nutrition and physiology of white-tailed deer consuming whole ...
nutrition and physiology of white-tailed deer consuming whole ...
nutrition and physiology of white-tailed deer consuming whole ...
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NUTRITION AND PHYSIOLOGY OF<br />
WHITE-TAILED DEER CONSUMING<br />
WHOLE COTTONSEED.<br />
S. L. BULLOCK ¹, D. G. HEWITT ¹, R. STANKO ², K. C.<br />
McCUISTION ², M. K. DOWD ³, D. DRAEGER 4, <strong>and</strong><br />
J. RUTLEDGE 5<br />
1 Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute. Texas A&M University-Kingsville,<br />
Kingsville, TX USA.<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Animal <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville,<br />
Kingsville, TX USA.<br />
3 Southern Regional Research Center, ARS-USDA, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA .<br />
4 Comanche Ranch, Carrizo Springs, TX, 78834, USA.<br />
5 Texas Parks <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Department, Carrizo Springs, TX, 78834, USA
Introduction: Whole Cottonseed<br />
(WCS) as a Supplement (Pros)<br />
~Fed For Over 100 Years~<br />
‣ Increased Interest<br />
‣ High Quality Feed<br />
‣ Protein, Fat, Fiber<br />
‣ Not Readily Consumed by<br />
Non-target Species<br />
‣ Weather Resistant<br />
‣ Inexpensive Set-Up<br />
Photo by R<strong>and</strong>y DeYoung
Introduction: Whole Cottonseed<br />
as a Supplement (Cons)<br />
‣ Gossypol!<br />
‣ Problems in ruminants:<br />
‣ Blood Fragility<br />
‣ Reproduction in ♂s<br />
‣ Antlers<br />
‣ Body Condition<br />
‣ Lack <strong>of</strong> Knowledge
Introduction: Fallow Deer<br />
(Dama dama)<br />
‣ 12 <strong>deer</strong> (1.5-2.5 years <strong>of</strong> age)<br />
‣ 8 month duration<br />
‣ Gossypol Concentration<br />
‣ 5.36 ug/mL ± 0.55 ug/mL (2.5)<br />
‣ 8.03 ug/mL ± 0.55 ug/mL (1.5)<br />
‣ Reductions In:<br />
‣ Antler Calcification<br />
‣ Testosterone Concentrations<br />
‣ Antler Weight
Introduction: Red Deer<br />
(Cervus elaphus) in Europe<br />
‣ Gossypol Effects on Red Deer Reproduction:<br />
‣ Sperm Motility<br />
‣ Sperm abnormalities<br />
‣ Early Season<br />
‣ Peak Season<br />
‣ Hormone Suppression
Objectives<br />
1. Nutrient Values & Digestibility <strong>of</strong> WCS in White<strong>tailed</strong><br />
Deer.<br />
2. Health <strong>and</strong> Production <strong>of</strong> Captive White-<strong>tailed</strong> Deer<br />
Consuming WCS.<br />
3. Rate <strong>of</strong> Elimination <strong>of</strong> Gossypol, Indicated by<br />
Plasma Gossypol Concentration
Objectives<br />
1. Nutrient Values & Digestibility <strong>of</strong> WCS in<br />
White-<strong>tailed</strong> Deer.<br />
2. Health <strong>and</strong> Production <strong>of</strong> Captive White-<strong>tailed</strong> Deer<br />
Consuming WCS.<br />
3. Rate <strong>of</strong> Elimination <strong>of</strong> Gossypol, Indicated by<br />
Plasma Gossypol Concentration
Experimental Design:<br />
Facilities <strong>and</strong> Feed<br />
‣ Pens<br />
(Alkek Ungulate Facility)<br />
‣ 0.1 ha communal pens<br />
‣ 4 X 5m stalls<br />
‣ Feedstuff<br />
‣ Control (ad libitum<br />
pelleted feedstuff &<br />
alfalfa)<br />
‣ Treatment (ad libitum<br />
