Effect of Biomaterial and Semi-Biomaterial on Growth and ... - CRDC

Agricultural Sci. J. 42(2)(Suppl.): 37-40 (2011) ว. วิทย์. กษ. 42(2)(พิเศษ): 37-40 (2554)
ผลของวัสดุปลูกชีวภาพและวัสดุปลูกกึ งชีวภาพต่อการเจริญเติบโต และคุณภาพหลังการเก็บเกี ยวของ
ผักสลัดพันธุ ์ ‘เรดโอ๊ค’
<strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Biomaterial</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Semi</strong>-<strong>Biomaterial</strong> on Growth <strong>and</strong> Postharvest Quality <strong>of</strong> ‘Red Oak’ Lettuce
ไพบูลย์ หมุ ่ยมาศ 1 ปรีดา บุญ-หลง 1 ศุภจิตรา ชัชวาลย์
1 รัฐ พิชญางกูร 2 และ กนกวรรณ เสรีภาพ 1
Muymas, P. 1 , Boon-long, P. 1 , Chadchawan, S. 1 , Pichayangura, R. 2 <strong>and</strong> Seraypheap, K. 1
Abstract
This study is aimed to increase the production <strong>of</strong> lettuces through the application <strong>of</strong> biomaterial <strong>and</strong>/or semibiomaterial.
‘Red Oak’ lettuces were cultivated in summer (March-April), rainy (August-September), <strong>and</strong> winter
(December-January) crop seasons. Shrimp shell <strong>and</strong>/or waste from chitosan fermenter were supplemented to the 10:1
soil/cow manure growing medium (T1) (in %g to cow manure) : 5 % shrimp shell (T2), 5 % shrimp shell with the
chitinase-producing Bacillus lichenifuels SK-1 (T3), 2.5 % shrimp shell <strong>and</strong> 2.5 % waste from chitosan fermenter (T4),
20 % waste from chitosan fermenter (T5), <strong>and</strong> SK-1 strain alone (T6). The effect <strong>of</strong> biomaterial <strong>and</strong>/or semi-biomaterial
on growth <strong>and</strong> production yield was evaluated in terms <strong>of</strong> fresh weight, dry weight, leaf number, leaf width <strong>and</strong> length,
<strong>and</strong> the overall appearance. There is no significant difference in yield between the controls <strong>and</strong> those with T6. The
supplementations <strong>of</strong> (semi-)biomaterial resulted in a significant but season-specific increase in yield. When applied in
summer <strong>and</strong> winter crop seasons, lettuces grown in the presence <strong>of</strong> T5 showed the highest increase in both fresh <strong>and</strong>
dry weights. In rainy crop season, however, the cultivation in the presence <strong>of</strong> T5 resulted in the highest increase in fresh
weight while their dry weight was second to those treated with T2. The best overall lettuce appearance was observed
with the application <strong>of</strong> T5, <strong>and</strong> it is in the winter crop season that this effect was found to be notable <strong>and</strong> significant.
Weight losses after storage at 8°C for 2 weeks were significantly reduced with the treatments <strong>of</strong> (semi-)biomaterial, <strong>and</strong>
the waste from chitosan fermenter is the best all-year-round supplement that maximizes postharvest quality. The
addition <strong>of</strong> (semi-)biomaterials also affected microbe population in the growing medium.
