hranilno rastlino, od Øpanije do Ukrajine. V prispevku predstavljamo 

podatke o biologiji vrste ter fotografije habitata, hranilne rastline, gosenice 

in metulja. 

KLJUŒNE BESEDE: Pelatea klugiana, Tortricidae, Slovenija, Paeonia officinalis 

Abstract - CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOLOGY OF PELATEA KLUGIANA 

(FREYER, 1834) (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) 

Pelatea klugiana was recently found on the southern slopes of the Slavnik 

Mountain in the Slovenian Karst. The presence of the species in Slovenia was last 

mentioned by Mann in 1854. It is distributed in areas with the hostplant, from Spain 

to Ukraine. Data on its biology and photos of habitat, hostplant, caterpillar and imago 

are given. 

KEY WORDS: Pelatea klugiana, Tortricidae, Slovenia, Paeonia officinalis 

Bei dieser Art handelt es sich um einen wenig nachgewiesenen Wickler 

(Tortricidae) mit lückenhafter Verbreitung in den Gebirgen Zentral- und Südeuropas, 

immer verknüpft mit dem Vorkommen von Pfingstrosen-Arten (Paeonia spp.) als 

Nahrungspflanzen der Raupen. Bereits 1854 meldet Josef MANN die Art aus 

Slowenien, er berichtet von Raupenfunden auf dem Nanos; Pasquale TREMATERRA 

(2003) gibt sie für die Provinzen Südtirol-Trentino und Friaul-Julisch-Venetien in 

Norditalien an. Aus Österreich ist sie von Niederösterreich bekannt (HUEMER & 

TARMANN, 1993). In einer 2005 erschienenen umfassenden Publikation von 

NEDOSHIVINA & ZOLOTUHIN wird die Subspecies P. klugiana verucha aus Russland 

und deren Biologie beschrieben. 

Als ich im Juni 2003 zusammen mit meinem slowenischen Freund und 

Sammelkollegen Stane Gomboc den Karstberg Slavnik südöstlich von Kozina 

(Slowenien) besuchte, fanden wir in einer Höhe von 700 – 800 m NN auf windgeschützten 

Waldwiesen ansehnliche Paeonia-Bestände. Die Pflanzen waren am Ende 

der Blütezeit, es fielen uns sofort große, zusammengesponnene Klumpen an den 

125


Abb.1: Die Pfingstrose (Paeonia officinalis) ist die Nahrungspflanze der Raupen 

von P. klugiana 

Abb.2: Habitat: Bergwiesen am Slavnik, 800 m NN 

126


Abb.3: Die großen, auffallenden Gespinste werden oft von mehreren Raupen 

bewohnt 

Laubblättern auf. Ohne zu ahnen, um welche Art es sich dabei handelte, nahmen wir 

einige dieser Raupengehäuse mit und verstauten sie im Wagen. 

Wegen der zahlreichen Überraschungen des Lichtfanges in den folgenden beiden 

Nächten vergaßen wir auf die Raupen und das Schicksal nahm seinen Lauf. Die 

Sonne des wolkenlosen Junitages heizte unsere Autos derart auf, dass die 

Pfingstrosen mitsamt ihren Raupenbewohnern eingekocht wurden. 

Beim Zerlegen der Blattknäuel fanden wir einige Puppen, aus denen jedoch nichts 

mehr schlüpfte, sie waren alle abgestorben. 

Mai 2009: Inzwischen hatte ich über diverse Literatur in Erfahrung gebracht, dass 

es einen Wickler gibt, dessen Raupen an Pfingstrosen leben, nämlich Pelatea klugiana. 

Nun wollte ich die beeindruckenden Karst-Bergwiesen nochmals aufsuchen, 

um gezielt nach dieser Rarität Ausschau zu halten. Nach der langen, mühsamen 

Anfahrt über eine grobe Schotterstraße konnte ich mit Freude feststellen, dass der 

Lebensraum noch unverändert war und die Pfingstrosen (Paeonia officinalis) in voller 

Blüte standen. Welch ein wunderbarer Anblick! Es dauerte nur wenige Minuten, 

bis ich die ersten auffällig versponnenen Blattklumpen entdeckte, manche hatten die 

Größe einer Faust, man konnte sie von weitem schon sehen. Ich hoffte, dass es sich 

auch tatsächlich um die gesuchte Spezies handeln würde. Es hätte genauso eine 

gewöhnliche, polyphage Art sein können, deren Raupen auch an Pfingstrosen fressen. 

Ich öffnete vorsichtig eines der Raupengespinste, es befand sich darin eine dunkelgrüne 

Raupe, in einem anderen Gehäuse war bereits eine Puppe vorhanden. 

127


Abb.4: Erwachsene Raupe von P. klugiana (Länge = 17 mm) 

Abb.5: P. klugiana, Imago (Spannweite = 21 – 23 mm) 

128


Damit hielt ich meine Neugierde im Zaum und behandelte meine Beute sorgfältig, 

um sie gut nachhause zu bringen. 

Daheim wurden die Gespinste in große Plastikboxen gegeben und mit einem 

Deckel versehen. Schließlich sollten die Pflanzen bei erhöhter Luftfeuchtigkeit noch 

einige Tage frisch bleiben, damit die Raupen ihre Entwicklung abschließen konnten. 

Mit Spannung wurde nun der Schlupf der Imagines abgewartet. Eine Woche später 

schlüpfte der erste Falter, es war tatsächlich Pelatea klugiana und in den folgenden 

Tagen kamen noch weitere Tiere. Es stellte sich heraus, dass in den größeren 

Gehäusen bis zu 7 Raupen gelebt hatten, die leeren Puppenhüllen, die aus dem 

Gespinst ragten, waren der Beweis dafür. 

Auffallend war, dass nahezu alle der 20 Puppen tadellose Falter ergaben, nur eine 

war parasitiert. Die geschlüpften Schmetterlinge verhielten sich ausgesprochen 

ruhig, sie flogen kaum auf, sondern versuchten sich am Boden zwischen Blättern und 

Pflanzenteilen zu verbergen. Dieser Umstand kam mir beim Fotografieren der Tiere 

sehr entgegen. 