WCS & alfalfa ration)<br />
‣ Analyses at Lehman<br />
Forage Lab
Objective 1: Nutrient Values <strong>of</strong><br />
‣ Cottonseed:<br />
WCS<br />
‣ Gross Energy<br />
‣ 5.39 Kcal/g<br />
‣ Crude Protein<br />
‣ 22%<br />
‣ Crude Fat<br />
‣ 17%<br />
‣ Fiber<br />
‣ NDF 51 %<br />
‣ ADF 40 %<br />
‣ Gossypol<br />
‣ 0.53%
Objective 1: Nutrient Values <strong>of</strong><br />
WCS<br />
‣ Cottonseed:<br />
‣ Gross Energy<br />
‣ 5.39 Kcal/g<br />
‣ Crude Protein<br />
‣ 22 %<br />
‣ Crude Fat<br />
‣ 17%<br />
‣ Fiber<br />
‣ NDF 51 %<br />
‣ ADF 40%<br />
‣ Gossypol<br />
‣ 0.53%<br />
‣ Chopped Alfalfa:<br />
‣ Gross Energy<br />
‣ 4.25 Kcal/g<br />
‣ Crude Protein<br />
‣ 19%<br />
‣ Crude Fat<br />
‣ 2%<br />
‣ Fiber<br />
‣ NDF 41%<br />
‣ ADF 31 %<br />
‣ Pellets:<br />
‣ Gross Energy<br />
‣ 4.19 Kcal/g<br />
‣ Crude Protein<br />
‣ 20 %<br />
‣ Crude Fat<br />
‣ < 2 %<br />
‣ Fiber<br />
‣ NDF 38 %<br />
‣ ADF 23 %
Objective 1: Digestibility<br />
Complete Balance Trial<br />
‣ (2 Bucks & 2 Does in a Crossover<br />
Exp. Design)<br />
‣ 19 day trial<br />
‣ Monitored Feed Intake<br />
‣ Collected all Excreta<br />
‣ Diets:<br />
‣ Diet 1:<br />
‣ Diet 2:<br />
‣ 75% WCS : 25% Chopped<br />
Alfalfa<br />
‣ 0% WCS :100% Chopped<br />
Alfalfa
‣ Cottonseed:<br />
Objective 1: Digestibility<br />
‣ Dry Matter Digestibility<br />
‣ 51%<br />
‣ Digestible Energy<br />
‣ 3.38 kcals/g<br />
‣ Digestible Protein<br />
‣ 17 g/ 100 g Feed<br />
‣ Crude Fat Digestibility<br />
‣ 97 %
Objectives<br />
1. Nutrient Values & Digestibility <strong>of</strong> WCS in White<strong>tailed</strong><br />
Deer.<br />
2. Health <strong>and</strong> Production <strong>of</strong> Captive White-<strong>tailed</strong><br />
Deer Consuming WCS.<br />
3. Rate <strong>of</strong> Elimination <strong>of</strong> Gossypol, Indicated by<br />
Plasma Gossypol Concentration
Objective 2: Health &<br />
Production<br />
‣ Feeding Trial #1<br />
‣ Bucks & Does<br />
‣ Approx. 50% WCS Ration<br />
‣ Assessed<br />
‣ Blood Fragility ( )<br />
‣ Body Condition Score & mm <strong>of</strong> Rump Fat ( )<br />
‣ Antler Measurements & Density ( )<br />
‣ Weight Gain/Loss ( )<br />
‣ Plasma Gossypol Level ( )<br />
‣ Sperm Quality<br />
June 1 st Aug.1 st Oct.1 st Nov. 1 st
Weights (kg)<br />
Objective 2: Health &<br />
‣ Weight Gain/Loss<br />
Production<br />
90<br />
85<br />
80<br />
75<br />
70<br />
65<br />
60<br />
55<br />
50<br />
45<br />
40<br />
Treatment Does<br />
Control Does<br />
Treatment Bucks<br />
Control Bucks<br />
5/28/2007 7/17/2007 9/5/2007 10/25/2007 12/14/2007<br />
Date
Objective 2: Health &<br />
Production<br />
‣ Rump Fat & Body Condition Score<br />
‣ October 2007<br />
* Denotes P ≤ 0.05<br />
Control<br />
Treatment<br />
Mean<br />
Mean<br />
Variable N w/ CI N w/CI<br />
Testes Length (R) 4 10.6cm ±0.96 5 9.1cm ±1.44<br />
Testes Length (L) 4 10.7cm ±1.05 5 9.3cm ±1.22<br />
Scrotal Circumference 4 17.7cm ±0.93 5 16.2cm ±1.29<br />
♂<br />
Body Condition Score 4 4.6 ±0.25* 5 3.8 ±0.38*<br />
♂<br />
Rump Fat 4 2.0cm ±0.15* 5 1.7cm ±0.11*<br />
♀<br />
Body Condition Score 5 3.9 ±0.37* 5 2.8 ±0.39*<br />
♀<br />
Rump Fat 5 1.5cm ±0.3 5 1.2cm ±0.4
Objective 2c: Sperm Quality<br />