Keywords: biomaterial, ‘Red Oak’ lettuce, semi-biomaterial, yield improvement
บทคัดย่อ
การศึกษานี มีจุดประสงค์เพือเพิมผลผลิตผักสลัดด้วยการใช้วัสดุชีวภาพและ/หรือกึงชีวภาพในการปลูกผักสลัดพันธุ ์ ‘เรด
โอ๊ค’ ในช่วงฤดูร้อน (มีนาคม-เมษายน) ฤดูฝน (สิงหาคม-กันยายน) และฤดูหนาว (ธันวาคม-มกราคม) โดยใส่เปลือกกุ ้งและ/หรือกาก
จากถังหมักไคโทซานผสมกับวัสดุปลูก ดังนี ดินผสมมูลวัวในอัตราส่วน 10:1 (T1) (เป็ นร้ อยละโดยมวลของมูลวัว) เปลือกกุ ้ง 5%
(T2) เปลือกกุ ้ง 5% และแบคทีเรียผลิตไคทิเนส Bacillus lichenifuels SK-1 (T3) เปลือกกุ ้ง 2.5% กากจากถังหมักไคโทซาน 2.5%
(T4) กากจากถังหมักไคโทซาน 20% (T5) และชุดการทดลองทีใส่แบคทีเรียสายพันธุ ์ SK-1 เพียงอย่างเดียว (T6) ประเมินผลการใช้
วัสดุชีวภาพต่อผลผลิตในรูปนํ าหนักสด นํ าหนักแห้ง จํานวนใบ ความกว้างและความยาวของใบ และลักษณะภายนอกโดยรวม
พบว่าไม่มีความแตกต่างอย่างมีนัยสําคัญของผลผลิตระหว่างชุดทดลองควบคุมกับ T6 ซึงเป็ นชุดทดลองทีใส่แบคทีเรีย SK-1 อย่าง
เดียว ส่วนการเพิมวัสดุ(กึง)ชีวภาพทําให้ผลผลิตเพิมขึ นอย่างมีนัยสําคัญซึงขึ นกับฤดูเพาะปลูก เมือใช้ในฤดูร้ อนและฤดูหนาวผัก
สลัดชุดการทดลอง T5 มีการเพิมขึ นสูงสุดของทั งนํ าหนักสดและนํ าหนักแห้ง อย่างไรก็ตามพบว่าในฤดูฝน T5 มีนํ าหนักสดเพิมขึ น
มากทีสุด แต่นํ าหนักแห้งเพิมขึ นเป็ นอันดับสองรองจาก T2 ส่วนผักสลัดชุดการทดลอง T5 มีลักษณะภายนอกโดยรวมดีทีสุด และ
สังเกตเห็นความแตกต่างนี อย่างชัดเจนและมีนัยสําคัญในฤดูหนาว การใช้วัสดุ(กึง)ชีวภาพทําให้การสูญเสียนํ าหนักหลังจากเก็บไว้
ที 8°C เป็ นเวลา 2 สัปดาห์น้อยลงอย่างมีนัยสําคัญ และกากจากถังหมักไคโทซาน เป็ นสารเสริมทีช่วยลดการเสือมคุณภาพหลังเก็บ
เกียวทีดีทีสุดเมือพิจารณารวมทุกฤดู การใช้วัสดุ(กึง)ชีวภาพยังส่งผลต่อประชากรจุลินทรีย์ในวัสดุปลูกอีกด้วย
คําสําคัญ: วัสดุชีวภาพ ผักสลัดสายพันธุ ์ ‘เรดโอ๊ค’ วัสดุกึงชีวภาพ การเพิมผลผลิต
1
ภาควิชาพฤกษศาสตร์ คณะวิทยาศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย 254 ถนนพญาไท แขวงวังใหม่ เขตปทุมวัน กรุงเทพฯ 10330
1
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Faculty <strong>of</strong> science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok Thail<strong>and</strong>. 10330
2
ภาควิชาชีวเคมี คณะวิทยาศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย 254 ถนนพญาไท แขวงวังใหม่ เขตปทุมวัน กรุงเทพฯ 10330
2
Department <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry, Faculty <strong>of</strong> science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok Thail<strong>and</strong>. 10330

38 ปี ที 42 ฉบับที 2 (พิเศษ) พฤษภาคม - สิงหาคม 2554 ว. วิทยาศาสตร์เกษตร
Introduction
Worldwide, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most popular amongst the salad vegetable crops <strong>and</strong>
within Thail<strong>and</strong>, salad vegetable crops have become more popular as health concern becomes a mainstream
in everyday life. This health concern extends to an increase dem<strong>and</strong> for production <strong>of</strong> organic food crop.
Chitosan, a deacetylated chitin, can be a viable organic growth stimulator as a means <strong>of</strong> yield increase.
Chitosan is also a natural biodegradable compound derived from crustaceous shells such as crabs <strong>and</strong>
shrimps. For some horticultural <strong>and</strong> ornamental commodities, chitosan can increase harvest yield (Bautista-
Baños et al., 2006). Moreover, the degraded chitin can be an efficient nitrogen source. However, direct
application <strong>of</strong> chitosan is not approved as an organic growing method. This research proposes to develop an
organic supplemented product, with the action <strong>of</strong> naturally produced chitosan in order to simulate plant growth
<strong>and</strong> induce the defence system in salad vegetable in which ‘Red Oak’ lettuce will be used as a model system.