Zusammenfassend kann angemerkt werden, dass Pelatea klugiana eine ausgesprochen 

lokal vorkommende Art ist, die in den passenden Lebensräumen durchaus 

in einer hohen Populationsdichte auftreten kann. Die Art scheint montane bis subalpine 

Habitate zu bevorzugen, die Suche nach Raupen in niedrig gelegenen Biotopen 

mit Paeonia-Beständen im italienischen und slowenischen Karst (Küstennähe) war 

bisher nicht erfolgreich. 

Literatur 

Huemer, P. & Tarmann, G., 1993: Die Schmetterlinge Österreichs. Systematisches 

Verzeichnis mit Verbreitungsangaben für die einzelnen Bundesländer. 

Veröffentlichungen des Museums Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck, Beilageband 5, 224 p. 

Fischer, M. A., Adler W. & Oswald, K., 2005: Exkursionsflora für Österreich, 

Liechtenstein und Südtirol; 2nd ed. – Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der 

OÖ Landesmuseen, Linz, p. 1392 

Mann, J., 1854. Aufzählung der Schmetterlinge, gesammelt auf einer Reise im 

Auftrage des k.k. zoologischen Museums nach Oberkrain und dem 

Küstenlande, in den Monaten Mai und Juni 1854, als Beitrag zur Fauna des 

Österreichischen Kaiserstaates. – Zool. Bot. Ver. Wien IV (1854): 545 – 596. 

Nedoshivina S. V. & Zolotuhin V. V., 2005: A new subspecies of Pelatea klugiana 

(Freyer, 1836) from the Middle Volga Region of Russia with notes on its morphology 

and life history (Tortricidae). – Nota lepid. 28 (1): 3 - 9 

Razowski, J., 2003: Tortricidae of Europe, Volume 2 Olethreutinae. – Bratislava, 

301 p. 

Trematerra P., 2003: Catalogo dei Lepidoptera Tortricidae della Fauna italiana. – 

Boll. Zool. Agr. e Bachicolt., Università degli Studi di Milano, Suppl., 35 

(2003), 270 p. 


129


PTILOCEPHALA MUSCELLA ([DENIS & SCHIFFERMÜLLER], 1775) 

PRVIŒ NAJDENA V SLOVENIJI (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE) 

Æeljko PREDOVNIK 

Polzela 68c., SI-3313 Polzela, Slovenija, e-mail: zeljko99@volja.net 

Abstract - PTILOCEPHALA MUSCELLA ([DENIS & SCHIFFERMÜLLER], 

1775) NEWLY RECORDED IN SLOVENIA (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE) 

The inventory of Slovene bagworms has now been enlarged by one species. The 

contribution deals with the find of the species Ptilocephala muscella (Psychidae), 

which was observed in Kriæevci, in Goriœko Landscape Park (Northeast Slovenia). 

The find is not surprising, since P. muscella is present in all neighbouring countries 

with the exception of Croatia. 

KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Psychidae, Ptilocephala muscella, new record, fauna, 

Slovenia. 

Izvleœek - Spisek slovenskih vreœkarjev je tokrat daljøi øe za eno vrsto. V prispevku 

obravnavamo najdbo vrste Ptilocephala muscella (Psychidae), ki je bila opaæena v 

Kriæevcih, v krajinskem parku Goriœko (SV Slovenija). Najdba ne preseneœa, saj je 

P. muscella prisotna v vseh sosednjih deæelah z izjemo Hrvaøke. 

KLJUŒNE BESEDE: Lepidoptera, Psychidae, Ptilocephala muscella, nova najdba, 

favna, Slovenija. 


Najdiøœe: WM98: Goriœko, Kriæevci, Petriœini, 17.5.2009, 15∆ v prostem letu 

med 11:16. in 12:13 h, leg. et coll. Predovnik. 

Vrsto P. muscella so naøli v Øpaniji, Portugalski, Franciji, Italiji, Avstriji, 

Nemœiji, na Œeøkem, Slovaøkem, Madæarskem, v Bolgariji, Romuniji, centralni, 

juæni in vzhodni Rusiji (Fauna Europaea Web Service, 2004). 

Po Kusdasu in Reichlu (1974) P. muscella naseljuje suhe termofilne travnike, 

peøœena poboœja z redko vegetacijo in podobne tople habitate, kjer je zelo vezana na 

doloœen kraj in se tam obœasno zelo pogosto pojavlja. Po Forsterju in Wohlfahrtu (1984) 

imajo gosenice enoleten ciklus in prezimijo, zabubijo pa se v aprilu ali maju. Gosenice 

se kot izraziti polifagi hranijo z vsemi mogoœimi vrstami nizkih zeli, zlasti z njihovimi 

cvetovi. Let samœkov se priœne od konca aprila do zaœetka junija, œez dan obiœajno med 

11:30 in 12:30 h, vœasih tudi pozneje (okoli 17 h) (Kusdas & Reichl, 1974). 

V Sloveniji smo muøjega vreœkarja opazovali na enem od termofilnih, suhih travnikov 

v Kriæevcih, kjer se je veœ sveæe izleglih samœkov spreletavalo v lepem in sonœnem 

vremenu. Samœki so letali v œasovno kratkih in hitrih vijugavih letih pribliæno pol metra 

do meter visoko nad nizko vegetacijo. S svojim izrazito dlakavim, œrnim trupom in z 

rahlo srebrnkastim odbleskom kril, so se na soncu med letom na trenutke svetlikali. 

Razpon kril najdenih primerkov znaøa 15-19 mm (n = 11). Pri ponovnem obisku lokacije 

31. 5. 2009 kljub primernemu vremenu in uri dneva osebkov nismo veœ opazili. 