‣Sperm Quality via Electo-Ejaculation<br />
‣Peak Breeding Period (Dec. 07)<br />
December 2007<br />
% %<br />
Scrotal<br />
Circumference<br />
Motility w/ C.I. Normal w/ C.I. w/ C.I (cm)<br />
Cottonseed 78 ± 16.6 73 ±12.5 18.4 ±0.74<br />
Control 89 ±12.3 77 ±9.6 18.1 ±0.74
‣ Antler Density<br />
Objective 2: Health &<br />
‣ TRT:<br />
1.53 g/mL<br />
± 0.12<br />
‣ CTRL: 1.62 g/mL<br />
± 0.08<br />
‣ Plasma Gossypol Levels<br />
‣ Females: 10.17 ug/mL<br />
± 2.73<br />
Males:<br />
Production<br />
9.80 ug/mL<br />
± 2.40<br />
‣ Non-Detectable in<br />
CTRL
‣ Antler Density<br />
Objective 2: Health &<br />
Production<br />
‣ TRT:<br />
1.53 g/mL<br />
± 0.12<br />
‣ CTRL: 1.62 g/mL<br />
± 0.08<br />
‣ Plasma Gossypol Levels<br />
‣ Females: 10.17 ug/mL<br />
± 2.73<br />
Males:<br />
9.80 ug/mL<br />
± 2.40<br />
‣ Non-Detectable in<br />
CTRL<br />
‣ Comparison:<br />
‣ Fallow Deer<br />
‣ 5.36 ug/mL ± 0.55 (2.5)<br />
‣ 8.03 ug/mL ± 0.55 (1.5)
% Blood Cell Lyses<br />
Objective 2: Health &<br />
Production<br />
‣ Blood Fragility<br />
100<br />
80<br />
Control Does<br />
Treatment Does<br />
Control Bucks<br />
Treatment Bucks<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9<br />
Saline Concentration (g <strong>of</strong> NaCl/100mL)
Objectives<br />
1. Nutrient Values & Digestibility <strong>of</strong> WCS in White<strong>tailed</strong><br />
Deer.<br />
2. Health <strong>and</strong> Production <strong>of</strong> Captive White-<strong>tailed</strong> Deer<br />
Consuming WCS.<br />
3. Rate <strong>of</strong> Elimination <strong>of</strong> Gossypol, Indicated by<br />
Plasma Gossypol Concentration
Objective 3a: Elimination <strong>of</strong><br />
Gossypol<br />
‣ Late Oct. 2007 -- Early Dec. 2007<br />
‣ Samples Taken Every Week<br />
‣ Span = 5 weeks<br />
End <strong>of</strong> Trial #1<br />
Blood Samples<br />
Protein Pellets Only<br />
Fed WCS<br />
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
Gossypol (ug/mL)<br />
Objective 3a: Elimination <strong>of</strong><br />
Gossypol<br />
10.0<br />
8.0<br />
6.0<br />
4.0<br />
Bucks<br />
Does<br />
2.0<br />
0.0<br />
0 1 2 3 4 5<br />
Week
Summary & Discussion:<br />
‣ WCS has Similar DE & DP<br />
as a Commercial Pelleted<br />
Feedstuff<br />
‣ WT Deer Seem to Regulate<br />
Intake <strong>of</strong> WCS<br />
Photo by R<strong>and</strong>y DeYoung<br />
‣ Lack Most Signs <strong>of</strong> Toxicosis<br />
‣ However, Lack Expected<br />
Gain in Weights & Body<br />
Condition<br />
Photo by David G. Hewitt
Acknowledgments<br />
‣ Financial Assistance:<br />
‣ Comanche Ranch<br />
‣ Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research<br />
Institute<br />
‣ Texas A&M University-Kingsville<br />
‣ Anonymous Donors<br />
‣ Houston Safari Club<br />
‣ Texas Parks & Wildlife Foundation<br />
‣ Quail Unlimited<br />
‣ Technical Assistance:<br />
‣ Chuck Coots<br />
‣ Robert Kaiser<br />
‣ Co-Authors:<br />
‣ David Hewitt<br />
‣ Kim McCuistion<br />
‣ R<strong>and</strong>y Stanko<br />
‣ Michael Dowd<br />
‣ Don Draeger<br />
‣ Jimmy Rutledge<br />
‣ Various grads <strong>and</strong> undergrads
Thank You & Questions?
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