The waste from chitosan fermenter is comprised <strong>of</strong> left-over material from chitosan production <strong>and</strong> microbes.
This also can be used to develop a useful semi-organic supplemented material, which will have both chitosan
functions <strong>and</strong> high nitrogen content. Therefore, in this research, we investigated the effects <strong>of</strong> biomaterial from
shrimp shell <strong>and</strong> chitosan waste on growth, yield quality, <strong>and</strong> postharvest shelf life in lettuce during three crop
seasons. Furthermore, the effect <strong>of</strong> the material on soil microbe population was also investigated.
Materials <strong>and</strong> Methods
Lettuces (Lactuca sativa L cv. ‘Red Oak’) were cultivated in 3 successive crop seasons: summer
(March-April), rainy (August-September) <strong>and</strong> winter (December-January) in a growhouse at Chulalongkorn
University. Shrimp shell <strong>and</strong> waste from chitosan fermenter were applied to lettuces as a supplement to
growing medium. To a mixture <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> soil <strong>and</strong> 100 g <strong>of</strong> cow manure (T1), the following (semi-)biomaterial
was added <strong>and</strong> thoroughly mixed: 5 g <strong>of</strong> shrimp shell (T2), 5 g <strong>of</strong> shrimp shell <strong>and</strong> 10 mL <strong>of</strong> B. lichenifuels SK-
1 suspension (1.0 OD; T3), 2.5 g <strong>of</strong> shrimp shell <strong>and</strong> 2.5 g <strong>of</strong> waste from chitosan fermenter (T4), 20 g waste
from chitosan fermenter (T5),10 mL <strong>of</strong> the SK-1 suspension (1.0 OD,T6).
Grown a in 1:1:3 soil/cow manure/
paddy coconut husk
Grown b in 1 kg soil + 100 g cow manure
+ (semi-)biomaterial supplement
Addition <strong>of</strong> 5 g cow manure Addition c <strong>of</strong> X g suppl. Addition <strong>of</strong> 50 g cow manure
+ (100–X) g cow manure
-+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+--->
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8
GERMINATION
Acclimatization d (3 weeks)
a in a plastic tray, 1 seedling/well
b in a plastic pot (14.5 cm height, 17.5 cm top diameter) with ground coconut husk packed at the bottom
c The addition <strong>of</strong> the SK-1 strain is assumed to have no contribution to the supplement weight.
d
From germination to harvest, lettuces were watered twice a day early in the morning <strong>and</strong> late in the afternoon
with 1 L <strong>of</strong> tap water/lettuce/time.
Treatment period d (5 weeks)
Total growing period d (8 weeks)
Figure 1 Summary <strong>of</strong> growing procedure.
The growing procedure was summarized in Figure 1. Seeds were sown on top <strong>of</strong> 2:1 grounded coconut
husk/soil <strong>and</strong> covered with a 1-cm-thick layer <strong>of</strong> soil. After germination, the seedlings were allowed to acclimatize
to the conditions <strong>of</strong> the growhouse for 3 weeks <strong>and</strong> grown after the addition <strong>of</strong> (semi-)biomaterial for an additional
5 weeks. A r<strong>and</strong>omized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted with 4 replications <strong>of</strong> 6 treatments <strong>and</strong> 8
plants in each treatment. Duncan’s multiple rang test (DMRT; p-value = 0.5) was employed to analyze (1) leaf
numbers, (2) leaf width, (3) leaf length, (4) fresh weight, (5) dry weight, (6) percentage <strong>of</strong> fresh weight loss, <strong>and</strong>
(7) overall appearance. To investigate the effects <strong>of</strong> (semi-)biomaterial on soil microbial population, 1 g <strong>of</strong> the
growing medium (after harvest) was soaked in 9 mL <strong>of</strong> sterile water <strong>and</strong> mixed well. After centrifugation, a10-fold
HARVEST

ว. วิทยาศาสตร์เกษตร ปี ที 42 ฉบับที 2 (พิเศษ) พฤษภาคม - สิงหาคม 2554 39
diluted sediment was spread on top <strong>of</strong> King’s medium B agar plate (Shurtleff <strong>and</strong> Averree III, 1997) <strong>and</strong>
incubated at 25°C for 5 days.