130

Æ. Predovnik: Ptilocephala muscella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) prviœ najdena v Sloveniji (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) 

Sl. 1: Biotop vrste Ptilocephala muscella v Kriæevcih 

Sl. 2: Samœki vrste Ptilocephala muscella iz Kriæevcev 

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Relief Slovenije ©Geografski inøtitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU 

Sl. 3: Karta severovzhodne 

Slovenije z oznaœenim 

najdiøœem vrste P. muscella. 

Ptilocephala muscella 

Carnelutti (1992a, 1992b) v rdeœem seznamu metuljev Slovenije tega vreœkarja 

za favno Slovenije ne navaja, kot ga ne navajajo niti poznejøe objave, ki govorijo o 

novih najdbah v Sloveniji. Tudi pogovori z nekaterimi kolegi so potrdili, da gre za 

najdbo nove vrste v slovenski favni metuljev. Moæno je, da je kakøen primerek 

samœka ali vreœke prisoten øe v zbirki katerega od naøih ali tujih entomologov. 

Zahvala 

Na tem mestu bi se rad zahvalil specialistu za druæini Sesiidae in Psychidae, 

Thomasu Sobczyku (Hoyerswerda, Nemœija) za pomoœ pri determinaciji vrste P. 

muscella ter Andreju Kapli za izdelavo zemljevida razøirjenosti. 

Literatura 

Carnelutti, J., 1992a: Rdeœi seznam ogroæenih metuljev (Macrolepidoptera) v 

Sloveniji. Varstvo narave, Ljubljana, 17: 61-104. 

Carnelutti, J., 1992b: Popravki /errata. Varstvo narave, Ljubljana, 18: 189-190. 

Fauna Europaea Web Service, 2004: Fauna Europaea version 1.3 (last update 19. 

4. 2007), http://www.faunaeur.org. 

Forster, W., Wohlfahrt, T. A., 1984: Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuropas. Bd. III: 

Spinner und Schwärmer (Bombyces und Sphinges), 2. Aufl. Stuttgart 

(Franckh). 239 S: 161-162. 

Kusdas, K., Reichl, E. R., 1974: Die Schmetterlinge Oberösterreichs. Teil 2: 

Schwärmer, Spinner. Ent. Arbeitsgem. OÖ. Landesmuseum, Linz. 263 S: 192-194. 

Prejeto / Received: 7. 10. 2009 

132

H. Bellmann: Naøe in srednjeevropske æuæelke. Zaloæba Narava, 2009 

NOVE KNJIGE / NEW BOOKS 

Heiko Bellmann: Naøe in srednjeevropske æuæelke. Zaloæba Narava, 2009 

Pred kratkim je v zaloæbi Narava izøel prevod fotografskega priroœnika Naøe in 

srednjeevropske æuæelke, enega izmed priznanih Kozmosovih vodnikov po æivem 

svetu. Za slovenski prevod so poskrbeli dr. Ignac Sivec, dr. Milan Lovka (koæekrilci) 

in Jurij Kurillo, dr. med. (metulji). 

Knjiga je res bogato ilustrirana, tako da lahko veliko æuæelk in nekatere pajkovce 

prepoznamo na zelo dobrih fotografijah, po katerih je avtor Bellmann vsaj v svoji 

domovini dobro znan. Posebej cenim, da na slikah ni prikazan samo izgled æuæelk, 

temveœ tudi njihova dejavnost, znaœilno okolje, razvojne stopnje in podobno. 

Na prvih straneh knjige so predstavljene æuæelœje skupine, njihova zgradba in 

naœin æivljenja. Sledi seznam priporoœenega slovstva, tudi domaœega, in slovarœek 

strokovnih izrazov. Æe na notranji strani platnic so shematiœno prikazane oblikovne 

znaœilnosti posameznih redov æuæelk. Na naslednjih 400 straneh pa so prikazane 

izbrane vrste æuæelk in v dodatku tudi pajkovcev. Besedila k fotografijam so na sodih 

straneh, lihe strani pa so izpolnjene s fotografijami æivih æuæelk v njihovem okolju. 

Na teh straneh je preko 1400 fotografij, ki prikazujejo veœ kot 1000 vrst œlenonoæcev. 

Zato bo marsikdo, ki ni strokovnjak 

biolog ali entomolog, s pomoœjo te 

knjige izvedel veliko o teh æivalih, z 

veliko verjetnostjo bo lahko ugotovil, 

v katero skupino æuæelk opazovana 

æuæelka spada ali pa bo lahko celo 

ugotovil rod in vrsto. Pohvalno je, da 

so marsikje dodane tudi slike liœink 

in drugih razvojnih stadijev, ne samo 

odraslih æivali. 

V besedilu so navedeni opisi k 

vsaki skupini æuæelk, besedilo k 

posamezni vrsti pa vsebuje kratek 

opis, nahajaliøœe in razne znaœilnosti. 

Marsikje je dodan tudi opis podobnih 

vrst. 

Knjigo lahko priporoœimo vsakemu 

biologu in entomologu, ki bi rad 

vedel kaj veœ tudi o drugih, njemu 

manj znanih skupinah æuæelk in 

pajkovcev. 

Seveda pa tudi ta knjiga ni brez 

napak ali nepopolnosti. Ker se zadnja 

leta ukvarjam predvsem z gorskimi 

økræadi, me je zmotilo, da je opis 

133


napeva gorskega økræada napaœen in da ni omenjeno, da gre pri vrsti Cicadetta montana 

v resnici za skupino podobnih in ozko sorodnih vrst, ki jih je v Evropi vsaj 12 

in se vse jasno razlikujejo ravno po napevih. Nekaj slovenskih vrstnih imen je brez 

potrebe drugaœnih kot v knjigi Æivalstvo Slovenije (Sket et al., 2003), katere se je 

smiselno dræati. Tako so peøœinske œebele (rod Andrena) na primer spet postale 

peøœene, diøavke (rod Osmia) po nemøkem izrazu Mauerbienen zidarice, kar je 

økoda, saj bi bilo poenotenje in ustalitev slovenskih izrazov koristnejøe. In strokovnjaki 

za posamezno skupino æuæelk bodo naøli øe kakøno napako ali pomanjkljivost. 

Kljub temu pa sem prepriœan, da je ta knjiga izredno dragocena obogatitev 

entomoloøke literature v slovenskem jeziku. 

Matija Gogala 

134

D. Mader: Populationsdynamik, Ökologie und Schutz des Hirschkäfers (Lucanus cervus) im Raum um Heidelberg und Mannheim. 

Detlef Mader, 2009: Populationsdynamik, Ökologie und Schutz 

des Hirschkäfers (Lucanus cervus) im Raum um Heidelberg und Mannheim. 

Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher, ISBN 978-3-89735-594-1. 

The Stag Beetle (Lucanus cervus) is the largest and one of the most charismatic 

beetle species in Europe. Nowadays it is protected in most of European countries and 

is a species of high conservation concern since it is listed at Annex II of European 

Union Habitat Directive, important for declaring Natura 2000 sites. Despite this its 

ecology and population biology is still very poorly known. There are very few comprehensive 

studies of the species and very few works that would give general insight 

into Stag Beetle biology, for example Klausnitzer’s “Die Hirschkäfer” from 1982. 

This year we got a new book about Stag Beetle written by Detlef Mader. The book is 

principally focused on the local populations in Germany, especially at Heidelberg and 

Mannheim, but the author succeeded to collect a large number of studies and references 

from the whole Europe, including Slovenia. The book is consisted of 35 chapters. 

Some describe general features and population ecology of the species, and some 

more detailed descriptions of local German Stag Beetle populations. In the book the 

overview over species studies, development, seasonal dynamics and conservation is 

given. The species biology is also compared to some other larger saproxylic beetles 

(i.e. Dorcus parallelepipedus, Cetonia aurata, Prionus coriarius) as well as to some 

other beetle and insect species. In the first chapters the study areas in Germany and 

observation methods are given. More detailed remarks about Stag Beetle morphology, 

movements, swarming, sex ratio and flight characteristics with weather influence 

are given in following chapters. Some mortality causes are discussed in several chapters 

including predation, traffic influence and other human induced mortality causes. 

Special attention is paid on the possible occurrence of synantropy in the Stag Beetle, 

what is an important issue in the term of conservation efforts for the species in 

Europe. Other chapters are focused on descriptions of local Stag Beetle populations 

in different regions in Germany. For researchers the very valuable part of the book is 

large list of references given at the end. The book is written in German. The weakness 

of the book is that there are no tables or figures that would more clearly present 

results. However, I evaluate the book as an important part in the library of every Stag 

Beetle researcher due to a large quantity of data, which are given. Therefore I think 

the reference will be very useful source in further Stag Beetle studies over Europe. At 

the end also author’s personal observations are given from 2008, when he surveyed 

Stag Beetles, and also cerambycid Prionus coriarius, almost every day from the end 

of May till the mid of August. Therefore this data can be used for comparison in other 

similar studies in Europe. For conclusion it has to be pointed out that the main reason 

for preparing this book was an exceptional year 2008, when numerous Stag Beetles 

appeared in the author’s study area. Therefore the author named the year 2008 the 

Stag Beetle year. The book can be ordered at the author’s e-mail address 

(dr.detlef.mader@web.de) at the price of 49,00 EUR. 

Al Vrezec 

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20. mednarodna konferenca o biologiji podzemlja bo potekala od 29. 8. do 3. 

9. 2010 v Postojni. Biologija podzemlja je integrativna veda, ki prouœuje vse vidike 

æivljenja v podzemeljskih okoljih, kot so kraøke jame, øpranje in razpoke, ali talna 

voda. Svoje zaœetke beleæi v raziskovanju æivalstva Postojnske jame, kjer je bil leta 

1831 odkrit jamski hroøœ drobnovratnik. Mednarodna konferenca o biologiji podzemlja 

je osrednji dvoletni mednarodni dogodek, na katerem znanstveniki z vsega 

sveta poroœajo o najnovejøih spoznanjih pri prouœevanju in varstvu podzemeljskega 

sveta. 

Pomemben del podzemeljske biodiverzitete predstavlja entomofavna. Jamskim 

hroøœem je v okviru konference namenjen poseben simpozij. Veœ informacij o konferenci 

je na spletnem naslovu www.icsb2010.net. 

The 20 th International Conference on Subterranean Biology will be held from 

Aug 29 to Sep 3, 2010, in Postojna, Slovenia. Subterranean biology is an integrative 

field of biology dealing with all aspects of life in subterranean environments like 

caves, subterranean fissure systems, or groundwater. Its origins date back to the first 

investigations of the fauna of Postojna Cave, starting with the discovery of the 

famous beetle Leptodirus hochenwartii in 1831. The biennial International 

Conference on Subterranean Biology is the premier forum for the presentation and 

discussion of advances in theoretical and applied subterranean biology. 

Insects represent an important component of subterranean biodiversity. Within 

the conference, there will be a special symposium dedicated to subterranean 

coleopterans. For more information see www.icsb2010.net. 

136

J. Gregori: Kranjska œebela (Apis mellifera carnica): vidiki njene sedanje ogroæenosti v Sloveniji 


KRANJSKA ŒEBELA (APIS MELLIFERA CARNICA): VIDIKI NJENE 

SEDANJE OGROÆENOSTI V SLOVENIJI 

Janez GREGORI 

Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Preøernova 20, 1000 Ljubljana; 

e-mail: jgregori@pms-lj.si 

Izvleœek - Narejena je analiza vidikov ogroæenosti kranjske œebele v œasu njenega 

pospeøenega propadanja. Groænji sta predvsem veœplastno gensko onesnaæevanje in 

propadanje lokalnih populacij œebel, kar zmanjøuje njihovo gensko raznolikost, prihaja 

do siromaøenja genskega sklada. Kranjsko œebelo je treba ohranjati na ravni krajevnih 

razliœkov ali ekotipov. Doloœiti je treba obmoœja v Sloveniji, kjer bi ohranjali 

lokalne populacije in prepreœili vsako meøanje s œebelami sumljivega izvora. 