Results <strong>and</strong> Discussion
There was no significant difference in yield <strong>and</strong> postharvest quality <strong>of</strong> lettuce between the controls <strong>and</strong>
T6 in all crop seasons (Table 1). The result showed that lettuces grown in the presence <strong>of</strong> T5 had significantly
higher weight than those <strong>of</strong> control <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> T6 in all crop seasons. Ohta et al. (1999) reported that leaves <strong>of</strong> prairie
gentian (Eustoma gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum (Raf.) Shinn.) under chitosan treatment grew better than those grown in the
chitosan-free condition. Chitosan/soil mix also promoted plant <strong>and</strong> root growth <strong>of</strong> Raphanus sativus L. cv.
Akamaru-hatsuka-daikon (Tsugita et al., 1993; Ohta et al., 2004). When incorporating 0.1% chitosan into soil
before planting, growth <strong>of</strong> lettuce were improved (Chibu <strong>and</strong> Shibayama, 1999). In summer crop season (Figure
2a), the highest increase in yield in terms <strong>of</strong> leaf numbers, leaf width <strong>and</strong> length, fresh weight, dry weight <strong>and</strong> the
best overall appearance were observed in the T5 treatment. In rainy crop season (Figure 2b), T5 showed the
highest increase in leaf numbers, fresh weight <strong>and</strong> the best overall appearance, whereas T2 treatment showed
the highest increase in leaf width <strong>and</strong> dry weight <strong>and</strong> T3 treatment showed the highest increase in leaf length.
Moreover, weight losses after storage at 8°C for 2 weeks were significantly reduced with the treatment <strong>of</strong> T5. In
winter crop season (Figure 2c), T5 showed the highest increase in leaf numbers, leaf length, fresh weight, dry
weight <strong>and</strong> the best overall appearance, whereas T4 treatment showed the highest increase in leaf width <strong>and</strong> T3
treatment showed the lowest loss <strong>of</strong> fresh weight. The populations <strong>of</strong> soil microbes at 8 weeks after transplanting
in T5 treatments were higher than those <strong>of</strong> control <strong>and</strong> T6 (Figure 3). Chitosan may have an elicitor effect
changing the microbiota in soil (Ohta et al., 2004). This clearly showed that, T5 treatment can significantly
promote yield production <strong>and</strong> postharvest quality <strong>of</strong> ‘Red Oak’ lettuce <strong>and</strong> suggested that T5 was the best
supplement, since it could increase leaf numbers, fresh weight <strong>and</strong> the best overall appearance were observed
in all crop seasons.
Table 1 Lettuce yield*.
Seasons Treatment Leaf number Leaf width
Summer
(cm)
Leaf length
(cm)
Fresh weight
(g)
Dry weight
(g)
Fresh weight
loss (%)
Overall appearance
(score)
T1 5.88 ± 0.16 c 2.08 ± 0.14 d 3.29 ± 0.16 d 0.42 ± 0.06 d 0.04 ± 0.08 c 33.06 ± 2.33 b 1.33 ± 0.18 b