Kranjska œebela nujno potrebuje vsestransko zakonsko varovanje, izdelati in sprejeti 

je treba poseben zakon o kranjski œebeli in œebelarstvu. 

KLJUŒNE BESEDE: kranjska œebela, Apis mellifera carnica, ogroæenost, Slovenija 

Abstract - CARNIOLAN HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA CARNICA): THE 

ASPECTS OF ITS CURRENT THREAT STATUS IN SLOVENIA 

An analysis of the aspects of the Carniolan honey bee’s threat status at the time 

of its quickened decline has been made. The threats are mainly the genetic pollution 

and downfall of the bee’s local populations, which diminishes their gene 

diversity and impoverishes their gene pool. The Carniolan honey bee should be 

preserved at the level of its local varieties or ecotypes. The areas in Slovenia, 

where the bee’s local populations would be conserved and its mixing with bees of 

suspicious origin prevented, must be clearly stipulated. The Carniolan honey bee 

is in implicit need of being totally protected by law, which means that a special law 

on the Carniolan honey bee and apiculture is to be prepared and passed as soon as 

possible. 

KEY WORDS: Carniolan honey bee, Apis mellifera carnica, threat status, Slovenia 

Uvod 

O pospeøenem umiranju œebel poroœajo iz raznih delov sveta, najbolj zaskrbljujoœe 

je v ZDA, kjer je v zimi 2007/08 odmrlo 750 000 do 1 milijon œebeljih druæin, 

nekateri œebelarji pa so imeli do 90% izgube svojih druæin (Cox-Foster & D. 

vanEngelsdorp, 2009).Veliko se razpravlja o ogroæenosti kranjske œebele pri nas in 

iøœe vzroke za stanje, ki ni najbolj obetavno. Glavni problem je propadanje œebeljih 

druæin in s tem povezano siromaøenje genskega sklada. Poglobljena razmiøljanja, 

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tako stroke kot laiœne javnosti, so sproæili predvsem spomladanski pomori œebel 

zaradi pesticidov v nekaterih predelih Slovenije leta 2008. Analizirati skuøamo vse 

negativne vplive, ki kakorkoli zadevajo naøo œebelo. 

1. Sploøno o medonosni œebeli 

Medonosna œebela (Apis mellifera) se je, kot edina predstavnica svojega rodu, na 

ozemlju svoje naravne razøirjenosti, to je Evrope, Afrike in Prednje Azije, prilagajala 

okolju, v katerem je æivela. Ko sta se ob koncu zadnje poledenitve zaœela sneg in 

led pomikati spet proti severu, jima je sladila vegetacija, z njo pa tudi œebele. Zaradi 

naravnih pregrad je prihajalo do osamitev posameznih populacij, med njimi ni bilo 

veœ genskega pretoka, in razvile so se v samostojne podvrste ali geografske rase. Ko 

je œlovek naselil naøe kraje, so œebele æe bile tu. Bile so œlen takratnih ekosistemov, 

tako kot so to øe danes. 

Med gojenimi æivalmi je œebela edina ostala neudomaœena, edina med njimi se 

lahko pari z divje æiveœimi predstavniki svoje vrste in z njimi vzdræuje genski pretok 

(Moritz, 2005). Gojene æivali je œlovek z dolgoletno selekcijo preoblikoval po svojih 

potrebah in nastale so øtevilne oblike, ki jih oznaœujemo kot pasme. V preteklosti 

so tudi pri œebelah govorili o pasmah. Vendar pa je dejstvo, da so se medonosne 

œebele oblikovale v razliœne oblike zaradi naravne selekcije, in jih je znanost prepoznala 

kot samostojne podvrste ali rase (Gregori, 2003a; Boæiœ, 2005). 

2. Kranjska œebela 

August Pollmann je leta 1879 svetu predstavil kranjsko œebelo kot samostojno 

podvrsto ali raso in ji dal znanstveno ime Apis mellifera carnica (Pollmann, 1879). 

Znanstveno ime dokazuje, da kranjska œebela ni bila domestificirana, saj v taksonomiji 

ni mednarodno veljavnih predpisov za tako poimenovanje domestificiranih 

æivali (Jeffrey, 1977). 

Naravna razøirjenost kranjske œebele je prostrana, od vzhodnega obrobja 

Julijskih Alp, ob Visokih Turah v œrti proti Dunaju in Brnu, nato do Karpatov in vse 

do severne Makedonije ter obal Jadrana. Pollmannova predstavitev temelji na œebelah, 

ki mu jih je s Kranjskega poslal œebelarski trgovec Emil Rothschütz iz 

Podsmreke pri Viønji gori. Tipska lokaliteta kranjske œebele je torej v Sloveniji. 

Nemøko jo je Pollmann imenoval Krainer Biene in Krainische Biene (tako, kot so 

jo na Kranjskem imenovali nemøko govoreœi), angleøko govoreœi svet pa jo imenuje 

Carniolan Bee, kar vse pomeni kranjska œebela. Zaradi izrazite telesne sivine, 

predvsem zadka, ji reœemo tudi sivka, angleøko govoreœi pa Carniolan grey, kranjska 

sivka. 

Pri medonosni œebeli (Apis mellifera), danes razlikujemo 28 razliœnih ras (Engel, 

1999), razøirjenih predvsem v Afriki in Prednji Aziji, v Evropi pa prevladujejo tri: 

poleg kranjske øe italijanska (A. m. ligustica) in temna œebela (A. m. mellifera). 

Buckfaøka œebela, s katero tudi œebelarijo ponekod v Evrop, ni naravnega nastanka, 

ampak jo je vzredil Adam Kehrle (ali brat Adam) iz opatije Buckfast, ko je s 

138


kriæanjem raznih ras iskal primerno œebelo, s katero bi lahko œebelarili na 

Britanskem otoœju, potem, ko je prøiœavost tamkajønjo avtohtono œebelo uniœila skoraj 

do izumrtja. Buckfaøka œebela je umetno vzrejena œebela, kriæanec razliœnih ras 

in kot taka nima znanstvenega imena. 

Pristopna pogodba Slovenije k EU (deklaracija øt. 42) doloœa »ohranjanje kranjske 

œebele kot avtohtone pasme œebel in avtohtone populacije s posebnimi znaœilnostmi 

na ozemlju Republike Slovenije«. S tem prispeva k vzdræevanju bioloøke raznolikosti 

in ohranitvi avtohtonega genskega materiala, katerega rezultat naj bi bila 

gensko stabilna in uravnoteæena populacija kranjske œebele. 

Kranjska œebela je danes razøirjena na vseh kontinentih in je po øtevilu druæin, s 

katerimi œebelarijo, takoj za italijansko. Vendar pa so te kranjske œebele v veliki meri 

kriæane z drugimi rasami, predvsem z italijansko. 

2.1. Ekotipi kranjske œebele 

Zaradi prilagajanja krajevnim razmeram so v Sloveniji nastale edinstvene populacije 

œebel, ki jih je stroka lahko prepoznavala kot posamezne krajevne razliœke ali 

ekotipe, izkustveno pa jih prepoznavajo tudi œebelarji sami, predvsem njihovo prilagojenost 

na izkoriøœanje lokalnih gozdnih paø. Œebelarska stroka jih je identificirala 

in jim dala tudi ime: alpski, dinarsko-kraøki, panonski in mediteranski ekotip kranjske 

œebele (Rihar, 1972; Zdeøar, 1999). Æe iz njihovih imen lahko zakljuœimo, v 

katerih predelih Slovenije so razøirjeni. Svoje ekotipe predstavljajo œebelarski srenji 

tudi naøi sosedje, Koroøci in Hrvati. 

Evropska usmeritev je, da se ohranja kranjsko œebelo na ravni krajevnih razliœkov 

ali ekotipov (Gregorc, 2008a; De la Rua in sod., 2009), zato se tudi obravnavani vidiki 

ogroæenosti nanaøajo v veliki meri na ekotipe 

3. Vidiki ogroæenosti kranjske œebele 

3.1. Genska polucija kranjske œebele nekoœ 

Ogroæenost kranjske œebele je treba iskati predvsem v smeri njene vse veœje izpostavljenosti 

genski poluciji, kriæanju z drugimi povrstami, kot tudi vse veœje genske 

homogenizacije znotraj podvrste. To vpraøanje je izpostavljeno æe v znameniti 

»Spomenici«, ki jo je leta 1920 predloæil Odsek za varstvo prirode in prirodnih spomenikov 

Muzejskega druøtva v Ljubljani. V njej je, med drugim, navedeno, katere 

rastline in æivali je treba nemudoma zavarovati, »ako se hoœemo obraniti sicer opraviœenemu 

oœitku nekulturnosti in nepojmovanja vaænosti prirodnega varstva.« 

Spomenica je izjemno pozornost namenila tudi kranjski œebeli. V njej je, med drugim, 

zapisano: »Varuje naj se tudi kranjska œebela kot naravni spomenik… S prirodopisnega 

in narodnogospodarskega staliøœa je potrebno, da se kranjska 

pasma ohrani. Nevarnost, ki preti tej pasmi, ne obstaja v tem, da bi se œebelarstvo 

v naøih krajih opustilo, marveœ v tem, da bi se ta pasma ne pomeøala s krvjo 

drugih pasem in bi izgubila na ta naœin svoje specifiœne vrline. Zato naj se prepove 

uvoz æivih œebel in matic v kraje, kjer je doma kranjska œebela…«. Po skoraj 

devetih desetletjih glede reøevanja tega vpraøanja nismo priøli ravno daleœ. 

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3.2. Genska polucija kranjske œebele danes 

Za sedaj nimamo ustreznega pregleda, kakøna je groænja. Nevarnost prihaja tako 

iz tujine, kot je prisotna tudi znotraj Slovenije. Na nevarnosti prostega pretoka blaga 

z vstopom v Evropo, na dovoljene prevoze œebel in proste nakupe matic je opozarjal 

Poklukar (1999). 

3.2.1. Genska polucija, ki prihaja v Slovenijo 

V Sloveniji je zakonsko dovoljeno gojiti samo kranjsko œebelo (Zakon o æivinoreji, 

70. œlen). Kljub zakonski prepovedi prihaja do vnaøanja tujih matic, ki so bile 

mogoœe prodane kot kranjice, a je njihov izvor nejasen. Nekateri œebelarji, predvsem 

iz JZ Slovenije vnaøajo matice italijanske rase. 

Vse bolj vpraøljiv je œebelji kriæanec, buckfaøka œebela, ki jo nekateri evropski 

œebelarji ponekod nekontrolirano uvajajo. Poznani so vnosi buckfaøke œebele tudi pri 

nas. O tem poroœajo zanesljivi poznavalci œebel, vendar ostaja samo pri omenjanju 

greha, greønike pa øe vedno prikrivajo. Primer ‘preizkuøanja’ buckfaøke œebele je bil 

tudi med registriranimi vzrejevalci matic. 

Vnos buckfaøke œebele je groænja genske polucije kot take, lahko pa prihaja pri 

potomcih omenjenih kriæancev in kranjske œebele do neugodnih etoloøkih sprememb. 

Pri potomcih kriæanja lahko prihaja do poveœanja agresivnosti in je delo s 

œebelami moœno oteæeno (Brother Adam, 1987). To predstavlja veliko nevarnost za 

ljudi, œe so œebelnjaki blizu naselij – tako pa je v mnogih predelih Slovenije. 