T2 9.41 ± 0.40 b 4.47 ± 0.22 bc 5.78 ± 0.34 bc 2.74 ± 0.40 c 0.24 ± 0.03 b 27.40 ± 4.46 ab 2.50 ± 0.18 a
T3 8.52 ± 0.27 b 3.88 ± 0.17 c 5.51 ± 0.21 c 2.17 ± 0.24 c 0.14 ± 0.02 b 23.51 ± 1.18 ab 2.36 ± 0.16 a
T4 10.68 ± 0.41 a 5.12 ± 0.29 b 6.55 ± 0.25 b 4.73 ± 0.57 b 0.30 ± 0.03 b 31.76 ± 5.64 b 2.65 ± 0.14 a
T5 11.63 ± 0.74 a 6.09 ± 0.52 a 7.59 ± 0.54 a 6.58± 1.16 a 0.40 ± 0.07 a 17.86 ± 1.54 a 2.67 ± 0.18 a
T6 6.25 ± 0.22 c 2.58 ± 0.24 d 3.65 ± 0.22 d 0.54 ± 0.11 d 0.04 ± 0.01 c 31.51 ± 3.71 b 1.46 ± 0.17 b
T1 5.47 ± 0.19 c 2.37 ± 0.16 b 3.59 ± 0.24 b 0.54 ± 0.07 c 0.02 ± 0.00 c 41.55 ± 3.48 d 2.38 ± 0.27 b
T2 9.66 ± 0.67 c 7.69 ± 0.45 a 8.33 ± 0.40 a 6.37 ± 0.80 a 0.21 ± 0.05 a 20.63 ± 1.74 ab 3.47 ± 0.19 a
Rainy
T3 9.74 ± 0.62 c 6.47 ± 0.58 a 6.93 ± 0.42 a 3.78 ± 0.58 ab 0.09 ± 0.01 bc 21.65 ± 2.10 bc 3.40 ± 0.24 a
T4 7.50 ± 0.28 a 5.94 ± 1.07 a 9.55 ± 2.21 a 2.03 ± 0.26 bc 0.07 ± 0.01 bc 19.53 ± 5.73 a 3.12 ± 0.21 a
T5 11.00 ± 0.54 a 7.23 ± 0.56 a 8.24 ± 0.46 a 8.87 ± 2.18 a 0.17 ± 0.04 ab 17.93 ± 2.23 ab 3.67 ± 0.25 a
T6 5.28 ± 0.27 c 2.40 ± 0.19 b 3.51 ± 0.27 b 0.58 ± 0.10 c 0.02 ± 0.00 c 30.98 ± 2.10 cd 3.06 ± 0.19 a
T1 6.19 ± 0.18 c 4.40 ± 0.21 b 6.40 ± 0.25 d 1.99 ± 0.17 d 0.09 ± 0.01 d 22.71 ± 1.86 a 2.56 ± 0.13 c
T2 12.81 ± 0.34 b 10.48 ± 0.23 a 11.91 ± 0.22 bc 16.71 ± 0.91 c 0.82 ± 0.06 c 8.35 ± 1.01 a 3.07 ± 0.13 b
Winter
T3 13.09 ± 0.35 b 13.36 ± 3.40 a 11.74 ± 0.23 c 18.29 ± 1.09 bc 0.84 ± 0.07 c 12.07 ± 1.44 bc 3.40 ± 0.13 b
T4 13.72 ± 0.33 b 11.08 ± 0.30 a 12.54 ± 0.21 b 20.03 ± 0.89 b 1.03 ± 0.07 b 3.46 ± 5.45 a 3.31 ± 0.20 b
T5 15.13 ± 0.44 a 13.29 ± 0.42 a 13.52 ± 0.42 a 30.17 ± 1.91 a 1.41 ± 0.10 a 6.32 ± 1.03 a 3.93 ± 0.07 a
T6 5.69 ± 0.21 c 5.93 ± 1.50 b 6.49 ± 0.22 d 1.83 ± 0.18 d 0.12 ± 0.04 d 19.38 ± 1.26 a 2.46 ± 0.14 c
* Values are means ± S.E. followed by different letters denote group according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p = 0.05).

40 38 ปี ที 42 ฉบับที 2 (พิเศษ) พฤษภาคม - สิงหาคม 2554 ว. วิทยาศาสตร์เกษตร
a
b
c
Figure 2 <strong>Effect</strong>s <strong>of</strong> (semi-)biomaterial on growth <strong>and</strong> production yield <strong>of</strong> lettuce after 8 weeks <strong>of</strong> cultivation.
Figure 3 Population <strong>of</strong> microbes in growing medium after harvest in rainy crop season.
Summary
Addition <strong>of</strong> waste from chitosan fermenter (T5) exhibits the highest growth- <strong>and</strong> yield-promoting
abilities when supplemented to the growing medium <strong>of</strong> ‘Red Oak’ lettuce in all seasons. Moreover, it is the best
all-year-round supplement that maximizes postharvest quality.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by research funds from the Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Chulalongkorn
University <strong>and</strong> The Thai Government Stimulus Package2 (TKK 2555), under the Project for Establishment <strong>of</strong>
Comprehensive Center for Innovative Food, Health Products <strong>and</strong> Agriculture.
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