3.2.2. Genska homogenizacija znotraj Slovenije 

Obseg genske homogenizacije je tako zajeten in kompleksen, da je videti æe 

neobvladljiv. Dogaja se v celoti na ravni ekotipov. 

V Sloveniji je okoli 30 registriranih vzrejevalcev matic, razprøenih po obmoœjih 

raznih ekotipov œebel. Prodaja matic je pri nas prosta, kar pomeni, da œebelar lahko 

kupi matice pri kateremkoli vzrejevalcu. Œebele so tako vse bolj skriæane, njihova 

identiteta vse bolj zabrisana, sposobnost preæivetja v danem okolju se lahko 

zmanjøuje, genski sklad pa se vse bolj siromaøi. 

Pri nas se vse bolj pospeøuje prodaja umetno narejenih œebeljih druæin, narejencev, 

ki gredo v glavnem v izvoz, nekaj pa se jih proda tudi znotraj dræave. 

Povpraøevanje po njih je predvsem v spomladanskem œasu, ko œebelarji skuøajo 

nadomestiti zimske izgube, kadar presegajo priœakovan obseg. Prodaja poteka 

nekontrolirano, prihaja do meøanja œebel razliœnih ekotipov. Podobno je v primerih, 

ko se prodajajo œebelje druæine øirom Slovenije. 

H genski homogenizaciji prispevajo prevozi œebel na paøo v œasu plemenjenja 

matic: te se plemenijo z lokalnimi troti, ki lahko pripadajo drugemu ekotipu. Dogaja 

se tudi obratno, ko na paøo (predvsem kostanjevo) pripeljejo prevaæevalci œebele v 

bliæino registriranih plemeniøœ in se njihovi troti lahko parijo z maticami s plemeniøœ. 

V okviru vzreje matic poteka progeni test, pri katerem se matice registriranih 

vzrejevalcev dajo v testiranje œebelarjem v razliœnih predelih Slovenije. Testirane 

matice nato ostanejo na mestu testiranja. Do leta 2003 je bilo v test danih 5 478 matic 

(Poklukar, 2003). Progeni test øe vedno poteka, leta 2006 so vzrejevalci poslali v 

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testiranje 1177 matic (Gregorc, 2008b). Tudi posledice progenega testa øtejemo kot 

prispevek h genski homogenizaciji œebel (Gregori, 2003b). 

3.3. Propadanje œebeljih druæin 

To je najbolj usodna razseænost ogroæenosti kranjske œebele pri nas, je najbolj 

pereœ problem, ker prihaja do nepovratnih izgub in s tem siromaøenja genskega sklada. 

Prihaja do poœasnega izumiranja edinstvenih lokalnih populacij. Genski sklad, ki 

je nastajal milijone let, poœasi peøa, lokalne populacije izginjajo in z njimi tudi dragoceni 

genski zapisi. 

Iz razliœnih vzrokov tako prihaja do zmanjøevanja genske raznolikosti kranjske 

œebele, katere izvorno obmoœje je prav Slovenija. Zato smo dolæni ohranjati œim 

veœjo raznolikost genskega sklada œebel, vendar brez vnosa genov iz sosednjih ali 

drugih tujih obmoœij, kjer tudi gojijo kranjsko œebelo. Preteæni del Slovenije je lahko 

oblikovan kot genski sklad kranjske œebele, kot je to priporoœeno za varovanje avtohtonih 

populacij (Boæiœ, 2005) 

3.3.1. Propad malih œebelarstev 

Pri ohranjanju genske raznolikosti so kljuœnega pomena razprøena tradicionalna 

mala œebelarstva, kjer zaradi stacionarnega naœina œebelarjenja ni prihajalo do 

meøanja œebel. So neke vrste genska banka, ki pa je vse bolj ogroæena. Pri tem je øe 

kako dragocen vsak œebelnjak, kjer se pri œebelah øe ohranjajo genski zapisi, vsaka 

krajevna populacija œebel, kjer ne prihaja do meøanja z drugimi ekotipi. V bolj 

odroœnih krajih so œebelnjaki, bolj so dragocene œebele v njih. 

Øtevilo naseljenih panjev se manjøa s starostjo œebelarjev. Starostna struktura slovenskih 

œebelarjev je neugodna, øe pred kratkim je bila povpreœna starost okoli 65 

let, se pa z dotokom mlajøega œlanstva zmanjøuje. Malo œebelarstvo se s starostjo 

lastnika manjøa in slej ko prej propade. 

K pospeøenemu zmanjøevanju øtevila malih œebelarstev je prispevala uvedba 

davka tudi za mala œebelarstva leta 2007, kar se je zgodilo prviœ v zgodovini slovenstva 

in izzvalo med œebelarji veliko ogorœenje, poslediœno pa se je poveœala 

nevarnost zmanjøevanja øtevila malih œebelarstev (Majdiœ, 2007). To so veœinoma 

mali kmetje, ki se poleg kmetovanja ukvarjajo øe z nekaj druæinami œebel, bolj zato, 

ker so bile æe od nekdaj pri hiøi. In redna zdravljenja varoze so tudi vse veœja obveza. 

Davek, ki je sedaj moœno omiljen, je bil kapljica œez rob - in bati se je, da je marsikdo 

œebelarjenje opustil. 

3.3.2. Odmiranje lokalnih populacij œebel 

Dogaja se, da v kratkem œasu propade nenavadno veliko œebel, lahko cele lokalne 

populacije. Vzroki propada so razliœni. 

3.3.2.1. Dejavniki okolja 

Najbolj kritiœen œas za œebele je æe od nekdaj zima. Izgube druæin, ki se suœejo 

okoli 10 odstotkov od vseh zazimljenih, so normalne in priœakovane. Izgube œebelarji 

navadno nadomestijo iz lastnega œebeljega fonda. 

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Tudi pri nas so vse bolj spoznavne podnebne spremembe, ki prizadenejo œebele 

predvsem zaradi suøe v poletnem œasu, ko se œebelarji ne nadejajo, da je prekinjena 

vsakrøna paøa in œebele propadejo zaradi lakote. Takøno je bilo poletje 2007, ko so 

v Sloveniji zaradi lakote propadle øtevilne druæine, predvsem v severovzhodnem 

delu dræave. 

3.3.2.2. Posledice varoze 

Prøica varoja (Varroa destructor) se je pri nas pojavila v 80. letih prejønjega stoletja 

in je prisotna v vseh naøih œebeljih druæinah. Œebelja druæina zanesljivo propade, 

œe ji ne priskoœi na pomoœ œebelar, z ukrepi, ki zmanjøujejo njeno øtevilo. 

Dogaja se, da v obøirnejøih predelih predvsem zaradi varoze propadejo vse 

druæine. Propade celotna lokalna populacija. Da so ob œebele, œebelarji neradi priznajo. 

Rajøi pohitijo in kupijo nove druæine, kjer se jih paœ kupiti da. Gregorc (2009) 

ocenjuje, da je v zimi 2007/2008 v Sloveniji propadlo pribliæno 30% œebeljih druæin. 

Podobno oceno daje Zdeøar (2009), ki ugotavlja, da je propadlo veœ kot 50 000 

druæin, od skupnih 170 000. Velika pomanjkljivost je, da nimamo toœnega pregleda, 

koliko druæin propade. 

3.3.2.3. Posledice drugih bolezni 

Do propada druæin prihaja tudi zaradi raznih drugih bolezni (npr. hude gnilobe). 

Pri oceni umrljivosti zaradi varoze je potrebna previdnost, saj kot posledico delovanja 

varoje v svetu ugotavljajo vse veœ razliœnih viroz z letalnimi uœinki. Zimske propade 

druæin lahko pospeøi pogojna bolezen nosemoza, katere povzroœitelj je Nosema 

apis. V novejøem œasu pa se vse bolj øiri nosemoza, ki jo povzroœa azijske nosema 

(Nosema ceranae) in napada œebelje druæine æe v poletnem œasu. Ugotovili so jo tudi 

æe v Sloveniji. 

3.4. Œloveøki dejavnik 

Za veœino naøtetega so krivi œebelarji, œe se premalo posveœajo svojim œebelam 

ali jih lahkomiselno kupujejo kjerkoli, zaradi œesar prihaja do genske homogenizacije. 

Poleg skrbi za rasno œistost œebel morajo skrbeti v glavnem za njihovo zdravstveno 

varstvo in pravoœasno krmljenje. Pravoœasni posegi bi ohranili pri æivljenju 

veliko veœino propadlih œebeljih druæin. Zaskrbljujoœa je ocena, da od leta 2000 

naprej vsako drugo ali tretje leto v Sloveniji odmre 30 do 45% vseh œebeljih druæin 

(Zdeøar, 2008). 

Œebele ogroæa uporaba fitofarmacevtskih sredstev (FFS) v kmetijstvu. Obœasno 

in lokalno prihaja do pomorov œebel, nevarna pa je stalna izpostavljenost subletalnim 

koliœinam FFS, ki prikrito negativno vplivajo na œebelji organizem, med drugim 

na orientacijske sposobnosti, in s tem tudi na sploøno odpornost (cf. Bevk, 

2009). 

Izpostaviti je treba slabo strokovno podkovanost nekaterih œebelarjev, ki pravzaprav 

ne vedo, kako bi morali ukrepati, da druæine ne bi propadle, oziroma se za to 

premalo zanimajo. 

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4. Zakonsko varstvo kranjske œebele 

Kranjska œebela je neposredno zavarovana z zakonom o æivinoreji. Øtevilni pravilniki 

vkljuœujejo preteæno vsebine iz zakona o æivinoreji in øtevilna podroœja œebelarstva 

niso vkljuœena. Za ohranitev biotske raznovrstnosti kranjske œebele morajo 

biti zakonsko opredeljeni in reøeni tudi vsi drugi dejavniki, pomembni za œebelarstvo 

in za preæivetje kranjske œebele. Za ohranjanje slovenske avtohtone populacije kranjske 

œebele je potrebno izdelati in sprejeti poseben Zakon o kranjski œebeli in œebelarstvu 

(Øalehar & Gregori, 2009). 

Zakljuœki 

Poveœano propadanje œebeljih druæin narekuje temeljito analizo, kaj vse ogroæa 

œebele v sedanjosti. 

V skladu s pristopno pogodbo k EU je Slovenija dolæna ohranjati kranjsko œebelo 

na vseh ravneh njene ogroæenosti. 

Prepreœevati je treba gensko onesnaæevanje kranjske œebele, kot tudi homogenizacijo 

posameznih ekotipov znotraj Slovenije. 

Kranjsko œebelo je treba varovati na ravni njenih lokalnih populacij, na ravni krajevnih 

razliœkov ali ekotipov. 

Doloœiti je treba obmoœja doslednega ohranjanja lokalnih populacij. 

Ohranjati je treba tradicionalne œebelnjake v odroœnih krajih, kjer ni prihajalo do 

genske homogenizacije. 

Vso skrb je treba posveœati zdravstvenemu varstvu œebel in s tem ohranjanju njihovega 

fonda. 

Zaradi spreminjanja podnebnih razmer je treba pri œebelah ob vsakem letnem 

œasu posveœati pozornost zalogam hrane. 

V kmetijstvu naj se FFS uporabljajo na naœin, ki bo œim manj prizadel œebele. 

Pospeøiti je treba strokovno izobraæevanje œebelarjev. 

Kranjska œebela nujno potrebuje vsestransko zakonsko varovanje. Potrebno je 

izdelati in sprejeti poseben Zakon o kranjski œebeli in œebelarstvu. 

V reøevanje vpraøanj ogroæenosti kranjske œebele kot podvrste in œlena ekosistemov 

bi se morale zaœeti vkljuœevati tudi naravovarstvene sluæbe. 

Literatura 

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111(2), str. 45-46. 

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Prejeto /Received: 20. 10. 2009 

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